HSC CHEMISTRY PROGRAM
MODULE:
WEEK
1
OPTION 2 SHIPWRECKS, CORROSION AND CONSERVATION
SYLLABUS OUTCOMES
TEACHING STRATEGIES &
ACTIVITIES
Jacaranda
Chemistry 2
Page Reference
Electron Transfer and Corrosion
Electrolytes and electron transfer
1. Summarise gathered data on the terrestrial and
hydrothermal origins of ions in seawater. View
internet sites showing the action of hydrothermal
vents.
2. Recall information about electron transfer in
oxidation and reduction reactions.
3. Discuss examples such as the electrolysis of a
molten salt to demonstrate the need for mobile ions
in redox reactions
4/5 Gather and summarise information about the
work of (a) Galvani (b) Volta (c) Davy (d) Faraday
Chapter 17
1. 452- 454
Electrolytes and electron transfer
1. Identify the origins of the minerals in
oceans as: (a) leaching by rainwater from
terrestrial environments (b) hydrothermal
vents in mid-ocean ridges
2. Outline the role of electron transfer in
oxidation-reduction reactions
3. Identify that oxidation-reduction
reactions can occur when ions are free to
move in liquid electrolytes
4. Describe the work of Galvani, Volta,
Davy and Faraday in increasing
understanding of electron transfer reactions
5. Process information from secondary
sources to outline and analyse the impact of
the work of Galvani, Volta, Davy and
Faraday in understanding electron transfer
reactions.
Sign
2. 455
3. 454-455
4/5
(a) 456
(b) 457-458
(c) 458-459
(d) 459-461
Revision Questions - Jacaranda Chemistry 2. Set Revision 17.1
Pages 461-463
17.1
1
2
Metals, alloys and corrosion
6. Account for the differences in corrosion
of active and passivating metals
7. Identify iron and steel as the main metals
used in ships
8. Identify the composition of steel and
explain how the percentage composition of
steel can determine its properties
9. Describe the conditions under which
rusting of iron occurs and explain the
process of rusting
10. Identify data, select equipment, plan and
perform a first-hand investigation to
compare the rate of corrosion of iron and an
identified form of steel
11. Use available evidence to analyse and
explain the conditions under which rusting
occurs
12. Gather and process information from
secondary sources to compare the
composition, properties and uses of a range
of steels
Metals, alloys and corrosion
6. Distinguish between active and passivating
metals and explain shy passivating metals do not
continue to corrode. Examine samples of
aluminium and zinc.
7. Identify that iron and steel are common structural
metals in ships. View internet images of ships.
8. Use data tables to compare the properties and
uses of carbon and alloys steels.
9. Examine samples of rusted iron and explain the
conditions that cause rusting. Use appropriate halfequations and diagrams to explain rusting.
10. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 17.1- Rates and
conditions for rusting.
11. Summarise the conditions which lead to the
rusting of iron including differential aeration.
Chapter 17
6. 463- 466
7. 466
8. 466-468
9. 468- 472
10. 504-505
11. 470- 472
12. 467-468
12. Use gathered information to compare the
composition , properties and uses of various carbon
and alloy steels. Examine samples of each type of
steel.
Revision Questions - Jacaranda Chemistry 2. Set Revision 17.2
Pages 474- 476
17.2
2
3
Electrolytic Cells
13. Describe, using half-equations, what
happens at the anode and cathode during
electrolysis of selected aqueous solutions
14. Describe factors that affect an
electrolysis reaction (a) effect of
concentration (b)nature of electrolyte (c)
nature of electrodes
15. Plan and perform a first-hand
investigation and gather first-hand data to
identify the factors that affect the rate of an
electrolysis reaction
Electrolytic cells
13. Demonstrate the electrolysis of aqueous
solutions such as potassium iodide and zinc sulfate
and use the table of reduction potentials to write
half-equations to describe anodic and cathodic
reactions.
14. Demonstrate that concentration, type of
electrolyte and nature of the electrodes all
influences the products of the electrolysis. Verify
these observations with reference to the table of
electrode potentials.
15. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 17.2 - Factors that
affect the rate of electrolysis
Chapter 17
13. 476- 480
14. 480- 485
15. 505-507
Revision Questions - Jacaranda Chemistry 2. Set Revision 17.3
Pages 485-487
17.3
4
Corrosion in a marine environment
16. Identify the ways in which a metal hull
may be protected including: (a)corrosion
resistant metals (b) development of surface
alloys (c) new paints
17. Predict the metal which corrodes when
two metals form an electrochemical cell
using a list of standard potentials
18. Outline the process of cathodic
protection, describing examples of its use in
both marine and wet terrestrial
environments
Corrosion in a marine environment
16. Tabulate the ways in which metal hulls can be
protected from corrosion. Classify these protective
measures as physical or electrochemical.
17. Use examples to demonstrate that the more
active metal corrodes in a galvanic cell. Use the
table of reduction potentials to confirm this rule.
18. Describe the principle of cathodic protection
and describe examples of this method in both wet
terrestrial conditions such as underground pipes as
well as in a marine environment.
Chapter 17
16. 490-494
17. 488- 490
18. 495-498
3
19. Describe the process of cathodic
protection in selected examples in terms of
the oxidation/reduction chemistry involved
20. Identify data, gather and process
information from first-hand or secondary
sources to trace historical developments in
the choice of materials used in the
construction of ocean-going vessels with a
focus on the metals used
21. Identify data, choose equipment, plan
and perform a first-hand investigation to
compare the corrosion rate, in a suitable
electrolyte, of a variety of metals, including
named modern alloys to identify those best
suited for use in marine vessels
22. Plan and perform a first-hand
investigation to compare the effectiveness
of different protections used to coat a metal
such as iron and prevent corrosion
23. Gather and process information to
identify applications of cathodic protection,
and use available evidence to identify the
reasons for their use and the chemistry
involved.
19. Use relevant half-equations to describe
examples of cathodic protection including
galvanising.
19. 495-498
20. Gather and process data on the history of the
metals used in the construction of ocean vessels.
DATA ANALYSIS 17.5 - Metallurgy and
Shipbuilding
20. 498- 500
21. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 17.3- Corrosion
rate of metals and alloys
21. 508-509
22. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 17.4- Effect of
different coatings on the rate of rusting
22. 510
511-513
23. 495-498
23. Gather and process information about cathodic
protection including the chemistry involved.
Students work in teams to gather and process data.
Revision Questions - Jacaranda Chemistry 2. Set Revision 17.4
Pages 500- 502
17.4
4
5
Conservation and Restoration
Concentration of solutes in the ocean
Concentration of solutes in the ocean
24. Outline the effect of: (a) temperature (b)
24. Use data tables to discuss the trends in the
solubility of gases and salts in water in terms of the
pressure, on the solubility of gases and salts
25. Identify that gases are normally dissolved in effects of temperature and pressure.
the oceans and compare their concentrations in
25. Use data tables to compare the relative
the oceans to their concentrations in the
concentrations of gases in the atmosphere and the
atmosphere
oceans.
26. Compare and explain the solubility of
26. Use graphs and data tables to compare the
selected gases at increasing depths in the oceans solubility of gases with increasing depth in the
27. Predict the effect of low temperatures at
oceans.
great depths on the rate of corrosion of a metal
27. Discuss how the rate of a reaction is affected by
28. Perform a first-hand investigation to
temperature. Use this information to predict that
compare and describe the rate of corrosion of
corrosion rates should be reduced in very cold
materials in different : (a) oxygen
water.
concentrations (b) temperatures (c) salt
28. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 18.1 - Factors
concentrations
29. Use available evidence to predict the rate of affecting the corrosion rate
corrosion of a metal wreck at great depths in the 29. Use gathered data to make predictions about
oceans and give reasons for the prediction made corrosion rate in the cold, ocean depths.
Chapter 18
24. 516- 517
25. 518, 522
26. 517 -521
27. 522
28. 540-541
29. 521-522
Revision Questions - Jacaranda Chemistry 2. Set Revision 18.1
Pages 522- 524
18.1
6
Corrosion in the ocean depths
30. Explain that ship wrecks at great depths are
corroded by electrochemical reactions and by
anaerobic bacteria
31. Describe the action of sulfate reducing
bacteria around deep wrecks
Corrosion in the ocean depths
30. Use the example of the Titanic to discuss the
effect of electrochemical and anaerobic biological
corrosion on a wreck in the deep ocean.
31. Gather and process data about sulfate reducing
bacteria and their action ion wrecks.
Chapter 18
30. 524- 525
31. 525- 527
5
32. Explain that acidic environments accelerate
corrosion in non-passivating metals
33. Perform a first-hand investigation to
compare and describe the rate of corrosion of
metals in different acidic and neutral solutions
32. Explain how acidic microclimates can form in
the deep ocean and use this information to explain
why non-passivating metals are corroded in such
environments.
33. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 18.2 - Corrosion
in acidic and neutral environments
32. 527- 529
33. 541-544
Revision Questions - Jacaranda Chemistry 2. Set Revision 18.2
Pages 529- 530
18.2
7
Salvage, conservation and restoration
34. Explain that artefacts from long submerged
wrecks will be saturated with dissolved
chlorides and sulfates
35. Describe the processes that occur when a
saturated solution evaporates and relate this to
the potential damage to drying artefacts
36. Identify the use of electrolysis as a means of
removing salt
37. Identify the use of electrolysis as a means of
cleaning and stabilising iron, copper and lead
artefacts
38. Discuss the range of chemical procedures
which can be used to clean, preserve and
stabilise artefacts from wrecks and, where
possible, provide an example of the use of each
procedure
Salvage, conservation and restoration
34. Define the term artefact and explain how many
artefacts can become saturated in salt when
immersed for long periods in the ocean.
35. Explain with appropriate diagrams how salts
can damage artefacts as the water evaporates. Use
equations to show how damaging acids can form
from hydrolysis reactions.
36. Use diagrams to demonstrate how electrolysis
can be used to slowly remove salts from artefacts
37. Conduct case studies of iron, lead and copper
artefacts and describe how electrolysis can be used
to clean and stabilise these artefacts.
38. Discuss each of the following techniques used
in cleaning, preserving and stabilising artefacts:
removal of concretions; corrosion inhibitors;
electrolytic cleaning; hydrogen furnace reduction;
polymers coatings.
Chapter 18
34. 530
35. 531
36. 532- 533
37. 532-536
38. 531-536
6
39. Perform investigations and gather
information from secondary sources to compare
conservation and restoration techniques applied
in two Australian maritime archaeological
projects
39. DATA ANALYSIS 18.3- Conservation and
restoration of artefacts from Australian
shipwrecks
39. 544-546
Revision Questions - Jacaranda Chemistry 2. Set Revision 18.3
Page 537
18.3
8
GENERAL REVISION
CD- MODULE Option 2 - REVISION
QUESTIONS - Chapters 17 and 18
CD Option Module
2- REVISION
QUESTIONS
Use the supplied set of questions to revise all of
Option Module 2
20 Multiple Choice and 20 open-ended questions in
the style of the HSC are available.
Model answers are available on the CD.
7