STAR Vocabulary Review-CELL BIOLOGY
____________________Outside of a non-plant cell.
____________________Allows only certain items into the cell
____________________Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
____________________Water molecules move into cell by diffusion
____________________Movement across a membrane with the help of ATP. Large Molecules (Protein) are
moved by this method.
____________________Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, without changing the enzyme. Temperature &
pH affect enzymes
____________________Organisms that do not have a nucleus, but do have DNA in the cytoplasm. Bacteria
____________________Organism that does have a nucleus. DNA is inside the nucleus. Most plants & animals.
____________________Extremely small organism that contain a capsid instead of a cell membrane. They have
no nucleus, but will have DNA or RNA. They need a host cell to replicate.
____________________Conversion of DNA into m-RNA. It takes place in the nucleus
____________________m-RNA and t-RNA connect to make proteins. Takes place in the cytoplasm.
____________________Part of the cell that makes protein
____________________Transports protein throughout the cell (highway)
____________________Packages and distributes protein throughout the cell (post office)
____________________In plants. Captures sunlight needed for photosynthesis ATP is the usable energy during
photosynthesis
____________________Energy used by cells
____________________Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) +( (sun/ ATP)------> Oxygen (O2) + glucose
C6H12O6)
____________________Oxygen (O2) + glucose (C6H12O6) ----->( (ATP) +Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + water
(H2O)
____________________Produces ATP-energy source for the cell
____________________Large carbohydrate-cellulose, starch, and glycogen
____________________Made of two simple sugars-sucrose is table sugar
____________________Simple sugar-glucose and fructose
____________________Large genetic molecule made of Nucleotides
____________________Large molecule made of Amino Acids.
____________________Made of Fatty Acids & Glycerol
____________________Surrounds cell membrane. Gives support and structure to plants. Made of cellulose
____________________Gives shape to the cell. Internal.
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STAR Vocabulary Review-ECOLOGY
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____________________All the species in a habitat
____________________Place where an animal lives
____________________Bio-diversity will decrease with a change in environment
____________________Can cause disruption of an ecosystem. Greenhouse effect. Increase in carbon dioxide.
Population will likely decrease.
____________________Can cause disruption of an ecosystem. Humans take land from other species.
Population will likely decrease.
____________________Can cause disruption of an ecosystem. New species compete for resources.
Population will likely decrease or become extinct.
____________________Can cause disruption of an ecosystem. Increase in UV radiation. Population will likely
decrease.
____________________An increase in population could decrease resources (food). A decrease in population
could cause changes in breeding of that species.
____________________Population will increase
____________________Population will decrease
____________________Rain falls to the ground and fills the rivers & aquifers. That water evaporates (from the
sun) and forms cloud and rain
____________________Carbon Dioxide is released into the air by organisms breathing and from vehicles
exhaust. Plants use that carbon dioxide to make oxygen.
____________________Bacteria in roots take nitrogen from the air. Ammonia is made as a product; it is also
made from organism waste and death. That ammonia produces nitrates that help
plants grow and nitrogen is released into the air.
____________________Plants use carbon dioxide (produced by organisms) to produce oxygen (which
organisms use to breath)
____________________Organisms produce carbon dioxide as waste (which the plants need for photosynthesis). Organisms breath in oxygen (which the plants produce as waste)
____________________Diagram that shows how energy is transferred in all organisms in an ecosystem.
Complete food chain. As you go further up in the food web energy is lost as heat.
____________________Shows you the connection of all organisms in an ecosystem. Producers make food
(plants). Consumers eat the producers or other consumers. Decomposers break
down dead organisms and recycle life elements (bacteria, fungi).
____________________Permanent change of an organism due to environmental change (Arctic hare change color
in the winter to blend into the snow). Usually genetic.
____________________An organism’s job in the ecosystem
____________________Group of same species living in the same place at the same time.
____________________An organism that can not make its own food
____________________An organism that can make its own food
STAR Vocabulary Review-EVOLUTION
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____________________External characteristics of an individual (eye color). Physical
____________________Genetic information that codes for phenotype.
____________________Organisms who are better suited to the environment are selected to survive.
Those who are not will die. It acts on Phenotype-external characteristics.
____________________Two of the same alleles (AA) (aa)
____________________Two different alleles (Aa)
____________________Organism that carries a disease in its genes, but does not have that
disease. Carriers are heterozygous.
____________________An organism that dies from a genetic disease and is usually homozygous
recessive. It usually receives the disease from 2 carriers.
____________________Change in DNA. They can can be good for a gene pool in that they add
variety, but most are bad.
____________________Variety of characteristics within a species. The greater diversity there is in the
environment, the more likely organisms will survive major environmental
changes.
____________________A chance occurrence that will alter the frequency of an allele (gene) in a
population. Smaller populations are more greatly affected and may not
survive the environmental change.
____________________Populations mate at different times (frogs-one mates in April, the other June).
This can lead to the formation of a new species.
____________________Populations are separated from each other geographically (river separates 2
populations). This can lead to formation of a new species.
____________________Formation of a new species
____________________A brief period of time in which a number of species go extinct, but allows for
formation of new species from the ones left behind.
____________________A time when large number of species goes extinct
____________________An agent that can cause a mutation-UV light, chemicals.
STAR Vocabulary Review-GENETICS
____________________Cell division in which one cell divides into four cells (sperm) or one cell (egg). Each
product has half the # of chromosomes of the original cell. In human sex cells
(sperm & egg), they have 23 chromosomes.
____________________Cell division in which one cell divides into 2 daughter cells. The product is identical to
the original (including the same # of chromosomes). In humans, these are all cells
of the body except the sex cells
____________________Pairs of genes (alleles) separate in meiosis and each sex cell (gamete) receives one gene of
a pair. Example-XY is male. During meiosis, X will go to one sperm, and the Y
will go the other sperm. This happens with all chromosomes.
____________________The joining of the male (sperm) & female (egg) sex cells (gametes) to form a fertilized
egg or zygote. Half of the chromosomes come from the mom (23) & half from
the dad (23), to make a zygote with 46 chromosomes.
____________________Structure made of DNA where genes are located.
____________________Section of chromosome that codes for a protein or trait (eye color).
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____________________Alternative form of a gene (T & t)
____________________Fertilized egg cell
____________________Female
____________________Male
____________________Diagram that predicts probable outcome of a genetic cross
____________________Outcome: TT=1/4 or 25% Tt =2/4 or 50% tt =1/4 or 25%
____________________Observable characteristics of an organism (Eye color)
____________________Genetic makeup of an organism. (EE, Ee, ee)
____________________Two of the same alleles (EE, ee)
____________________Two different alleles (Ee)
____________________Genetic trait that is expressed when the allele is homozygous or heterozygous (ExampleRR & Rr code for Red flowers) Red is dominant and it masks the recessive gene.
____________________Genetic trait that is not expressed in the presence of a dominant allele. It is only
expressed with two recessive alleles (Example-rr codes for white flower) White is
recessive
____________________Random separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
____________________Family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations. Malessquares. Females-circles. Person with trait- shape colored in. Person not showing
trait-shape is not colored in.
____________________Simplest unit of DNA & RNA. Made up of sugar, phosphate & nitrogenous bases
____________________Stores hereditary information. Double Strand Helix (spiral) Sugar-Deoxyribose
Nitrogen bases:Adenine (A), Thymine (T),Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
A-T; T-A and C-G; G-C
____________________Matching of nitrogenous bases for DNA or RNA
____________________A-T-T-G-C-A
| | | | | |
T-A-A-C-G-T
____________________Involved in protein synthesis (making protein) Single Strand. Sugar-Ribose. Nitrogen
bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) A-U; U-A and
C-G; G-C
____________________Organelle that makes proteins
____________________Stage of protein synthesis where DNA codes for m-RNA (messenger).
____________________A-T-T-G-C-A
| | | | | |
U-A-A-C-G-U
____________________Stage of gene expression where m-RNA and t-RNA are used to make protein.
____________________Transfer RNA translates the genetic information from m-RNA
and carries an amino acid
____________________U-A-A-C-G-U
| | | | | |
A-U-U-G-C-A
____________________Triplet of bases in m-RNA that codes for an amino acid.
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____________________Basic unit of protein
____________________Change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome. Can be harmful (cancer), helpful, or
may have no effect on the organism.
____________________Each cell becomes specialized to perform different tasks, because of gene expression.
Example-Skeletal muscle cells function for movement.
____________________The order of amino acids is different for different proteins. If the sequence is wrong,
then the protein may not function. Mutation.
____________________Organic compound made of amino acid. Muscle, skin and enzymes are all made of
proteins.
____________________Manipulation of genes for practical purposes (new medicine & agricultural products).
____________________Genes are turned on and off. If it is on then the gene is expressed.
____________________Messenger RNA. Takes info from DNA to ribosome for protein synthesis-translation
____________________Triple of bases on t-RNA. It matches up with the codon and codes for an amino acid.
STAR Vocabulary Review-PHYSIOLOGY
____________________O2 breathed into lungs; CO2 breathed out
____________________Blood carries O2 to tissue; Tissue releases CO2 as waste and carried to lungs by
blood
____________________Ingest food, digest it or break it down, absorb nutrients into blood, and eliminate
the waste.
____________________Sends messages from the brain to the body through the spinal cord. Sends
messages from the body to the brain. System works quickly.
____________________Glands produce hormones which act on target cells. System works slower than
nervous system.
____________________Chemical messenger.
____________________Maintaining internal body conditions within set parameters.
____________________Cell of the nervous system. Messages are sent electrically through the neuron &
chemically from one neuron to the next
____________________Message of the nervous system. Also known as an action potential.
____________________Chemical that bridges the gap (synapse) between neurons.
____________________Sends messages from the body to the Central Nervous System (CNS) which
includes the brain and spinal cord. Senses-touch, hearing, sight, taste and
smell.
____________________Sends messages from the brain & spinal cord (CNS) to the muscles or glands.
Movement, reflex.
____________________Links sensory & motor neurons in CNS.
____________________Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates in mouth & small intestine.
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Salivary gland & pancreas
____________________Enzyme that breaks down protein in stomach & small intestine. Produced in
stomach & pancreas. Includes pepsin and trypsin.
____________________Enzyme that breaks down lipid (fat) in small intestine.
____________________Breaks down nucleic acid (DNA RNA) in small intestine.
____________________Kills bacteria. Breaks down connective tissue in stomach.
____________________Breaks down fat into small droplets so it can be digested. Made in liver and
stored in gall bladder.
____________________Removes urea (nitrogenous cellular wastes) from blood and regulates water &
salt balance
____________________Removes toxins from blood (alcohol & drugs) and stores excess glucose and
releases glucose when needed.
____________________Stored glucose.
____________________Energy molecule for the cell. Adenosine Triphosphate. When food is eaten,
digestion breaks the bonds. The energy from the breaking bonds is used to
make ATP.
____________________Important mineral for bones, nervous system & helps myosin bind to actin so
muscles can contract.
____________________Protein filaments that interconnect during a muscle contraction.
____________________Provides first line of defense against infection. It is a barrier and oil kills
bacteria. Also protects body against heat and water loss.
____________________Respond to foreign proteins (antigens) that can cause infection. Produced by
lymphocytes(white blood cells) Clumps bacteria & attaches to landing gear
of virus.
____________________Foreign protein that stimulates the body to make antibodies
____________________Solution of dead or weak bacteria or virus. Body builds up an immunity when it is
given.
____________________Prokaryote. Reproduce asexually. Destroys cell, release toxins. Responds to
antibiotics.
____________________Injects its DNA into host cell and has host cell reproduce the invading viruses.
Cell explodes & releases more viruses.
____________________Antibodies attach & clump bacteria. Macrophages & Killer T cells eat them.
Treat with antibiotics.
____________________Antibodies attach to landing gear of virus. Prevents them from landing on cells.
No treatment.
____________________Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Unable to fight off infections due to lack
of production of T-cells (which help fight infection)
____________________Macrophage or white blood cell. Engulf or phagocytize foreign invaders.
____________________Lymphocyte that produces antibodies and memory cells. Memory cells remember how to
fight infections so you donÕt get sick from the same thing twice.
____________________Kill and destroy infected or foreign cells like cancer or transplanted organs.
____________________Helps coordinates immune response.
____________________Turns off or suppresses Immune Response.