Valley Forge National Historical Park NAME:__________________DATE:__________
Geology Field Trip
Video Valley Forge Geology
Introduction Video Valley Forge Geology
When you are done watching the video you should be able to answer the two questions
below. This video will also help to answer the field experience questions so feel free to
review it often.
1.
What are the three main types of rocks found in Valley Forge National Park? 3 pts
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2.
Explain the difference between weathering and erosion. (3 pts 1 correctly
constructed compound sentence with the required vocabulary weathering and erosion)
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Helpful Links:
Review of Valley Forge Geology from Brynmawr College
1.
Name the era not represented at Valley Forge National Park (1 pt Answer with 1
proper noun either - Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, or Precambrian)
2.
Name of three geological eras shown in the rocks of Valley Forge National Park
order from oldest to most current. (3 points use list in #1 above)
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3.
Name the periods from oldest to most current period. You may use the mnemonic
to help you remember: Can Orville See Diamond’s Magenta Pink Pearl, Tom and Jerry
Can That’s Queer. (12 pts)
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4.
Starting at “Paleozoic/Cambrian” section
How were the sandstone rocks turned into Chickie Quartzite (2 pts. 1 sentence that
includes rock cycle type name so choose either igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary and
answer the question by stating how..)
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Geological Site 3 down the walk way after the covered bridge. The quartzite will only be
white if weathered. It will be brownish if not weathered.
http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page2.htm
5.
Vinegar test the stone at this site, did it fizz?_________________________What
must be present to fizz?___________________________ 2 pts
Geological site 1. You can see the restroom in the picture. The wall is Cambrian
Ledger Dolostone which is located behind the visitor’s center.
http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page2.htm
6.
Vinegar test the stone at this site, did it fizz?_________________________What
must be present to fizz?___________________________2 pts
7.
Put an x on Pangaea to show where Valley Forge National Park is located. The X
must cover the adjoined continents and in approximately where NJ/PA is right now so be
exact. 1 point
http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page2.htm
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LOCATE THE UNCONFORMITY ON THE MAP AT I 4 TO J 9
Now, locate sites 1, 2, and 3 by placing the letter and then the number on the blanks
below for 8-10.
8.
SITE 1 ___ ____ 2 pts
9.
SITE 2 ____ ____ 2 pts
10.
COVERED BRIDGE P10 NOW LOCATE SITE 3 ___ ___ 2 pts
11.
DESCRIBE THE FEATURES OF AN UNCOMFORMITY 1 sentence 1 point
required vocabulary uncomformity. Now describe two possible explanations this
UNCOMFORMITY exists. 2 sentences 1 for each theory and 1 pt each for a total of 2
points
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12. Create a Power Point to describe the processes…40 points Rubrics/Powerpoint
Rubric SUMMER PROJECT 8TH Valley Forge Geology Trail.doc
Deposited
Constructive Force
Destructive Force
Lithified
Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic
Uplifted
Anticline
Syncline
Weathered
Eroded
Re-deposited
12.
Why is it a poor choice to build on Karst topography? 1 sentence 1 point
providing effective vocabulary to describe the why it is a poor choice
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Picture of Karst topography note the indentations.
http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page3.htm
13.
What type of weathering, often also called physical weathering, formed the talus
slopes?__________________________1 word 1 pt
14.
Specify the exact event that made the talus slopes?________________________
1 pt 1 word
15.
Take the word stratosphere apart, what does the prefix strata
mean?____________________1 word 1 pt
16.
At Washington’s Headquarters located on the map at J 10.5 above the Covered
Bridge area, is the Stockton Formation which has a lot of cross bedding shown. How is
cross bedding used to state that this area was once under water? 2 points must include a
theory in a sentence that informs the reader of the relationship between cross bedding as
seen at the site and water.
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17
Draw your own picture of cross bedding
http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page4.htm 4 pts use rubric for assessment
criteria
18. Demonstrate using the stream table how these ripple marks found on the sidewalk building blocks at
Valley Creek Bridge were made and then draw your own ripple marks 4 pt Use rubric for assessment of
drawing use fossweb for stream table in the Earth History section at stream table high flow vs low flow
Two other examples are present on FossWeb as well, you are welcome to view them to help you if needed.
http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page4.htm
19. How could you build a wall to prevent creep? 1 pt Use rubric for assessment
Below is Washington’s Headquarter’s wall that demonstrates an example of creep.
Describe how to prevent creep. http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page5.htm
2 points required vocabulary type of rock to avoid using, creep, a process that creates creep, and how the
process will be avoided by your design.
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STOP LABS NEED TO BE DONE BEFORE PROCEEDING AND WE WILL DO
THESE IN CLASS…HAVE FUN!!!!
STOP THE REST OF THIS WILL BE DONE IN CLASS AND LABS SHOULD BE
DONE BEFORE PROCEEDING…
Labs…TO BE DONE IN CLASS
Create a sandstone, shale, and limestone basin. Between layers test design and
experiment to test the porosity and permeability of the layer. Then design and experiment
to demonstrate physical/mechanical weathering and erosion of your basin. Remember
erosion also includes re-depositing what was eroded. It is a cycle so nothing is lost.
CSI the mystery sand by grain size and distinguish the type of sand stream, mountain, or
dune sand.
Create a geological timeline
Geology Field Experience Valley Forge National Park
Trail of Geology Booklet
Go to to page 6 and 7 Simplified Geological Map of Valley Forge National Historical
Park and surrounding area.
Locate sites 1 visitor's center restroom behind it is geology site 1 site 2 and 3
covered bridge geology site 3 on the map.
1. Page 2 PA Trail of Geology How old are the rocks now exposed as the crust layer
at Valley Forge National Park?_________________mya
2. General knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology In which continent is Valley
Forge located?____________________________________________________
3. Acquired Knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology How are geologists certain
it was seawater, not fresh water that covered the crust of Valley Forge National
Park? (Answer must one compound sentence that contains the words carbonate
and shelled animals.)
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Draw 3 pictures to show the general formation of rock layering found at Valley
Forge National Park. 3
Use the rock key provided on page 2 Trail of Geology
Show water in pictures 1
Show layers and rising water in picture 2
Show Chickies, Antietam, and Ledger Formations in picture 3
Original layering (with water)
sand
Muddy
sand
Layering (water rising)
Formations
Ledger
Limy
sand
Antietam
Chickies
4. Acquired Knowledge Considering your answer to number 1 as the age of the
oldest exposed rocks in the crustal layer, in what era did these oldest rocks of
Valley Forge National Park form?_________________________
5. Acquired Knowledge Considering your answer to number 1 again as the age of
the oldest exposed rocks in the crustal layer of Valley Forge National Park, in
what period did the rocks form if they formed in the first period of this
ear?_______________________
200 million years pass and the rock of Valley Forge National Park experience
mountain forming forces as well as dramatic changes in temperature and
pressure.
6. Go to Geological Site 1 which is the stone wall formation located to the sides and
behind the restrooms near the parking lot of the visitor’s center
7. Acquired Knowledge The Law of _____________________________states that
all layers of the earth originally laid down in relatively flat layers one on top of
the other.
8. Page 2 PA Trail of Geology The horizontal layers were disrupted when a volcanic
island chain______________with North American continent.
Draw
copy of picture 3 # 3
Forces on horizontal layers
changed layers
Ledger
Antietam
Chickies
9. Acquired Knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology What type of rocks are
found in the park if they were made from compression of
sediments?________________________________
10. Acquired knowledge and Page 3 PA Trail of Geology These horizontal layers
formed on the one large continent called_______________________.
11. What is a sample of flora that existed during this period?____________________
12. What is a sample of fauna that existed during this period?___________________
13. What
14. Acquired Knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology The force caused the rocks
to be compressed and layers were ____________on top of each other along fault
lines.
15. Acquired Knowledge and Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What modern continent
collided with North America?______________
16. Acquired Knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology The collision of these two
continents caused mountain range of middle PA to form?
___________________________________Mountains.
17. Acquired Knowledge and Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the name of e
single continent that formed at the end of this
era?___________________________
18. Acquired Knowledge and Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What made the
Appalachian Mountains wear down?________________________
19. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology When Pangaea split apart, what ocean
formed?___________________________
20. S Page 3 PA Trail of Geology stretching of the earth’s crust made blocks of earth
fall down along fault lines forming ________________________________and
___________________
21. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What current day ocean, one you may have swam in
along the coast of NJ, would have covered the land you walked on at Valley
Forge National Park? __________________________
22. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the land formation called where earth’s crust
collected along faults as North American and Africa separated from Pangaea
around, 230 mya?________________Mountains
23. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the name of the basin where park is
located?_______________________basin
24. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology Why are the rocks of the Newark basin
red?________________________
25. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the chemical formula for the substance that
makes the rocks red?______________________
26. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the common name of the red substance on
the rocks?_______________
27. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What process of the rock cycle may have happened
to the sedimentary rocks to make it possible for the rock basin layers to be 3 miles
thick?_______________
28. Acquired knowledge. What is the most common carbonate material and it is
found in limestone?____________________________.
29. Acquired knowledge One way carbonates are formed is directly from sea water,
what organisms can also make
carbonates?________________________________
30. Page 4 PA Trail of Geology What is/was mined in the Ledger Formation in
1976?__________________What is a use of this limestone
material?________________________________
31. Page 4 PA Trail of Geology What is the name of the formation some of the first
dinosaurs on earth could have inhabited?__________________________Are
there actual fossils in the part of the dinosaurs?___________________________
32. Page 5 PA Trail of Geology What type of climate is found in Southeastern
Pennsylvania?_________________
33. Page 8 PA Trail of Geology and the video ESSAY: Answer using two sentences,
your very best handwriting, proper punctuation, and perfect grammar. Underline
the following words as you use them in your answer. Yes, to get full credit, all of
the words must be used. The video may help you to answer this question if you
are struggling.
WORDS: slope, elevation, soluble, erosion, slower, faster,
How did the slower erosion of the dolostone and the slightly faster erosion of the
limestone give the Continental Army an advantage over the advancing troops
from the south?
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24 Page 8 PA Trail of Geology and
website http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page5.htm
ESSAY: Answer using three sentences, your very best handwriting, proper
punctuation, and perfect grammar. Underline the following words as you use
them in your answer. Yes, to get full credit, all of the words must be used.
WORDS: environment, particles, waves, currents, collect, heavy, light,
Chickies Formation, Antietam Formation, and calmer.
Why is the Chickies Formation made of sand-sized quartz grains, but the
Antietam Formation made of sand-sized quartz, clay, and silt?
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25 Acquired knowledge and Page 8 PA Trail of Geology What are two forms of
weathering?___________________and_______________
26 Page 8 PA Trail of Geology Which form of weathering causes fractures in
rocks?_________________________
28 Page 9 PA Trail of Geology What type of topography develops in areas where
bedrocks dissolve quickly?________________________________
29 Page 10 PA Trail of Geology What made layers which originally deposited flat
(horizontal) inclined at different angles?___________________
MATCHING
A
When two formation
are separated and a
layer is missing
.B
Rock that has been
pushed together so it
bends upward..
C
Wavy layers
containing algae and
sediments
30._________StromatolitesUse page 13 of Trail of
31. _________Unconformity
32. _________Anticline
Geology to draw the anticline.
.