Name: _____________________ Date: 11/10/15 Science Period: _____ Ch 5 Sec 1&2 Study Guide Review & then complete back without looking at the front. Then check your answers. You do not need to recall the information in [in brackets]. Section 1 – Earth Interior (pages 124-131) Geologists (scientists who study the forces that make & shape the Earth) use direct evidence (rock samples) and indirect evidence (seismic waves) to learn about the Earth’s interior. [Rock samples from core samples up to12 km down & rocks from volcanoes which can come from more than 100 km in depth.] Seismic waves, vibrations from earthquakes, tell geologists if there is liquid in the Earth’s interior because only P Waves can travel through liquids. The four main layers of the Earth are the Crust [< 1%], the Mantle [45%], the Outer Core [35%], and the Inner Core [20%]. The Lithosphere includes the Crust & a very small amount of the Mantle [<1% or 10% of the Upper Mantle]. The Lithosphere is rigid & made of rock: Mostly granite in the Continental Crust & basalt in the Oceanic Crust. The Asthenosphere is made of soft rock (like plastic-has plasticity-can flow) & includes [10% of] the Mantle & most of the Upper Mantle [80%]. The Lower Mantle is made of hot rock. The Outer Core is made of liquid metal [nickel & iron]. The Inner Core is made of solid dense metal [nickel & iron]. [Both cores likely also include some oxygen, sulfur, & silicon.] Temperature, pressure, and density increase as one goes closer to the center of the Earth. Density is the measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance. When a substance is heated the particles move faster & take up more space thus reducing the density of the substance. Section 2 – Convection and the Mantle (pages 132-135) There are 3 types of heat transfer (heat moving from a warmer substance to a cooler substance). Radiation: the transfer of heat through space. Conduction: The transfer of heat within a material or when one material contacts another. Convection: The transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (gases, liquid, & molten solids such as magma) due to differences in temperature & density in the fluid. The change in density plus the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in motion. As a fluid is heated the hot fluid rises and as it cools it descends due to the force of gravity. Convection takes place in the mantle and outer core. Section 1 – Earth Interior Geologists (scientists who study the forces that _________ & _________ the Earth) use _________ evidence (___________ samples) and ______________ evidence (__________) to learn about the Earth’s interior. Seismic waves, vibrations from earthquakes, tell geologists if there is liquid in the Earth’s interior because only ______ Waves can travel through liquids. The four main layers of the Earth are the __________[< 1%], the ____________ [45%], the __________________ [35%], and the ______________ [20%]. The ________________includes the Crust & a very small amount of the Mantle [<1% or 10% of the Upper Mantle]. The ______________ is rigid & made of __________: Mostly __________ in the Continental Crust & ___________in the Oceanic Crust. The Asthenosphere is made of ________________ (like ___________-has _____________- it can ____________) & includes [10% of] the Mantle & most of the Upper Mantle [80%]. The Lower Mantle is made of _____________________. The Outer Core is made of ___________________ [____________ & ____________]. The Inner Core is made of ____________________ [_____________& ____________]. [Both cores likely also include some oxygen, sulfur, & silicon.] Temperature, pressure, and density ____________ as one goes closer to the center of the Earth. Density is the measure of how much __________________________ of a substance. When a substance is heated the particles move faster & take up more space thus ___________ the density of the substance. Section 2 – Convection and the Mantle (pages 132-135) There are 3 types of heat transfer (heat moving from a warmer substance to a cooler substance). Radiation: the transfer of heat through ________________. Conduction: The transfer of heat within a ______________ or when one material ____________ another. Convection: The transfer of heat through the movement of a ___________ (gases, liquid, & molten solids such as magma) due to differences in _____________ & _________ in the fluid. The change in density plus the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in motion. As a fluid is heated the hot fluid __________ and as it cools it _____________ due to the force of gravity. Convection takes place in the ____________ and ___________________.