Name: _____________________
Date: 11/10/15
Science Period: _____
Ch 5 Sec 1&2 Study Guide
Review & then complete back without looking at the front. Then check your answers. You do not
need to recall the information in [in brackets].
Section 1 – Earth Interior (pages 124-131)
Geologists (scientists who study the forces that make & shape the Earth) use direct evidence
(rock samples) and indirect evidence (seismic waves) to learn about the Earth’s interior. [Rock
samples from core samples up to12 km down & rocks from volcanoes which can come from
more than 100 km in depth.] Seismic waves, vibrations from earthquakes, tell geologists if there
is liquid in the Earth’s interior because only P Waves can travel through liquids.
The four main layers of the Earth are the Crust [< 1%], the Mantle [45%], the Outer Core [35%],
and the Inner Core [20%].
The Lithosphere includes the Crust & a very small amount of the Mantle [<1% or 10% of the
Upper Mantle]. The Lithosphere is rigid & made of rock: Mostly granite in the Continental Crust
& basalt in the Oceanic Crust.
The Asthenosphere is made of soft rock (like plastic-has plasticity-can flow) & includes [10%
of] the Mantle & most of the Upper Mantle [80%].
The Lower Mantle is made of hot rock.
The Outer Core is made of liquid metal [nickel & iron].
The Inner Core is made of solid dense metal [nickel & iron].
[Both cores likely also include some oxygen, sulfur, & silicon.]
Temperature, pressure, and density increase as one goes closer to the center of the Earth.
Density is the measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance. When a substance
is heated the particles move faster & take up more space thus reducing the density of the
substance.
Section 2 – Convection and the Mantle (pages 132-135)
There are 3 types of heat transfer (heat moving from a warmer substance to a cooler substance).
Radiation: the transfer of heat through space.
Conduction: The transfer of heat within a material or when one material contacts another.
Convection: The transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (gases, liquid, & molten solids
such as magma) due to differences in temperature & density in the fluid. The change in density
plus the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in motion. As a fluid is heated the
hot fluid rises and as it cools it descends due to the force of gravity. Convection takes place in
the mantle and outer core.
Section 1 – Earth Interior
Geologists (scientists who study the forces that _________ & _________ the Earth) use
_________ evidence (___________ samples) and ______________ evidence (__________)
to learn about the Earth’s interior. Seismic waves, vibrations from earthquakes, tell geologists if
there is liquid in the Earth’s interior because only ______ Waves can travel through liquids.
The four main layers of the Earth are the __________[< 1%], the ____________ [45%], the
__________________ [35%], and the ______________ [20%].
The ________________includes the Crust & a very small amount of the Mantle [<1% or 10% of
the Upper Mantle]. The ______________ is rigid & made of __________: Mostly
__________ in the Continental Crust & ___________in the Oceanic Crust.
The Asthenosphere is made of ________________ (like ___________-has _____________- it
can ____________) & includes [10% of] the Mantle & most of the Upper Mantle [80%].
The Lower Mantle is made of _____________________.
The Outer Core is made of ___________________ [____________ & ____________].
The Inner Core is made of ____________________ [_____________& ____________].
[Both cores likely also include some oxygen, sulfur, & silicon.]
Temperature, pressure, and density ____________ as one goes closer to the center of the Earth.
Density is the measure of how much __________________________ of a substance. When a
substance is heated the particles move faster & take up more space thus ___________ the density
of the substance.
Section 2 – Convection and the Mantle (pages 132-135)
There are 3 types of heat transfer (heat moving from a warmer substance to a cooler substance).
Radiation: the transfer of heat through ________________.
Conduction: The transfer of heat within a ______________ or when one material ____________
another.
Convection: The transfer of heat through the movement of a ___________ (gases, liquid, &
molten solids such as magma) due to differences in _____________ & _________ in the fluid.
The change in density plus the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in motion. As
a fluid is heated the hot fluid __________ and as it cools it _____________ due to the force of
gravity. Convection takes place in the ____________ and ___________________.