INDICATORS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Provisioning Services
FOOD
Crops
Crop production, Metric tons
Dietary energy supply, Kilocalories
Employment in crop production and processing, Number of people
Value of crop production, Currency
Livestock
Livestock production, Metric tons
Livestock products production, Metric tons
Value of livestock products production Currency
Capture fisheries (for coastal water-ground water interacted GDE, eg Dalyan)
Employment in the marine products sector, Number of people
Fish meal in animal feed, Percent
Fish products as a percent of total animal protein in peoples’ diets, Percent
Total fish catch, Metric tons
Total marine production Metric tons
Total value of marine products Metric tons
Value of coastal products used for jewelry and curios, Currency
Aquaculture
Fish production from aquaculture Metric tons, percent of total fish production
Total aquaculture production (including non-fish products) Metric tons
Wild foods
Number of wild species used for human food Number of species
BIOLOGICAL RAW MATERIALS
Timber and other wood products
Employment in forest sector Number of people
Forest biomass production Cubic meters, tons
Round wood production Cubic meters, tons
Value of forest products Currency
Volume of forest products used for local crafts Metric tons
Wood pulp production Cubic meters, tons
Fibers and resins, animals skins, sand, and ornamental resources
Employment in fibers production Number of people
Fibers production Metric tons
Production of wildlife-derived skins, wool, and feathers Metric tons
Value of fibers production Currency
BIOMASS FUEL
Charcoal production Cubic meters
Fuel wood production Cubic meters
Industrial energy production from forest systems, Terawatts
Monetary value of fuel production, Currency
FRESHWATER
Population served by renewable water resource Number of people
Renewable water supply Cubic kilometers
Renewable water supply accessible to humans Cubic kilometers
Water storage capacity Days of river discharge
GENETIC RESOURCES
Investment into natural products prospecting Currency
Number of species that have been the subject of major investment or have become a commercial product
Number of species
Value of genetic resources Currency
BIOCHEMICALS, NATURAL, MEDICINE and pharmaceuticals
Number of organisms from which drugs have been derived Number
Value of pharmaceutical products developed in natural systems Currency
Table 3 |
Regulating Services
Air quality regulation
Flux in atmospheric gases Teragrams carbon, nitrogen per year,
Atmospheric cleansing (tropospheric oxidizing) No units noted
Global climate regulation
Atmospheric gases flux (CO2, CH4, etc) Teragrams carbon, nitrogen per year,
Carbon accumulation Teragrams, metric tons
Carbon uptake Teragrams, metric tons
Cloud formation No units noted
Evapotranspiration Percent
Carbon sequestration capacity Megagrams per hectare, metric tons
Surface albedo Albedo
Regional and local climate regulation
Canopy stomatal conductance No units noted
Cloud formation No units noted
Evapotranspiration Cubic meters
Water regulation
Soil water infiltration No units noted
Soil water storage No units noted
Erosion regulation No Indicators Identified
Water purification and waste treatment
Amount of waste processed by ecosystems Volume/mass of waste processed
Capacity of ecosystem to process waste Volume/mass of waste potentially processed
Value of ecosystem waste treatment and water purification Currency
Disease regulation
Disease vector predator populations Number
Estimated change in disease burden as a result of changing ecosystems, Number of disease cases
Population increase in disease vectors mosquitoes following ecosystem conversion Mosquito
population
Soil quality regulation No Indicators Identified
Pest regulation No Indicators Identified
Pollination No Indicators Identified
Natural hazard regulation
Changes in seasonality of flood events Percentage change in number of events
Economic losses associated with natural disasters Currency
Flood attenuation potential: residence time of water in rivers, reservoirs, and soils Days required for
water falling as precipitation to pass through system
Floodplain water storage capacity Days of river discharge floodplain can store
Soil capacity to transfer groundwater No units noted
Soil water storage capacity No units noted
Trends in number of damaging natural disasters Number of events
Cultural services
Aesthetic/ ethical values
Comparative value of real estate near cleaner water bodies Yes/no, Currency
Comparative value of real estate nearer to nature (proxy) Currency
Number of nature/rural visitors Number of people
Willingness to pay for improved water quality in local water bodies Currency
Spiritual and religious values No Indicators Identified
Recreation and ecotourism
Nature and/or rural tourism employment Number of people
Number of recreational anglers and hunters Number of people
Spending on nature tourism Currency
Total recreational value Currency
Visitors to natural areas Currency