A Comparative Study of Oil Absorbents
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A Research Proposal
Presented to the
Science & Research Department
Integrated Developmental School
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
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In Partial Fulfillment for the Course
Science Research
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LEYNARD T____ VICOY
ZACHARY JAMES Cantago GERMANO
March 2012
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled “A Comparative Study of Oil Absorbents” prepared and
submitted by LEYNARD T____ VICOY and ZACHARY JAMES Cantago GERMANO
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Panel Member
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Technical Consultant (optional)
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Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the Course in Science Research
I/II.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
Oil as a natural resource is very abundant here on earth. Many oil deposits are
scattered around the globe. Export of oil is done largely through oil tankers from continent to
continent. An unfortunate accident of one of these tankers may cause oil spill which can create
serious environmental problems. A large oil spill can cause heavy damage and will be toxic to
marine life, resources which man use as food, thus having also an effect on human life. Because
of the damage and the resulting toxicity of these oil spills, there is a need to clean the spills.
Various ways are used to clean spills like using dispersants, vacuums and skimmers.
Cleaning and absorption of commercial oil spills costs a lot of money. Sometimes,
unpredictable weather hampers the cleaning of oil spills. This study will test the absorption
potential of various organic waste materials like sawdust, wood chips, hair, and coconut fiber.
These organic materials are inexpensive and readily available in our country thus help reduce the
cost of cleaning oil spills. The researchers want to research if there are any available absorbent
materials here in the Philippines except coconut fiber and hair that absorbs oil effectively so that
the government would not spend too much on commercial absorbents and heavy equipment. The
researchers want to know if the waste materials which can be used in peoples’ daily lives can
also be good oil spill absorbers. If the researchers successfully discover other materials that can
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effectively absorb oil, the researchers will compare which one is better than the other.
B.
Statement of the Problem
The absorption ability of woodchips, hair, coconut fiber, and sawdust as oil absorbents
will be investigated. It will then be determined and compared.
Sub- problems
1) How much amount of crude oil will be absorbed by a.) Woodchips? b.) hair? c.) coconut
fiber? and d.) Sawdust?
2) Do woodchips, hair, sawdust, and coconut fiber have properties similar to that of a good
oil absorber in a) pure crude oil only? b) a mixture of crude oil and water?
C.
Hypotheses
Alternate Hypotheses
Null Hypotheses
1) Woodchips, hair, coconut fiber and sawdust
1) Woodchips, hair, coconut fiber and sawdust
have a significant difference in their absorption
do not have a significant difference in their
abilities.
absorption abilities.
2) Hair has the most ability to absorb crude oil
2) Hair has the least ability to absorb crude oil
in sea water than the rest of the materials.
in seawater than the rest of the materials.
3) Woodchips have the most ability to absorb
3) Woodchips have the least ability to absorb
crude oil than the rest of the materials.
crude oil than the rest of the materials.
4) Sawdust and woodchips have a significant
4) Sawdust and woodchips have almost no
difference in their absorption ability in a) crude significant difference in their absorption ability
oil b) mixture of sea water and crude oil.
in a) crude oil b) mixture of sea water and
crude oil.
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D.
Objective of the Study
This study aims to determine whether woodchips, hair, coconut fiber, and sawdust can
be used as a good oil absorber. Specifically it aims to:
1) Determine the absorption ability of the different materials.
2) Compare the difference in the absorption ability of the materials.
3) Verify if the difference is significant or not using the post-hoc test statistic.
E.
Significance of the Study
Commercial oil spill absorbents cost a lot of money and are barely available in our
country. This study is a way to determine whether woodchips, hair, coconut fiber and sawdust
can be used as alternative oil spills absorbents. It would also be beneficial to our society since
these organic products are wastes from parlors and barber shops, wood industry and farms.
Instead of throwing these waste products which will add to pollution, these materials can be
made environment friendly and used as cheap oil spill absorbents. If proven effective,
businessmen can benefit from this study especially if their business is related to the sea or oil.
The businessmen benefit from this because small businessmen like the fishermen depend their
living on the sea and if the oil spill could be stop quicker and more effective by using these
newly discovered absorbents, then they would not lose all their business. Oil companies can also
benefit from this study. If the tanker containing lots of oil which is owned by an oil company
had a leakage of oil, the oil can be retrieve back easily. The government benefit from this study,
too because they would not spend too much by buying heavy equipment and commercial
absorbents. Instead, the government will encourage people to use natural oil spill absorbents.
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Families living near the coast lines may also benefit from this study if successful. Although
sources say some these materials are already being used as oil absorbent but still, this has to be
proven yet by the researchers.
F.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study covers the capability of woodchips, hair, coconut fiber, and sawdust to absorb
oil. Two set ups for each material will be prepared. Each of the materials will be submerged in
Set-up A: Crude oil only and Set-up B: a mixture of crude oil and sea water for 60 minutes in
each set up. Other materials that are both in the crude oil and in the mixture that may affect the
procedure of the experiment will not be covered. Most materials can be gathered in the country,
woodchips and sawdust in lumber mills. Hair is gathered in parlors and barber shops. Coconut
fibers are found in coconut farms. These materials do not cost much and widely available.
G.
Definition of Terms
Absorbents
general term for the materials used (coconut fiber, hair,
Sawdust and woodchips) specifically organic absorbents.
In the Study the absorption ability of the organic absorbent
Materials are to be compared by the volume of their
absorbed crude oil.
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Absorption Ability
the capacity of a material to absorb another substance. This
will be the variable to be studied. This is measured by
subtracting the oil left in the basin from the original volume
of the oil.
Coconut fiber
a product which is extracted from the outer shell of the
coconut product. In this study coconut fiber is one of the
products to be tested for its potential as an oil spill
absorber.
Hair
thin fibers that grow on most mammals. Hair will also be
used in this study for its potential as an oil spill absorbent.
Crude oil
is a naturally-occurring flammable liquid found beneath the
Earth’s surface. This will be the substance to be absorbed
by the organic absorbents in measuring the absorption
ability of the organic absorbents.
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Sawdust
is a by-product of cutting lumber; these are fine wood
particles that are created by cutting with saw. In this study
sawdust is one of the products to be tested for its potential
as an oil spill absorber.
Seawater
water coming from the oceans, usually salinated. Sea water
will be mixed with crude oil to simulate the absorption
ability of the organic materials in the seas.
Wood chips
are medium sized blocks of wood which are made by
cutting or chipping large blocks of wood to smaller ones. In
this study wood chips are one of the products to be tested
for its potential as an oil spill absorber.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
Organic Absorbent materials are usually naturally-occurring and are carbon-based materials.
These materials are able to absorb several time their mass in oil. Organic absorbents may absorb
an amount of water in addition to oil, which can cause the absorbent to sink. Most organic
absorbent materials for oil is said to be Hydrophobic (the ability to repel water) and oleophilic
(the ability to attract oil). Absorbents are defined as materials able to capture liquid throughout
their molecular structure, making the absorbent swell to at least 50 percent more in size. (E-How,
1999-2011)
There are certain properties for a material to become a good absorbent. These materials should
be able to undergo the Capillary action. The Capillary action is the process by which liquids flow
into porous materials or thin tubes due to surface tension. (E-how: Facts _Something Absorbent,
1999-2011). Good absorbents must have low density, a fibrous structure and exhibit good
wicking properties (the ability to transfer liquids).(porex, patents, 2004-2011)
Petroleum is a thick flammable and usually dark-colored liquid fuel found deep below the Earth's
surface or occasionally in springs and pools at the surface. It is composed mainly of
combinations of hydrogen and carbon called hydrocarbons, along with organic compounds
containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen in varying amounts.(Encyclopedia Americana , 20042005) It is obvious that absorbent materials are porous and has pores (small holes).But organic
absorbent materials mostly consists of fibrous strands. (Globalspills.com, 2011)
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An oil spill is an accidental release of petroleum or petroleum products. There are many ways of
an oil spill to occur. Equipment breaking down may cause an oil spill. If an oil spill tanker sticks
on a shallow land, when they start to drive the tanker again it may cause a hole in the tanker
causing it to leak. Natural conduits may cause oil spill too. A hurricane or a tsunami could cause
an oil tanker to flip over, causing to pour oil out. An oil spill can really destroy the wildlife of
that particular area. Birds die from oil spills if their feathers are covered in oil. The birds will to
clean themselves, causing for them to be poisoned. In other ways, oil enters the lungs and liver
causing it to be also poisoned. Oil can also kill an animal by blinding it. The animal will not be
able to see and be aware of predators so they may be eaten. Sometimes, oil spills are the reason
for animals, in or out of the water, to become endangered. Sea Otters are also affected by oil an
Otter gets covered in oil; it builds up in the otter's air bubbles. These air bubbles are located in
the fur which helps them survive underwater, in the cold oceans. If it is filled up with oil, the
otter may die due to hypothermia or very low body temperature. There are really many animals
affected by an oil spill raging from plankton to even whales! (ThinkQuest, 2002) Humans are
also affected by an oil spill, both economically and medically. Fishes, shrimps, squids, are
caught by humans to earn money by selling them. If the animals are poisoned by oil, no one
would buy them and the sellers would not have any sales. No sales, no money. If people would
be exposed to crude oil to long, it may cause serious ailments and death. If a person smells the
oil, the air would go to the brain and if it continues it will cause brain cancer, stroke and other
ailments. (Grolier Encyclopedia, 1995)
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Worldwide oil spill Levels table: Volume of oil and number of oil spills (2007, 2008, and 2009):
(Reference: Hess CSR 2009 Annual Report-Environmental Performance,2009)
There are many ways to prevent the spread of oil in the ocean. Workers can place a boom
around the tanker that is spilling oil. Booms look like floating sausages tied together. They are
barriers used to contain oil spills in the ocean. A boom may be placed somewhere before an oil
spill gets there. They can be placed around an entrance to the ocean, like a stream. They also can
be placed around a habitat with many animals living there. These booms will absorb any oil that
flows around it. The workers can also use skimmers. Skimmers are boats that can remove the oil
off the water. Sorbents are sponges that can collect the oil. An airplane can fly over the ocean,
dropping chemical products like Corexit 9500. The chemicals can disperse the oil in the ocean.
They also can burn freshly spilled oil with fireproof booms to contain the oil. They burning of
the oil is not advised since it adds to air pollution. There are just few ways to clean the oil off the
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beaches coastlines. Workers can use high or low pressure hoses to spray the oil that is on the
beaches. Vacuum trucks may be driven on the beaches to vacuum up the oil. They can also
simply use shovels or road equipment to collect all the oil off the beaches. The method they use
to clean the beaches or oceans depends on many things. They have to look at the weather, the
type and amount of oil spilled, if people live in that area, what types of animals live in that area,
and many more things. In some situations, they may not react to a spill. It may not be helpful or
it would just cause even more damage to that habitat. These absorbent materials are not available
in the country, so we use organic absorbent materials like sawdust, hair, woodchips, and coconut
fiber. (Oil Spills, Think Quest, 2002)
A plane feeding Chemical Oil Dispersants into the ocean. (oilblogcentral.wordpress, May
2010)
Sawdust is one of the most useful by products on the planet. It is pieces of wood chunks which
are made by cutting free with a saw. It has many uses including the ability of absorbing oil. In
Ancient Egypt, the people there honor the dead by a process called mummification and usually
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around the 40th day of mummification, the body which his/her insides were removed, is stuffed
with sawdust and leaves to make it “human-shaped”. Buckets of sawdust were necessary cargo
on old sailing ships, just in case for any passenger or sailor suffering from sea sickness. Sawdust
is also used in keeping small caged pets like hamsters, gerbils, mice and pet rats. Now sawdust is
effective in cleaning an oil spill. Sawdust can be prepared in a way that it absorbs oil and repels
water. It will absorb 3 ½ times its weight in oil and that’s for a day until it is retrieved by the
cleaners. At the same time, it does not stick to anything not even on bird's feathers. The sawdust,
soaked in oil can be used as a fuel furnace. (42 Amazing Facts About Sawdust, BBC, 2007)
Human hair is very efficient oil absorbent. It gathers oil from the scalp, the face and
places where oil is produced. The hair “clings” into each strand’s tiny scales of hair instead of
soaking up as what absorbents do. Each hair strand has a large surface area, on which the oil
coats itself to. Hair was used in the Guimaras oil spill in the Philippines in the year 2006.
Everyone volunteered to cut their hair for the absorbing of oil, even the prisoners donated their
hair. Way back in 1989 in Madison, Alabama a hair dresser with a name Philip McCrory
popularized the hair-as-an-oil-absorbent concept. He experimented with human hairs as an oil
sponge to soak up a mock oil spill he created in his son's plastic pool. The water was clean
within minutes. Now, he approached NASA and told them about this discovery. NASA scientist
experimented and discovered hair is really a good oil spill absorbent. This was applied in the
cleaning of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and estimated 1.4 million pounds of hair soaked up 11
million gallons of oil. (Human Hair: A Highly Absorbent Material to Clean Off Oil Spill , 2006)
Coconut fibers are natural fiber taken from coconut husk then cleaned and compressed into
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bales mostly used as raw material. Coconut fiber a high lining content and thus a low cellulose
content, as a result of which it is resilient, strong and highly durable. The remarkable lightness of
the fibers is due to the cavities arising from the dried out sieve cells. Coconut fiber belongs to the
class of compounds known as flammable solids. It easily catches fire upon ignition, so keep
external sources of potential ignition, such as sparks, matches and lit cigarettes, away from
coconut fiber at all times.(Wikipedia, 2011)
Synthesis:
This study basically aims to discover the potential of hair, coconut fiber, woodchips, and sawdust
to be good oil absorbents. The materials used in this study are highly available in the Philippines,
because of its tropical climate, crops like corn and trees like coconuts are found in most areas.
Hair is not a problem, because barber shops give them for free. Woodchips and sawdust can be
gathered from lumber mills in the city. These materials are not expensive and some of them are
waste byproducts of industrial activity and are being thrown away because it has no use
anymore. In the study, these materials are submerge in two set ups, 1.)Set-up A with pure crude
oil and 2.) Set-up B with a mixture of crude oil and seawater, for 60 minutes each in three trials.
After submerging the materials, the oil absorbed will be extracted and placed into plastic cups
and the volume of the absorbed oil will be measured by graduated cylinders. All of these will be
repeated for the 3 trials.
A Related study was conducted by Charisse J. Regencia and Elmera Jennica Omisol using hair
and coconut fiber only. The study had 3 set-ups 1.) Hair and coconut fiber submerged in Crude
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oil only. 2.) Hair and coconut fiber in Seawater only. 3.) Hair and coconut fiber in a mixture of
Crude oil and Seawater. Each of the Materials were submerge for only 45 minutes.
(wala pami results ma’am wa namo na copy)
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A.
Research Design
To achieve the objective of this study, an experiment is to be made to compare the absorption
ability of hair, coconut fiber, saw dust and woodchip. Two set-ups will be prepared. Set-up A contained
pure crude oil and Set-up B is a combination of seawater and crude oil. Three trials were done for each
set-up. The collected data from these trials were recorded and used to know the mean and student t
distribution. Statistical tools will be used to get the absorption ability of the materials as well as to
determine which is the most effective in absorbing oil among the absorbents.
B.
Materials and Equipments
Materials
Equipments
Coconut fiber
5 graduated cylinder
Hair
5 funnels
Woodchips
2 strainers
Sawdust
1 triple beam balance
1 stirring rod
10L crude oil
3 beaker
5L seawater
30 plastic cups
10 basins
Meshed net
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C.
Experimental Set-up
Two set-ups to correspond for three trials will be used to compare the absorption ability of the
different absorbents namely: coconut fiber, woodchips, hair and sawdust. Set-up A with pure crude oil
only, Set-up B mixture of seawater and crude oil. All absorbents will be exposed to all the treatments.
Table 1 Composition of the Two Set-ups
Substance
Set-Up A
Set-Up B
Crude oil (mL)
1000
500
Seawater (mL)
0
500
D. Experimental Procedure
Preparation of Materials
Coconut fibers are collected from coconut farms and markets in the country. Hair is found in
barber shops and salons. Sawdust and woodchips from lumber mills. Ten basins and thirty plastic
cups are to be used as containers for the absorbed oil. Five graduated cylinders will be used to
measure the volume of the remaining oil in the container.
Preparation of Substances
- Five liters of crude oil will be set aside for set-up A, and 2.5L of crude oil and seawater for
set-up B.
Preparation of the Absorbent Materials
- Each absorbent material will be placed in a container with equal volumes. Coconut fiber, hair, sawdust
and woodchip. The containers will be wrapped in plastic nets and ready for the experimentation.
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Testing the Absorbents
Submerge the bags in each set-up A for 1 hour, after 1 hour remove the bags and let the liquid drain
for 10 seconds. Transfer the absorbent materials to plastic cups .Measure the amount of oil left in the
basins of each material in each set-up using graduated cylinders, then subtract it from the original volume
of crude oil in the set-up. Collect the data, repeat the process for 3 trials each in both set-ups and list the
data in the tables below. Write the conclusion for the problem of the study. Set aside the materials for
future use.
E.
Procedures/Instrument in Data Gathering
Tools in gathering data: table
Table 1: Amount of Oil Extracted by Each Material in Set-up A with pure crude oil
1st Trial(mL)
2nd Trial(mL)
3rd Trial(mL)
Average
Coconut Fibre
Result1
Result6
Result11
Average1
Corn Husk
Result2
Result7
Result12
Average2
Hair
Result3
Result8
Result13
Average3
Sawdust
Result4
Result9
Result14
Average4
Woodchips
Result5
Result10
Result15
Average5
Materials
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Table 2: Amount of Oil Extracted by Each Material in Set-up B with a mixture or crude oil
and seawater
1st Trial(mL)
2nd Trial(mL)
3rd Trial(mL)
Average
Coconut Fibre
Result16
Result21
Result26
Average6
Corn Husk
Result17
Result22
Result27
Average7
Hair
Result18
Result23
Result28
Average8
Sawdust
Result19
Result24
Result29
Average9
Woodchips
Result20
Result25
Result30
Average10
Materials
F.
Statistical Tools for Data Analysis *
The data that will be gathered will be analyzed and interpreted to get the overall amount
of substance absorbed per treatment for each type of absorbent material. The weighted mean will
be employed to find the amount of substance absorbed. ANOVA will be used in order to know
if there is a significant difference among absorbent materials.
Mean
The average of the numbers. The mean of each substance will be compared in the
Analysis of Variance.
Where
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∑X = the sum of all the obtained data
N = the total number of data samples
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Source of
Variation
Absorbents
Sum of
Squares
Degrees of
Mean Squares
Test Statistic
MSA
MSA
Freedom
SSA
k-1
F=
Error
SSE
N-k
Total
SSA + SSE
(k-1) + (N-k)
And
SSA
MSA =
k-1
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MSE
MSE
SSE
MSE =
N-k
MSA
F=
MSE
Post Hoc Analysis
Tukey’s Significant Difference or HSD test will be used for the determination of the significant difference
between the materials after the analysis of variance. It is designed to test all pair wise comparisons among
the means.
Where
M = is the means of the different materials
MSW = is the Mean Square Within or Mean Square Error
n = the number of materials used
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Prototype for the case of the absorbent materials
Flow Chart of Procedures:
Preparation of Materials
Preparation and production of absorbents in their
containers
Coconut Fiber
Hair
Sawdust
Testing the Absorbents
Listing and Analysis of Data
Interpretation of gathered data
Woodchips