Appendix S2 Empirical divergence dates and literature references for Fig. 5.
Taxon
Estimated age of
diversification (Ma)
Reference
Remarks
Sphenodon (tuatara)
0.008
Hay et al. (2010)
Estimated divergence of tuatara populations,
considered one species by Hay et al. (2010)
Paulfreemania (midges)
4.15
Krosch et al. (2011)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Dinornithiformes (moas)
21
Haddrath & Baker (2012)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Apteryx (kiwis)
6.3
Haddrath & Baker (2012)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Acanthisitta (wrens)1
16
Worthy et al. (2010)
Based on fossil data only
Deinacrida (weta)
17
Trewick & Morgan-Richards (2005)
Assumed strict molecular clock
Cyclodina + Oligosoma (skinks)
18.3
Chapple et al. (2009)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Hoplodactylus (geckos)
24.4
Nielsen et al. (2011)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Eukieffieriella (midges)
26.27
Krosch et al. (2011)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Anzacladius (midges)
29.01
Krosch et al. (2011)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Pirara (midges)
31.29
Krosch et al. (2011)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Naonella (midges)
33.48
Krosch et al. (2011)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Leiopelma (frogs)2
48
Roelants et al. (2007)
Age inferred by penalized likelihood
Aoraki (harvestmen)
90
Giribet et al. (2012)
Median age inferred by BEAST
Rakaia (harvestmen)
91
Giribet et al. (2012)
Median age inferred by BEAST
1 Acanthisitiid
species driven extinct by humans are counted as extant.
time estimate does not include species that went extinct in the Holocene.
3 Nestorinae parrots are not included here due to ambiguous divergence time calibration (Wright et al., 2008).
2 Divergence
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Giribet, G., Sharma, P.P., Benavides, L.R., Boyer, S.L., Clouse, R.M., de Bivort, B.L., Dimitrov, D., Kawauchi, G.Y., Murienne, J. & Schwendinger, P.J. (2012)
Evolutionary and biogeographical history of an ancient and global group of arachnids (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) with a new taxonomic
arrangement. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 105, 92–130.
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origin of modern birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 4617-4625.
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