Ms. Cannistraci
Name: ___________________________________ Date:_____
1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____
1.During the Cold War,
2. • Creation of NATO
nations that adopted a
(North Atlantic Treaty
policy of nonalignment
believed they should
Organization) and the
Warsaw Pact
(1) be exempt from United
Nations decisions
• Construction of the Berlin
Wall
(2) restrict trade with
neighboring countries
• Cuban missile crisis
(3) reject international
environmental treaties
(4) follow a course
independent of the
superpowers
These events are most
closely associated with
3 In what way were Korea
and Germany similar
after World War II?
(1) They refused to align
with the superpowers.
(2) Democratic principles
flourished in both
countries.
(1) World War I
(3) Both communist
governments faced
(2) World War II
economic stagnation.
(3) the Cold War
(4) Both countries
threatened to use chemical
(4) the Persian Gulf War
weapons against China.
.
Ms. Cannistraci
Name: ___________________________________ Date:_____
1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____
1.During the Cold War,
2. • Creation of NATO
nations that adopted a
(North Atlantic Treaty
policy of nonalignment
believed they should
Organization) and the
Warsaw Pact
(1) be exempt from United
Nations decisions
• Construction of the Berlin
Wall
(2) restrict trade with
neighboring countries
• Cuban missile crisis
3 In what way were Korea
and Germany similar
after World War II?
(1) They refused to align
with the superpowers.
(2) Democratic principles
flourished in both
countries.
(3) reject international
environmental treaties
These events are most
closely associated with
(3) Both communist
governments faced
(4) follow a course
independent of the
superpowers
(1) World War I
economic stagnation.
(2) World War II
(4) Both countries
threatened to use chemical
(3) the Cold War
(4) the Persian Gulf War
weapons against China.
.
Ms. Cannistraci
Name:______________________________________ Date:_____
Oil Embargo, 1973–1974
During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the U.S.
decision to re-supply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace
negotiations. Arab OPEC members also extended the embargo to other countries that
supported Israel including the Netherlands, Portugal, and South Africa. The embargo both
banned petroleum exports to the targeted nations and introduced cuts in oil production….
Cars wait in long lines during the gas shortage. (Library of Congress Prints and
Photographs Division, U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection,
Warren K. Leffler)
The 1973 Oil Embargo acutely strained a U.S. economy that had grown increasingly
dependent on foreign oil …By 1973, OPEC had demanded that foreign oil corporations
increase prices and cede greater shares of revenue to their local subsidiaries…The onset of the
embargo contributed to an upward spiral in oil prices with global implications. The price of oil
per barrel first doubled, then quadrupled, imposing skyrocketing costs on consumers and
structural challenges to the stability of whole national economies. Since the embargo
coincided with a devaluation of the dollar, a global recession seemed imminent…. The United
States, which faced a growing dependence on oil consumption and dwindling domestic
reserves, found itself more reliant on imported oil than ever before, having to negotiate an end
to the embargo under harsh domestic economic circumstances that served to diminish its
international leverage. To complicate matters, the embargo’s organizers linked its end to
successful U.S. efforts to bring about peace between Israel and its Arab neighbors.
Source: US Department of State Office of the Historian
State one cause of the Oil Embargo of 1973-1974.
State one impact of the Oil Embargo of 1973-1974.
What issues in this text still impacts the world today?
Ms. Cannistraci
Name:_______________________ Date:_________
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the U.S. Response, 1978–1980
At the end of December 1979, the Soviet Union sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan
and immediately assumed complete military and political control of Kabul and large portions
of the country. This event began a brutal, decade-long attempt by Moscow to subdue the
Afghan civil war and maintain a friendly and socialist government on its border. It was a
watershed event of the Cold War, marking the only time the Soviet Union invaded a
country outside the Eastern Bloc—a strategic decision met by nearly worldwide
condemnation (criticism). While the massive, lightning-fast military maneuvers and
brazenness of Soviet political objectives constituted an “invasion” of Afghanistan, the word
“intervention” more accurately describes these events as the culmination of growing Soviet
domination going back to 1973. Undoubtedly, leaders in the Kremlin had hoped that a rapid
and complete military takeover would [guarantee] Afghanistan…would never…return to the
capitalist camp. The United States and its European allies, guided by their own doctrine of
containment, sharply criticized the Soviet move into Afghanistan and devised numerous
measures to compel Moscow to withdraw.
Answer one of the following questions;
Was it wrong for the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan? Cite evidence to support your
claim.
Was it wrong for America to have criticized the invasion of the Afghanistan by the Soviet
Union? Cite evidence to support your claim.
Soviet combat vehicles move through Afghanistan. (Department of Defense)
In the summer of 1973, Mohammed Daoud, the former Afghan Prime Minister, launched a
successful coup against King Zahir... Since 1955 Moscow had provided military training and
materiel to Afghanistan; by 1973, a third of active troops had trained on Soviet soil.
Additionally, Daoud enjoyed the support of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
(PDPA), founded in 1965 upon Marxist ideology and allegiance [loyalty] to Moscow. In 1967
the PDPA split into two factions: for the next five years, Daoud attempted the impossible task
of governing Afghanistan’s Islamic tribal regions, while also struggling to reconcile the PDPA
split…Daoud hoped to mitigate both of these threats by steering Afghanistan away from
Soviet influence and improving U.S. relations, while decreasing the influence of radical
elements in the government and military.
Daoud’s middle course ended in disaster…when…troops executed Daoud and his family. In
the following days Taraki became the Prime Minister, and, in an attempt to end the PDPA’s
divisions, Karmal became Deputy Prime Minister. In Washington, this Communist revolution
was met with alarm. The Carter administration recognized that Taraki would undo Daoud’s
attempt to steer Afghanistan away from Moscow, and it debated whether to cut ties with
Afghanistan or hope that Soviet influence could be contained. Shortly after the revolution,
Washington recognized the new government [with hopes that communism would be
contained] and soon named Adolph Dubs its Ambassador to Afghanistan. [Dubs was soon
kidnapped and killed at the hands of Afghan Shia dissidents in February 1979.]
What lines of the text reflect the fact there was disunity in Afghanistan?
Create a question about the text for the class.
Although the Carter administration had closely watched this buildup from the outset, its
reaction following the invasion revealed that, until the end, it clung to the hope that the
Soviets would not invade, based on the unjustified assumption that Moscow would conclude
that the costs of invasion were too high. In response, Carter wrote a sharply-worded letter to
Brezhnev denouncing Soviet aggression, and during his State of the Union address he
announced his own doctrine vowing to protect Middle Eastern oil supplies from…[the Soviet
Union]. The administration also enacted economic sanctions and trade embargoes against
the Soviet Union, called for a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and stepped up its aid
to the Afghan insurgents. In sum, these actions were Washington’s collective attempt to
make the Soviets’ “adventure” in Afghanistan as painful and brief as possible. Instead, it took
ten years of…before Moscow finally withdrew, at the cost of millions of lives and billions of
dollars. In their wake, the Soviets left a shattered country in which the Taliban, an Islamic
fundamentalist group, seized control, later providing Osama bin Laden with a training base
from which to launch terrorist operations worldwide.
Source: US Department of State Office of the Historian
How does this text connect to our first text on the Oil Embargo?
In both cases countries used an embargo to take action against another country. Is an
embargo an effective way to push a country to do what you want?
How did this conflict affect future events?