ANATOMY 35 LAB UNIT 1 STUDY GUIDE
CLAVICLE
1. sternal end –flat end
2. acromial end –rounded end
3. conoid tubercle (“cone shaped”) –near round end
4. Acromioclavicular joint
SCAPULA Right or left scapula?
1. Superior border (superior margin)
2. Medial border (vertebral margin)
3. Lateral border (axillary margin)
4. Glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)
5. Infraglenoid and supraglenoid tubercles
6-7. inferior angle, superior angle
8. Scapular spine
9. Acromion process
10. Coracoid process (“hook shaped”)
11. Scapular notch (suprascapular notch)
12-14. supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa
Study Tip:
Don’t get the conoid (“cone shaped”)
tubercle of the clavicle mixed up with the
coracoid (“hook shaped”) process of the
scapula or the coronoid (“crow’s beak
shaped”) process of the ulna and of the
mandible!
Scapula has a “c” and so does coraCoid.
Ulna and Mandible have an “n” and so
does coroNoid.
How to tell R and L Scapula:
Hold the scapula by the spine and place
the subscapular fossa behind you on top
of your own shoulder blade (smooth side
against your skin). The glenoid cavity
should face laterally, not towards the
vertebral column.
HUMERUS. Right or left?
1. Head
2. Greater tubercle
3. Lesser tubercle
4. Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
5. Anatomical neck
6. Surgical neck
7. Deltoid tuberosity
8. Medial epicondyle
9. Lateral epicondyle (skip)
10. Capitulum
11. Trochlea
12. Supracondylar ridges (medial and lateral)
13. Coronoid fossa
14. Radial fossa
15. Olecranon fossa
ULNA. Right or left?
1. Olecranon process
2. Coronoid process (“crow’s beak”)
3. Semilunar notch (trochlear notch)
4. Radial notch (or groove)
5. Styloid process
6. Head
7. Ulnar tuberosity
RADIUS Right or left?
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Radial tuberosity
4. Styloid process
5. Ulnar notch
6. Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
How to tell R and L Humerus:
Hold the humerus on the anterior surface
of your arm with the olecranon fossa
touching your skin (facing posteriorly).
What direction is the head facing? It
should be should face medially towards
the body.
How to tell R and L Ulna:
Bend your elbow 90 degrees, then place
the ulna on your forearm with the
semilunar notch facing the ceiling. The
radial notch should be on the thumb side,
not the pinky side because the radius is on
the thumb side.
How to tell R and L Radius
Place the radius on your forearm with the
styloid process on the thumb side, facing
laterally. The smooth side of the bone
should be against your skin.
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CARPALS
1. TRAPEZIUM (by the thumb)
2. TRAPEZOID (right beside thumb)
3. CAPITATE (base of 3rd met)
4. HAMATE (base of 4-5th mets)
5. TRIANGULAR or triquetrum (lateral-most)
6. PISIFORM (on palmar side, under triangular)
7. LUNATE (the one next to scaphoid)
8. SCAPHOID (the largest; near the thumb)
Mnemonic for carpals:
“Physical Therapy Lots of Studying, Time
To Come Home”.
Physical: pisiform
Therapy: triangular
Lots: lunate
Studying: scaphoid
Time: trapezium
To: trapezoid
Come: capitates
Home: hamate
METACARPALS; They are numbered metacarpal 1-5 (write “2nd metacarpal, 4th metacarpal”, etc)
PHALANGES: Proximal, intermediate, distal, (write “1st distal phalanx, 2nd intermediate phalanx”, etc)
NOTE: The thumb is called the pollex
The hand is called the manus
LOWER EXTREMITY
OS COXA (or Pelvic bone or Innominate bone):
It looks like one bone but it is the fusion of 3 bones during childhood (ileum, ischium, and pubis):
1. Acetabulum
2. Obturator foramen
3. Pelvic brim
ILIUM
1. Iliac crest
2. Iliac fossa
3. Anterior superior iliac spine
4. Anterior inferior iliac spine
5. Posterior superior iliac spine
6. Posterior inferior iliac spine
7. Greater sciatic notch
8. Arcuate line
9. Sacroiliac joint
10. Auricular surface
How to tell the difference between a
male and female pevis:
The female pelvis (R) has a wide pubic
arch; the pubic arch of a male pelvis (L) is
shaped like a “V”.
ISCHIUM
1. Ischial spine
2. Ischial tuberosity
3. Lesser sciatic notch
PUBIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Pubic symphysis
Symphyseal surface
5. Pubic crest
6. Pubic arch
How to tell R from L Os Coxa:
Place the auricular surface against the
clothing on your hip, with the pubis facing
anteriorly. The acetabulum should point
laterally.
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FEMUR (right or left?)
1. Head
2. Fovea capitis
3. Neck
4. Greater trochanter
5. Lesser trochanter
6. Intertrochanteric crest
7. Intertrochanteric line
8. Medial condyle
9. Lateral condyle
10. Intercondylar notch
11. Medial epicondyle
12. Lateral epicondyle (skip)
13. Gluteal tuberosity
14. Linea aspera
15. Popliteal fossa
16. Medial and lateral supracondylar line
TIBIA (right or left?)
1. Medial malleolus
2. Medial condyle
3. Lateral condyle
4. Intercondylar eminence
5. Tibial tuberosity
6. Anterior crest
7. Fibular notch
FIBULA
1. Head
2. Lateral malleolus
How to tell R and L Femur:
Place the femur on the anterior surface of
your thigh, with the linea aspera touching
your skin (facing posteriorly). What
direction is the head facing? It should be
should face medially towards the body.
How to tell R and L Tibia:
Place the tibia on the anterior surface of
your leg with the tibial tuberosity facing
anteriorly (not touching your leg). What side
is the medial malleolus on? It should be
medial, towards the midline of the body.
How to tell head from malleolus on fibula:
The head is flatter on top and the malleolus is
pointy at the tip, and the malleolus has its smooth
facet more on the side of the bone, instead of on
the top.
FOOT:
TARSALS:
1. TALUS
a. Facet for medial malleolus
b. Facet for lateral malleolus
2. CALCANEUS
a. Calcaneal tuberosity
3. NAVICULAR
4. CUBOID
5. CUNEIFORMS (MEDIAL, INTERMEDIATE, LATERAL)
METATARSALS (1-5). The 5th metatarsal has a STYLOID PROCESS
PHALANGES (proximal, intermediate, distal)
PATELLA
1. Apex
2. Base
3. Articular facet for medial condyle of femur
4. Articular facet for lateral condyle of femur
5. Medial and lateral border
How to medial from lateral facet on patella:
Place the patella on the table, facets facing down.
The bone will always fall on the side of the lateral
facet, with the medial facet not touching the table.
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THE KNEE
1. patellar ligament (or patellar tendon)
2. quadriceps tendon
3. lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral ligament)
4. medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament)
5. lateral meniscus
6. medial meniscus
7. anterior cruciate ligament
8. posterior cruciate ligament
SKULL
Cranium (the whole skull except for mandible)
Calvarium (lid of the cranium)
Anterior, Middle, and Posterior cranial fossa
Frontal bone
1. Coronal suture
2. Supraorbital foramen (supraorbital notch)
3. Superior orbital fissure
4. Inferior orbital fissure (actually, this is part of the sphenoid bone)
5. Glabella
6. Frontonasal suture
Parietal bones
1. Sagittal suture
2. Squamous suture (squamosal suture)
Occipital bone
1. Lambdoidal suture
2. Foramen magnum (for spinal cord and vertebral arteries)
3. Occipital condyles
4. Hypoglossal canal (for hypoglossal nerve)
5. Occipitomastoid suture
6. Sutural bones (any tiny bone completely surrounded by a suture)
7. Superior nuchal line
8. Inferior nuchal line
9. External occipital protuberance
10. External occipital crest
Temporal bones
1. External auditory meatus (eternal acoustic meatus)
2. Mandibular fossa
3. Zygomatic process (don’t write “zygomatic” since that is another bone)
4. Styloid process
5. Mastoid process
6. Squamous portion
7. Petrous portion (contains the ear ossicles/bones)
8. Jugular foramen (for jugular vein)
9. Internal auditory meatus (internal acoustic meatus for vestibulocochlear nerve)
10. Stylomastoid foramen
11. Tempomandibular joint (TMJ)
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Sphenoid bone
1. Sella turcica (where the pituitary gland sits)
2. Lesser wings
3. Anterior clinoid process
4. Greater wings
5. Optic foramen (for optic nerve)
6. Pterygoid processes (“wing-like”)
7. Foramen ovale (for trigeminal nerve)
8. Foramen spinosum
9. Foramen rotundum (for trigeminal nerve)
10. Carotid canal (for carotid artery; actually, this canal is part of the temporal bone)
11. Foramen lacerum
Ethmoid bone
1. Crista galli
2. Cribiform plate (area with holes in it for olfactory nerves)
3. Olfactory foramina (the holes in the cribiform plate)
4. Ethmoid sinuses
5. Perpendicular plate
6. Middle nasal conchae
Optic foramen
Foramen lacerum
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Internal
auditory
meatus
Carotid canal
Foramen magnum
Jugular
Foramen
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Mandible
1. Ramus
2. angle
3. Body
4. Condylar process (mandibular condyle)
5. Mandibular notch
6. Coronoid process
7. Alveolar process
8. Mental process
9. Mental foramen
10. Mandibular foramen
11. Mandibular symphysis
Maxilla
1. Alveolar processes
2. Maxillary sinuses
3. Zygomatic process
4. Infraorbital foramen (for trigeminal nerve)
5. Incisive foramen
6. Frontal process of the maxilla
7. Palatine process of maxilla
8. Hard palate
9. Palatine suture
10. Anterior nasal spine
Other skull bones:
1. Zygomatic bones
2. Nasal bones
3. Lacrimal bones
Lacrimal canal
4. Vomer bone
5. Inferior nasal conchae
FETAL SKULL
1. Anterior fontanel
2. Posterior fontanel
3. Mastoid fontanel
4. Sphenoid fontanel
5. Occipital bone
6. Frontal bone
7. Parietal bone
8. Temporal bone
9. Sagittal suture
10. Metopic (frontal) suture
Palatine bones
1. Horizontal portion
2. Perpendicular portion
3. Pyramidal process
EAR BONES
1. Malleus (mallet shaped)
2. Incus (anvil shaped)
3. Stapes (stirrup shaped)
NOTE: Do not use the terms hammer,
anvil, and stirrup on the exam!
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Frontal bone
Ethmoid
bone
Sphenoid
bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
BONES OF THE ORBIT
Superior orbit: Frontal bone
Inferior orbit: Maxilla
Lateral orbit: Zygomatic bone
Medial orbit: Ethmoid
Posterior orbit: Sphenoid
The zygomatic arch (cheek area) consists of three bones:
1) Zygomatic bone
2) Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
3) Zygomatic process of the maxilla
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BONES OF THE ORBIT
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla bone
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ATLAS (Don’t just call it C-1)
1. Transverse process
2. Transverse foramen
3. Anterior tubercle
4. Posterior tubercle
5. Inferior articular facet
6. Superior articular facet
7. Facet for the dens of axis
8. Vertebral foramen
9. Transverse ligament of atlas
AXIS (Don’t just call it C-2)
1. Dens or odontoid process
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Superior articular facet
Inferior articular process
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Spinus process
Vertebral foramen
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse process
3. Transverse foramen
4. Lamina
5. Pedicle
6. Body
7. Vertebral foramen
8. Superior articular process
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Inferior facet for head of rib
Superior facet for head of rib
Facet for tubercle of rib
Inferior articular process
Superior articular process
Transverse process
Spinous process
Pedicle
Lamina
Body
Vertebral foramen
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse process
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Inferior articular process
8. Superior articular process
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SACRUM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sacral promontory (upper lip of sacrum on internal side)
Transverse lines
Apex (the apex of the sacrum touches the base of the coccyx)
Sacral foramina
Median sacral crest
Ala
Superior articular process
Sacral canal
Lateral sacral crest
Sacral hiatus
COCCYX
1. Apex
2. Base (the base of the coccyx touches the apex of the sacrum)
KNOW THE FOLLOWING ON A VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
1. Intervertebral foramina
2. Intervertebral disc
STERNUM
MANUBRIUM
Jugular notch
Clavicular notches
Costal notches
BODY
Costal notches
XIPHOID PROCESS
RIBS: (Twelve ribs altogether)
Know the following on a full skeleton only
7 TRUE RIBS
5 FALSE RIBS (2 of these ribs are the floating ribs)
2 FLOATING RIBS
COSTAL CARTILAGES
Know the following on a single rib
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Articular tubercle
4. Costal angle
How to tell true from false rib:
A true rib inserts directly into the sternum
(by way of its costal cartilage).
A false rib’s costal cartilage inserts into
the costal cartilage of the rib above it.
Two of the false ribs are floating ribs that
have no costal cartilages and do not insert
into the sternum at all.
HYOID BONE
1. Body
2. Greater horn
3. Lesser horn
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HISTOLOGY = “tissues”
EPITHELIUM:
Simple squamous
Found in lungs (deep region), kidney glomerulus, and blood vessels
Simple cuboidal
Found in kidney tubules, hepatocytes (liver), and thyroid follicles
Simple columnar
Found in stomach and intestines (areas that secrete substances)
Identify goblet cell (secretes mucous)
Pseudostratified columnar
Found in trachea and bronchi (not the deep area of lungs)
Identify goblet cell (secretes mucous) and cilia
Stratified squamous
Non-keratinized: Found in oral cavity, esophagus, anus, vagina (moist skin areas)
Keratinized: Found in dry skin areas (epidermis)
Identify stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum,
stratum basale, dermal papilla, and interpapillary peg
Stratified cuboidal
Found in sweat glands
Transitional
Found in urinary bladder and ureter
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE)
Adipose (fat)
Identify adipocyte, nucleus, lipid droplet
Reticular
Found in lymph node and spleen
Identify reticular fibers
Areolar (Loose)
Found in upper dermis and visceral (organ) serous (watery secretion) membranes
Identify fibroblasts (dark nuclei), collagen fivers (wide, pale), elastic fibers (dark, thin)
Dense regular
Found in tendons and ligaments
Identify collagen bundles, fibroblast nuclei
Dense irregular (substitute this in place of dense elastic)
Found in lower dermis
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SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Cartilage Types:
Hyaline
Found in most joints, trachea, nasal septum, costal cartilage, epiphyseal (growth) plates
Identify chondrocytes, lacunae
Elastic
Found in outer ear and epiglottis
Identify chondrocytes, lacunae, elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage
Found in vertebral discs, meniscus of knee joint, pubic symphysis
Identify chondrocytes
Bone
Compact bone
Found in diaphysis (shaft) of long bones
Identify osteon, central canal, lamellae, canaliculi, osteocytes
Cancellous (spongy) bone
Found in epiphysis (ends) of long bones
Identify trabeculae and bone marrow
Blood
Identify red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet (thrombocyte)
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