In 1610 Galileo used a telescope to look closely at Jupiter. He saw tiny white dots that appeared to change their position around Jupiter when observed on different days.
In the pictures below the large white circle is Jupiter. Picture #02 was taken several days after picture #01
Picture #01 Picture #02
Discuss how Galileo’s observations of Jupiter, using the telescope, provided evidence for the heliocentric model of the Solar System.
Indicative content □ Small white dots are moons of Jupiter
□ These moons appear to be moving (orbiting) around Jupiter
□ Moons closer to Jupiter appear to be orbiting faster
□ This suggests that not everything orbits the Earth as laid out in the
Geocentric model
□ Not conclusive evidence for the heliocentric model but refutes some aspects of the geocentric
Level 0
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No rewardable material
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Limited explanation of the white dots as moons of Jupiter
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Limited understanding that the moons are orbiting Jupiter
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Communicates ideas using simple language and some scientific terminology. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy.
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Some explanation of the white dots as moons of Jupiter
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Some understanding that the moons are orbiting Jupiter and how the pictures suggest this
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Reference to not everything orbiting the Earth
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Communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy.
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Developed explanation of the white dots as moons of Jupiter
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Good understanding of how the pictures suggest that these moons are orbiting Jupiter.
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Good understanding of how the discovery of objects that were not orbiting the Earth directly refuted aspects of the geocentric model
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Communicates ideas clearly and uses a range of scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors.

Microwaves and X-rays are both part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Compare and contrast the risk of excessive exposure to both of these types of radiation.
Indicative content
Level 0
□ Both microwaves and x-rays can penetrate into the body
□ Microwaves can be absorbed and cause heating inside cells.
□ X-rays are iionising and can cause damage to the DNA of cells
□ Damage to DNA can lead to mutation of cells and cancer
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No rewardable material
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Limited explanation that both can penetrate into the body
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Limited description of hazards caused by both
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Communicates ideas using simple language and some scientific terminology. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy.
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Some explanation that both can penetrate deep into the body and be absorbed
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Some understanding that the energy absorbed has an effect on cells and description of possible outcomes (heating, cancer)
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Communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy.
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Developed explanation of both penetrating deep into the body and the energy being absorbed.
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Good understanding of how microwaves can cause heating of cells, but once removed the risk is gone
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Good understanding of X-rays as ionising radiation that can damage
DNA leading to mutation and possible cancer after the exposure.
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Communicates ideas clearly and uses a range of scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors.

The outermost layer of the Earth is composed of tectonic plates that are in relative motion.
Explain what causes these tectonic plates to move and describe how this may sometimes cause an earthquake.
Indicative content
Level 0
□ Tectonic plates “float” on top of the mantle
□ There are convection currents in the mantle due to heat from the
Earths core.
□ Convection currents cause the tectonic plates to move.
□ Where tectonic plates move so that they slide past each other earthquakes may occur.
□ An earthquake occurs when plates are “stuck” on each other and then suddenly move when the forces build up
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No rewardable material
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Limited explanation of how tectonic plates move over the mantle
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Limited understanding that earthquakes are caused by tectonic plates moving suddenly
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Communicates ideas using simple language and some scientific terminology. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy.
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Some explanation of convection currents in the mantle cause tectonic plates to move
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Some understanding of how earthquakes are caused by tectonic plates sliding past each other.
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Communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy.
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Developed explanation of how convection currents in the mantle slowly cause tectonic plates to move.
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Good understanding of how tectonic plates sliding past each other can lead to earthquakes if plates become stuck and only move when forces have built up sufficiently
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Communicates ideas clearly and uses a range of scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors.

Electricity is transmitted from power stations to our homes across the national grid. As part of this process transformers play an important role.
Describe the role that transformers play in transmitting electricity to out homes and explain why they are used. You may draw a diagram to help with your answer.
Indicative content □ Between a power station and the national grid a step-up transformer is used.
□ A step-up transformer increases the voltage of the electricity
□ A step-up transformer reduces the current of the electricity
□ Reducing the current reduces the amount of heat generated in the cables of the national grid.
□ Reducing the heat generated increases the efficiency of transmission
□ Step-down transformers are used to reduce the voltage to a safer level for use in our homes.
Level 0
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No rewardable material
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Limited description of the role played by trensformers.
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Limited understanding that voltages are changed by transformers during the process.
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Communicates ideas using simple language and some scientific terminology. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy.
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Some description of the role played by transformers with step-up and step-down identified in the correct places.
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Some understanding of the changes in voltage caused by step-up and step-down transformers
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Communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy.
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Developed explanation/description of the use of step-up and stepdown transformers in transmission with their effect on both voltage and current
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Good understanding of how reducing the current increases the efficiency of transmission
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Communicates ideas clearly and uses a range of scientific terminology appropriately. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors.