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UNIT 7.
GRAMMAR.
I.
Simple vs. Continuous aspect.
1. Present Simple is used:
1. To speak about facts or things that always happen.
e.g. Sea water contains on average 2.7% salt by weight.
2. To speak about routines and habits:
e.g. The birds return to the island every spring.
3. In instructions:
e.g. You take 300 g of flour and add three eggs.
4. In newspaper headlines to describe events:
e.g. Three die in plane crash.
5. For performative verbs accept, apologize, dare, deny, understand, see (=
understand) etc. these are verbs which, when used in present simple, describe
an action as the word is spoken:
e.g. I agree with you.
I accept your offer.
6. For verbs reporting news (gather, hear, see, tell, say, understand):
e.g. I hear you’ve got a new job.
7. In here comes, there goes, here lies:
e.g. There goes a brave man!
8.In jokes (instead of past simple), sports commentaries, plot summaries of
films and books:
e.g. A man goes to see his psychiatrist. He says he’s having problems because
he imagines he’s a pair of curtains. The psychiatrist tells him to pull himself
together.
And now Rooney crosses the half-way line and passes to Giggs.
2. Present Continuous is used:
1. To describe actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished:
e.g. Sorry, I’m busy at the moment. I’m doing my homework.
2. To describe actions happening generally around the time of speaking,
rather than exactly at the same time:
e.g. I’m reading a really interesting book.
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3. To describe a changing situation (change, get, grow, increase, etc.)
e.g. Computers are changing all the time.
4. To criticize actions that we feel are irritating or annoying, or which we
wish to exaggerate (with adverbs such as continually, forever, constantly,
always. The adverbs are usually stressed):
e.g. He’s forever getting into trouble!
3. State and action verbs.
Some verbs have meanings which refer to states or conditions, and others
have meanings which refer to actions. State verbs are either only used in
simple form, or have a different meaning when used in continuous form.
a) Common state verbs:
1) MENTAL
STATE
2) EMOTIONAL
STATE
3) POSSESSION
4) SENSE
PERCEPTION
5) OTHER
EXISTING
STATES
Know
Realize
Understand1
Recognize
Notice
See (=understand)
Believe
Feel
Suppose
Think
Expect
Imagine
Doubt
Remember
Forget
Want
Need
Prefer
Wish
Mean
Matter
Require
Love
Like
Appreciate
Deserve
Adore
Possess
Hate
Dislike
Regret
Fear
Envy
Mind
Care
Belong
Have
Own
Taste
Smell
Hear
Feel2
See
Cost3
Owe
Weigh
Depend on
Seem
Look
Appear
Resemble
Sound
Be
Exist
Keep
(=continue)
e.g. Does this belong to you?
1
Realize, regret and understand can be used in continuous to show a changing situation:
e.g. We’re understanding more and more about the universe.
2
You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now:
e.g. You look (are looking) well today.
How do you feel (are you feeling)?
BUT: I usually feel tired in the morning.
3
Cost is sometimes used in continuous to describe a process that is still going on:
e.g. We’re having a house built and it’s costing a fortune.
Consist of
Contain
Include
Fit
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e.g. Some people still believe that the Earth is flat.
- seem
e.g. This seems to be what we’re looking for.
b) Verbs with state and action meanings.
State
Action
BE, HAVE
This house is over 100 years old.
He’s being very silly (be=behave)
Do you have a car?
I’m having a great time here.
IMAGINE, SUPPOSE, THINK, EXPECT
I suppose this is Jim.
You’re supposing he’s guilty
(=make an assumption)
I imagine you feel the same.
Ghosts! No, you’re imagining
things.
What do you think? (=have an
I’m thinking of changing jobs (=
opinion)
considering)
I don’t expect him to understand.
Are you expecting someone?
HOPE, WONDER
I hope you haven’t been waiting
We’re hoping to continue the talks
long.
next week (less definite)
ENJOY, LIKE, LOVE
I enjoy/like/love going for long
I’m loving every minute of my new
walks
job! (for actions going on at the
moment or for implied changes)
APPEAR
Your visa appears to be out of date. Tom is appearing in Hamlet at the
Grand Theatre.
LOOK
The book looks interesting (=seem) Helen is looking well (now).
SEE, HEAR
I see/ hear you’ve had your hair cut Jane is seeing Harry (=spending
time with)
I didn’t hear any noises.
You’re hearing things!
(=imagining, hallucinating)
FEEL, SMELL, TASTE
The room smells awful!
I’m smelling the flowers (an active
choice)
ACHE, FEEL, HURT
(These verbs describe how the body feels and can be used with either
simple or continuous forms with little change in meaning)
My foot hurts.
My foot is hurting.
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I feel sick.
I’m feeling sick.
WEIGH, MEASURE
The bag weighs more than 25 kilos. I’m weighing the parcel before I
post it.
1. Underline the correct verb form. Tick the sentence if both forms are
possible.
1. I can't walk any more. My knee is really hurting / really hurts.
2. This cheese is smelling / smells terrible!
3. Thanks for your e-mail. I'm hoping/I hope to get back to you very soon.
4. 'What are you doing/ do you do?' 'I'm a musician.'
5. We're having our house completely redecorated. It's costing/It costs a lot.
6. In this country, more than a million people are living/live in poverty.
7. Can you stop the car? I'm feeling / I feel a bit sick.
8. 'What's the answer?' 'Wait a moment, I'm thinking/I think.'
9. I think we're beginning /we begin to understand this problem.
10. Nice to see you again! You're looking/You look really great!
11. Some kinds of fish contain / are containing high levels of dangerous
metals.
12. Scientists nowadays slowly begin to understand / are slowly beginning to
understand more about how the brain works.
13. What do you think / are you thinking of Kate's new hairstyle? It's unusual,
isn't it?
14. Loud music can be really annoying. Some people don't realize / aren't
realizing what a nuisance it can be.
15. You can't really have seen a UFO! You imagine /are imagining things!
16. Technicians report that they have / are having difficulty installing the new
computer system.
17. No wine for me! I take / I'm taking antibiotics for an ear infection.
18. In career terms, having a good degree appears / is appearing to make little
difference.
19. The National Theatre considers / is considering putting on a new production
of Uncle Vanya.
20. Does this wallet belong / Is this wallet belonging to you?
2. Put the verb in brackets into present simple or present continuous.
1. I (have) a great time.
2. She (have) plenty of money just now.
3. He (appear) at the Fortune Theatre next week.
4. She (appear) to have a problem.
5. Why (you look) at me like that?
6. It (look) as if it's going to rain.
7. I (see) what you're trying to say.
8. I (see) the manager this afternoon.
9. I (think) you're right.
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10. What (you think) about?
11. I (feel) very tired today.
12. I (feel) she's making a mistake.
13. Somebody (knock) at the door. Can you see who it is?
14. First you (cook) the onions in a little oil until they are golden brown.
15. Carlos (forever lose) his temper with people! He must learn to calm down.
16. Here (come) the bus! You'd better hurry!
17. 'Where's Jack? ' 'He (read) the paper in the kitchen.'
18. Whenever I put up my hand, Harry (kick) me under the desk.
19. I'm sorry, but I (not understand) you.
20. Maria (leave) now, so could you get her coat?
21. Come and eat your dinner. It (get) cold.
22. I (hear) you did really well in your exams. Well done!
23. (you do) anything at the moment? I need some help with the computer.
24. This product (contain) no added chemicals of any kind.
25. Nobody (visit) Rome without going to see the ruins of the Roman Forum.
26. Sarah (begin) to regret not taking the job in France she was offered.
27. Martin (see) Tina at the moment. They've been going out together for the
past month.
28. I'm sorry, but I (not know) where George is at the moment.
29. 'Is Helen ready yet?' 'She (take) her time, but she says she'll be ready
soon.'
30. The larger of the two rooms (measure) 8 m by 4 m.
31. What (happen) in the street now? I can't see anything from here.
32. There's nobody else to do the job, so I (suppose) I'll have to do it
3. Rewrite the sentence so that it contains a word from the list and has the
same meaning.
belong contain cost look matter see seem smell think weigh
1. Is this car yours, sir?
2. This perfume has a nice smell.
3. I think there's a mistake.
4. I don't understand what you mean.
5. What's your opinion?
6. At birth a baby elephant is about 90 kg in weight.
7. Is the price important?
8. What's the price of this model?
9. This book could be interesting
10. What's in the box?
4. Underline the present simple / continuous verb errors in the text. Write a
correction at the end of the line where necessary.
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15 Tiptree Rd
Warwick
CV29 7AL
Friday, 15 October
Hi, everyone,
I have problems getting a new phone connection here, so instead of sending emails as usual, I'm actually sitting down to write a letter.
I'm imagining you'll be surprised to get this as I’ve never been much of a
letter-writer. I'm putting the return address in big letters at the top, because to
tell you the truth I'm beginning to feel quite lonely here.
Well, perhaps I'm not meaning that exactly. There are plenty of people for me
to talk to. In fact I settle in to the student life quite well, but I don’t really
know anyone yet. I've got a room in a house a long way from College, and I'm
seeming to spend a long time on the bus. A lot of students here cycle, so I'm
trying to find a cheap bike, and I also think of moving nearer to College when
I can find somewhere. Sorry - an interruption, someone knocks at the door.
More later. Later. One of the girls downstairs has a party, and I'm invited.
And the phone line has been fixed, so I'm expecting you'll get an e-mail from
me very soon! In fact, I consider tearing up this letter, so just ignore
everything I've said ...
5. Write four sentences about yourself using these verbs:
enjoy hope regret think (of +ing)
Use a dictionary and write an example for each of these verbs, using
present simple:
belong consist of contain cost depend on deserve matter own possess
resemble
6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present tense.
1. Mrs Jones: My daughter never (write) to me so I never (know) what she
(do). Your son (write) to you, Mrs Smith? Mrs Smith: Yes, I (hear) from him
every week. He (seem) to like writing letters.
2. These apples (cost) 40p a bag. You (think) that is expensive? ~ It
(depend) on the size of the bag.
3. I (see) my solicitor tomorrow (I have arranged this); I (change) my will. ~
You always (change) your will. Why you (not leave) it alone?
4. You (look) very thoughtful. What you (think) about? ~
I (think) about my retirement. ~ But you're only 25. You only just (start) your
career. ~ I (know); but I (read) an article which (say) that a sensible man
(start) thinking about retirement at 25.
5. My next door neighbour always (knock) on my door and (ask) me to
lend her 10р. pieces. ~ What she (do) with them? ~ She (put) them in her gas
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meter. I really (not mind) lending her a few 10р. pieces but what (annoy) me
is that she (know) how many she (need) each week but never (take) the
trouble to bring the right number home. ~ What she (do) if she (run out) of
them when you are away? ~ Oh, she (borrow) from her other neighbour, Mr
White; but this (take) longer because he always (want) her to stay and chat
and she (find) it quite hard to get away from him. ~
How much she (owe)
you now? ~ I (not know); I (not keep) an account. Anyway she (leave) next
week; she (get) married. I (try) to think of a suitable wedding present. ~ Why
you (not offer) to cancel her debt? ~ That (sound) rather a mean sort of
present. Anyway she probably (not realize) that she (owe) me money. ~ My
brother (say) that people who (owe) him money always (seem) to
forget about it, but people he (owe) money to always (remember)
exactly.
6. I (not think) your brother (enjoy) the party. He (keep) looking at his
watch. ~ Oh, I'm sure he (enjoy) it. He always (enjoy) your parties. But I
(know) he (want) to be home early tonight because he (expect) an important
telephone call.
7. Jack: How much longer you (stay) in England?
Paul: Only one more day. I (leave) tomorrow night. I (go) to Holland for
two weeks.
Jack: And you (come) back to England after that or you (go) home? Paul: It
(depend) on my father. But if he (agree) to let me go on studying here I'll
certainly come back. And I (expect) he will agree.
Paul: By the way, Jack, Ann (see) me off at Victoria tomorrow. Why you
(not come) too? You could have coffee with her afterwards. (Paul is
advising/inviting Jack to come and see him off.)
8. You (see) that man at the corner of the street? He is a private
detective. He (watch) No. 24. ~ How you (know) he (watch) No. 24? ~
Because whenever anyone (come) out of, or (go) into, the house he
(make) a note in his little book.
9. What all those people (do) in the middle of the street? And why they
(wear) such extraordinary clothes? ~ They (make) a film. Most of the crowd
are local people who (work) as extras. ~ It (sound) great fun. You (think) I
could get a job as a film extra? ~ I (not know) but I (see) Ann over there;
when they (finish) this scene I'll ask her if they still (take) on extras. ~ Ann
(act) in the film? ~ She has a small part. She (not act) very well. I (imagine)
she got the part because she (know) the director.
10. My brother (live) next door and his two children (come) and (see) me
every day. The boy (not bother) to knock at the door; he just (climb) in
through the window; but the girl always (knock).
11. Tom: We (move) into our new house tomorrow.
Bill: But why you (leave) your present house? It (suit) you all.
Tom: Yes, I (know) it (do); but the Council (pull down) all the houses
on this side. They (widen) the road. They (say) it's a bottleneck.
12. If you (ask) a friend if she (like) your new dress she usually (say) 'Yes'; so
you (not know) whether she really (think) it (suit) you or whether she merely
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(be) polite. ~ If you (want) a candid opinion you'd better ask my sister. She
never (tell) white lies; she always (say) exactly what she (think). ~ Your
sister's frankness (annoy) people? ~ Yes, it (do). The average person (not
want) a truthful answer; he (want) you to say something agreeable.
13. I (hear) that you have bought a new house. ~ Yes, but I (not live) in it yet.
They still (work) on it, and the work (take) longer than I expected. ~ I (think)
repair jobs always (take) longer than one (expect). What
they (do) now? ~ They (put) in new electric points. They (seem) competent
electricians but they (smoke) at their work and this (slow) them down.
14. They always (hammer) next door. ~ Yes, that house (keep) changing
hands and the new owner always (begin) by putting in a new fireplace, and
their fireplace is just on the other side of this wall so we (hear) everything.
The wall (shake), too.
15. Ann (stir) something in a saucepan and Mary (stand) beside her
holding a cookery book.
Mary: It (say) 'simmer', and you (boil) it, Ann.
Ann: I (not think) it (matter) if you (cook) it quickly; but I (not know)
why it (not get) thick. It usually (thicken) at once.
16. The hall (be) painted at the moment, so it (not look) its best. ~ But where
are the painters? They (stop) work at 3.00? ~ No, they are in the kitchen. They
(have) a tea break.
17. What the word 'Establishment' (mean)? My dictionary (not give) an
explanation. ~ It roughly (mean) the government and people who (have)
power and authority. ~ If we (say) that Mr Brown (belong) to the
Establishment we also (imply) that he (accept) the existing system. He (not
try) to overthrow it. ~ All rich men (belong) to the Establishment? ~ Middleaged rich men probably (do) but rich young men like pop singers always
(jeer) at the Establishment. The word (be used) chiefly in a pejorative sense.
18. The house opposite the college (be pulled) down. That's why we (use) the
back entrance at present. If you (go) out by the front door you (get) covered
with dust.
19. Tom: I (smell) something burning!
Jack: So (do) I. I (think) it (come) from the kitchen. Ann probably (iron).
She usually (iron) and (watch) TV at the same time and if she (get) very
interested in a programme she (forget) that she (press) a hot iron on to
somebody's shirt. Mother (think) of selling the TV set.
20. Mrs Jones: What you (look) for, Tom?
Mr Jones: I (look) for the garage key. I always (look) for the garage key,
because nobody ever (put) it back on its hook.
Mrs Jones: I always (put) it back on its hook. Why you (not try) your
pockets? (I advise you to try your pockets).
21. Imagine that you (travel) by train, in a crowded compartment. One of the
passengers (read) a newspaper; another (do) a crossword puzzle; another
(look out) of the window. Suddenly the train (stop) with a jerk and your
suitcase (fall) off the rack on to somebody's toes.
22. This is a story about an invalid who (spend) most of the day in bed. He
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has a powerful telescope and he (amuse) himself by watching the activities of
the people in the opposite houses. One day when he (watch) No. 24 he (see) a
murder being committed.
23. The cashier used to do the accounts and I used to check his figures; now
the computer (do) it all. ~ And who (check) the computer? ~ No one. The
computer (not need) a second opinion. ~ And what (happen) if the computer
(make) a mistake? The computer never (make) a mistake.
7. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of
the verb in brackets.
European traffic accident rates fail to meet targets
Although the number of deaths caused in traffic accidents in the EU (1) (go
down) experts (2) (still try) to find ways of reducing the number throughout
the EU to around 25,000 fatalities per year by 2010. Traffic safety (3)
(improve) but experts (4) (believe) that achieving the 2010 goal will prove
difficult. Recent statistics (5) (show) that in 2005 in the EU 41,600 people
were killed in road accidents. Although progress has been made, most experts
(6) (agree) that this figure will have fallen to only around 32,000 by 2010,
which (7) (means) that the EU target will be missed by about 7,000. On the
other hand, as the amount of traffic (8) (increase), it is possible to argue that
the situation is not really as bad as it (9) (look). However one (10) (interpret)
the statistics, it (11) (remain) true that as time goes on, it (12) (become) harder
and harder to reduce the figures, especially since accident-reduction schemes
(13) (cost) a lot of money. Many countries have tried and failed to reduce the
number of accidents, and in the EU as a whole, only Sweden (14) (pursue) the
goal of zero accidents. Accident reduction is more difficult for newer EU
members who (15) (currently face) ....................................... very rapid growth
in traffic and (16) (have) difficulty in building new roads and in introducing
safety measures at a fast enough rate. To complicate matters, most new
members (17) (have) very little experience in dealing with the demands of
heavy traffic. Experts (18) (suggest) that any safety programme must also set
about changing the way drivers (19) (behave). Despite what people often (20)
(say), it (21) (seem) to be the younger generation that (22) (cause) most
accidents. In line with this research, many countries (23) (introduce) tougher
driving tests and (24) (concentrate) on the main causes of accidents: speed,
reckless overtaking, alcohol, and over-confidence.
8. Complete the texts with the present simple or present continuous form of
the verb in brackets. If both forms are possible, write both.
a)
Doctors express concern over heavy school bags
Every year thousands of children (1) (go) to the doctor because of back pain,
and in fact, this kind of problem (2) (rapidly become) one of the most
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common childhood complaints. And what exactly (3) (cause) this outbreak of
back strain and muscle fatigue? It (4) (seem) that even quite young children
(5) (take) more and more to school - not just books, but also clothes and
games players - and their backpacks (6) (simply weigh) too much. 'Some kids
(7) (carry) more than 25% of their bodyweight in a bag that has a nice cartoon
character on the bag, but which (8) (actually give) them serious backache,'
reported Dr Elaine Sachs, a GP in North London. 'Most parents (9) (simply
not realize) what (10) (happen) to their children.'
b)
Investigators to report on train crash
Accident investigators (1) (still examine) the wreckage of the high-speed train
which left the rails and overturned in northwest England last week. According
to reports, they (2) (not believe) the accident (3) (involve) driver error. “We
(4) (expect) to publish a inquiry into this accident quite soon,” a spokesman
announced yesterday. “Engineers (5) (work) round the clock to replace the
track, and we (6) (hope) to restore a normal service within two weeks. We (7)
(realize) that people (8) (depend) on the railway, and we (9) (understand) how
much everyone has been shocked by this accident. However, we (10) (check)
thousands of sections of track all over the country to make sure that nothing
like this can ever happen again.”
c)
Big Brother's watching you!
A burglar (1) (try) to break into a big house in the country. He (2) (walk) very
quietly across the garden when he (3) (hear) a voice: 'Big Brother (4) (watch)
you!' He (5) (turn) around, but he (6) (not see) anything. So he (7) (creep) nearer
to the house. Suddenly he (8) (hear) the voice again and he (9) (see) a cage
hanging from a tree. A parrot (10) (sit) in the cage. The burglar (11) (ask) the
parrot, 'Did you say that stuff about Big Brother?' The parrot (12) (answer) 'Yes I
did.' 'Is that your name then?' The parrot (13) (say) 'No, my name's Montmorency.'
The burglar (14) (laugh) 'What kind of stupid idiot would name his parrot
Montmorency?' The parrot (15) (reply) 'The same stupid idiot who named his
Rottweiler 'Big Brother' - that's the guard dog that (16) (stand) right behind
you!'
d)
Students now taking longer to finish studies
In the USA some university students nowadays (1) (spend) more and more
time in university before graduating. In American universities, many students
(2) (pay) their own fees, and this (3) (mean) more time working and less
studying. Alan Chester is a 25-year-old journalism student from Ohio who (4)
(take) six years to complete his undergraduate degree. In order to pay tuition
fees and other expenses he (5) (work) four days a week in the university
kitchen, while in the university holidays he (6) (do) a full-time job. “I (7)
(find) it difficult at the moment to study and pay my bills at the same time,”
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he (8) (admit). “But I (9) (try) my best and (10) (manage) to keep the wolf
from the door.' Alan's parents (11) (understand) his decision to take longer to
graduate. 'They (12) (know) what I (13) (go) through, and they (14) (help) me
as much as they can. It's hard, but I (15) (learn) to look after myself, and I
(16) (experience) stuff that might be useful one day when I'm a journalist.' He
(17) (point out) that some students (18) (take) more time to graduate because
they (19) (not really know) what they (20) (want) to study. 'New courses of
study (21) (develop) all the time, new subjects (22) (appear) on the
curriculum. Some students (23) (spend) time experimenting with different
courses before choosing their major. So it's not all about money. I (24) (think)
universities (25) (go) through a period of change like everything else, and
students have to adapt to this changing situation.'
Revision.
1. Choose the correct alternative.
ADAM: Hello, Mike. What (1) are you doing / do you do in this part of
London?
MIKE: Well, actually, (2) I'm looking /I look at flats round here.
ADAM: Flats? (3) Are you wanting / Do you want to move?
MIKE: Yes. In fact, believe it or not, Mandy and I (4) are getting / get
married.
ADAM: That's great! Congratulations. When (5) were you deciding /
did you decide?
MIKE: Only last week. It was while we (6) were staying / stayed with her
family in Scotland. Now (7) we try / we're trying to find a suitable flat.
ADAM: It'll be great to have you as neighbours. I hope you manage to buy
one soon.
MIKE: Oh, we (8) aren't looking / don't look for one to buy. We (9) aren't
having / don't have enough money yet. (10) We're wanting / We want to
find somewhere to rent.
ADAM: Yes, of course. That's what Anna and I (11) did / were doing for
six months. After that, my brother (12) was lending / lent us some money.
That's how we (13) were managing /managed to buy ours.
MIKE: Really? Perhaps I'll talk to my family before (14) we choose / we're
choosing a flat.
ADAM: That's not a bad idea. My family (15) gave / were giving us quite a
lot of helpful advice. Now, have you got time for a coffee? There's a good
place just round the corner.
MIKE: Yes, in fact I (16) looked / was looking for somewhere to have a
snack when I bumped into you. Let's go.
2. Put the verbs into the correct form: present simple, present continuous,
past simple or past continuous.
1. I remember the day you got your exam results. We…….a film in the
sitting-room when you rushed in and told us, (watch)
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2. I tried to explain the situation to my parents, but they just…….what I
was talking about, (not / understand)
3. What have you put in my burger? It…….absolutely disgusting,
(taste)
4. Peter always claimed that he was innocent, but for many years noone…….him, (believe)
5. It's a great jacket, I know, but unfortunately it…….to me. I'm just
borrowing it for the party this evening, (not / belong)
6. Why…….that thin dress? You'll freeze to death in this cold wind!
(you / wear)
7. Molly's fed up because she hurt her ankle when she…….this
morning, (jog)
8. While I was admiring the view, someone stole the bag which…….all
my traveller's cheques, (contain)
9. Look! .......that man standing beside the cash desk? I'm sure he's
planning to steal something, (you / see)
10. Tea or coffee? I'm making both, so just say which you..............
(prefer)
11.The boys didn't want to come shopping with us because they
…….football on television, (watch)
3. Complete the email with suitable verbs in the correct form: present
simple, present continuous, past simple or past continuous.
From: Alice Taylor
To: Anita Collins
Subject: Indian CDs
Dear Anita,
Thanks for the email, which (1)……………yesterday. I (2)………… to feel
much better now although my leg still (3)……….if I (4)……….too far.
Last weekend I (5)………..some friends who (6)……….the summer in a
holiday house near here. I (7) ............. to their house quite easily, but
while I (8) ..............................home, my leg (9) .......................... to
ache
really badly. So this week I (10)……….more careful.
I'm very pleased you (11) ........................... to find that website about Indian
music that you (12) ..................................... for. I can lend you some CDs if
you (13)……….
I must stop now because I (14) .......................... rather tired. Please email me
again soon. I'm OK, but you know me, I (15)……….bored very quickly!
Love, Alice
II.
Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous.
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1. We use the Present Perfect:
1. For an action which started in the past and continues up to the present,
especially with state verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc. In this case we
often use for and since.
e.g. Rachel has had the dog for three years.
2.For an action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in
the present.
e.g. She has just washed her hair (Her hair is wet).
3. For an action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact
time is not mentioned because it is either unknown or unimportant. The
emphasis is placed on the action.
e.g. The Tailors have bought a sailing boat. (The exact time is unknown or
unimportant. What is important is the fact that they now own a sailing
boat).
4. For an action which has happened within a specific time period which is
not over at the moment of speaking. We often use words and expressions
such as today, this morning/evening/week/month, etc.
e.g. She has taken fifteen pictures today. (The time period – today – is not
over yet. She may take more pictures.) BUT: She took twenty pictures
yesterday.
5. We use the present perfect to announce a piece of news and the past
simple or the past continuous to give more details about it.
e.g. The police have finally arrested Peter Duncan. He was trying to leave
the country when they caught him.
The present perfect is used with the following time expressions: for, since,
already, yet, always, just, ever, never, so far, today, this week/month, etc.,
how long, lately, recently, still (in negations), etc.
2. We use the Present Perfect Continuous:
1. To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past
and continues up to the present, especially with time expressions such as
for, since, all morning/day/year, etc.
e.g. Sam has been talking on the phone for half an hour.
2.For an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The
action may have finished or may still be going on. The result of the action
is visible in the present.
e.g. Her feet hurt. She has been walking all morning. (The result of the
action is visible in the present – her feet hurt.)
3. To express anger, irritation or annoyance.
187
e.g. Somebody has been giving away our plans!
4. With the verbs live, work, teach and feel (= have a particular emotion)
we can use the present perfect and the present perfect continuous with no
difference in meaning.
e.g. We have lived/ have been living here for twenty years.
The present perfect continuous is used with the following time expressions:
for, since, how long, lately, recently.
NB! We use the present perfect to put emphasis on number the present
perfect continuous to put emphasis on duration.
Compare the examples:
e.g. I’ve typed four reports so far.
I’ve been typing reports all morning.
1. Put in the present perfect continuous or simple.
1. That man (stand) outside for hours.
2. The castle (stand) on that hill for 900 years.
3. Ann (garden) all afternoon. She (plant) a lot of rose bushes.
4. James (go) out every night this week.
5. He (see) a lot of Alexandra recently.
6. How long (you wait)?
7. I (wait) long enough. I'm going.
8. Her family (farm) this land since the tenth century.
9. She (only farm) for two years, but she's doing very well.
10. I (learn) German for six years.
11. I (learn) most of the irregular verbs.
12. My mother (do) all her Christmas shopping.
13. I (do) Christmas shopping all day.
14. I (clean) the car. Doesn't it look nice?
15. 'You look tired.' 'I (wash) clothes all day.'
2. Tick the sentences which are correct. In some pairs, one sentence is
correct. In other pairs, both sentences are correct.
1. She's had a headache all day.
2. I've wanted a dog for a long time.
3. They've eaten lunch.
4. I've known her for two years.
5. He's been very helpful.
6. He's tasted the soup.
7. They've seen this film before.
8. I've seen a throat specialist.
9. We've realised where we are now.
10.It's belonged to us for many years.
She's been having a headache all day.
I've been wanting a dog for a long time.
They've been eating lunch.
I've been knowing her for two years.
He's been being very helpful.
He's been tasting the soup.
They've been seeing this film before.
I've been seeing a throat specialist.
We've been realising where we are now.
It's been belonging to us for many years.
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11. He's explained the plan to us.
12.You've broken my pen.
He's been explaining the plan to us.
You've been breaking my pen.
3. Put the verbs into the correct form: present perfect simple or present
perfect continuous.
1. John's terribly upset. (he / break)………. off his engagement to
Megan. Apparently…………(she / see) someone else
while…………..(he / be) in Africa.
2. Could you translate this Swedish newspaper article for me? I
understood Swedish when I was a child, but (I / forget) it all.
3. What's that mark on the side of the car? ................................ (you /
have) an accident?
4. This cassette recorder is broken………….(you / play about) with it?
5. Your Italian is very good………….(you / study) it long?
6. Of course you don't know what I think! ................................. (you /
never / ask) my opinion.
7. I'm not surprised ................ (he / fail) the exam. (he / not / work) hard
recently.
8. Pete's hands are very dirty. …………….(he / repair) the garden wall.
9. I'm going to give that cat some food .................................... (it / sit) on
the doorstep for hours. I'm sure it's starving.
10. (I / do) grammar exercises all morning. I deserve a treat for lunch.
11.Where are my keys? This is the third time……..(I / lose) them today!
12.Oh, do be quiet .......................................... (you / grumble) all day!
13.Since Maria won the lottery(she / spend) money like water. (she /
buy) a new car and ............. (she / move) to a big new house and
……….(she / give) wonderful parties every weekend too. In fact, I'm
going to one tomorrow.
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect simple
or present perfect continuous.
1. Peter: You (telephone) for ages. You not nearly (finish)?
Jack: I (not get) through yet. I (try) to get our Paris office but the line
(be) engaged all morning.
2. Ann (fail) her driving test three times because she's so bad at
reversing. But she (practise) reversing for the last week and I think
she (get) a bit better at it.
3. Tom: I often (wonder) why Bill left the country so suddenly.
Peter: Actually, I just (find) out.
4. He (play) the bagpipes since six o'clock this morning. He only just
(stop).
5. Why you (not bring) me the letters for signature? You (not type)
them yet?
6. Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): You
189
(sunbathe)?
Mary (crossly): Don't be ridiculous! It (rain) all day!
7. A pair of robins (build) a nest in the porch since last week. I (watch)
them from my window since they began.
8. The police (not find) the murderer yet, but the dead man's brother
(be) in the station all day. The police say that he (help) them with
their enquiries.
9. They (pull) down most of the houses in this street, but they (not
touch) the old shop at the corner yet.
10. Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we (search) for
six months and (not see) any sign of it.
11. I (wait) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a
house, but I think I (wait) too long and the prices are beginning to go
up again.
12. Peter (be) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he (look) for a better
post but so far he (not find) anything.
13. I (do) housework all morning and I (not finish) yet. ~ I (do) mine
already. I always start at 6 a.m.
14. I just (pick) ten pounds of strawberries! I (grow) strawberries for
years but I never (have) such a good crop before.
15. What you (do) with the corkscrew? The point is broken off. ~ I'm
afraid I (use) it to make holes in this tin.
16. She just (sell) two of her own paintings. ~ She's lucky. I (paint) for
five years and I (not sell) a single picture yet.
17. They are throwing crockery at each other in the next flat. ~ This
(happen) before? ~ Well, they (have) a good many rows but this is
the first time they (throw) crockery.
18. What you (do) with my typewriter? I can't find it anywhere. ~ Tom
just (go) off with it. He says he'll bring it back when he (finish).
19. He (work) for Crow Brothers for forty years and never once (be)
late. The firm just (present) him with a gold watch as a sign of their
appreciation.
20. We (mend) sheets all morning but we only (do) three, and now the
sewing machine (break) down so we'll be even slower with the next
one.
21. George (collect) matchboxes ever since he left school. Now he
(collect) so many that he doesn't know where to put them.
22. I (look) through my old photograph album. It's full of photographs
of people whose names I completely (forget). I wonder what
(happen) to them all.
23. It was lovely at eleven o'clock, but since then the sky (get) steadily
darker and the wind (rise). I'm afraid the fine spell (come) to an end.
24. Since he became Mayor, my brother reckons that he (eat) 30 official
lunches and 22 official dinners, and he (lose) count of the number of
receptions and parties that he (attend). ~ He (put) on a lot of weight?
190
25. Secretary: Customers (ring) up all morning complaining about
getting incorrect bills.
Manager: I know; something (go) wrong with our computer. The
mechanic (work) on it. I hope he (find) out what's wrong.
26. Someone (use) my umbrella! It's all wet! And it was wet yesterday
and the day before! ~ Well, it wasn't me. I (not be) out of the house
for a week!
27. I (stand) in this queue for ages. It (not move) at all in the last five
minutes. I think the man in the ticket office just (shut) his window
and (go) off for lunch.
28. The Town Council (consider) my application for permission to build
a garage for three months. They just (give) my neighbour permission
to build one, so I hope they (decide) to let me have one too.
29. You look exhausted! ~ Yes, I (play) tennis and I (not play) for years,
so I'm not used to it.
30. They began widening this road three weeks ago; but the workmen
(be) on strike for the last fortnight so they (not get) very far with it.
31. That man (stand) at the bus stop for the last half hour. Shall I tell
him that the last bus already (go)?
32. I wonder if anything (happen) to Tom. I (wait) an hour now. He
often (keep) me waiting but he never (be) quite so late as this.
33. Mrs Brown (live) next door for quite a long time now but she never
(say) more than 'Good morning' to me.
34. I just (remember) that I (not pay) the rent yet. I am surprised that the
landlord (not ring) me up to remind me. ~ It is the first time you (be)
late with the rent in 25 years. He probably thinks that you (pay) and
he (lose) the cheque.
35. Shop assistant: Could you give me some proof of your identity,
madam?
Customer: But I (shop) here for fifteen years!
Shop assistant: I know, madam, but apparently the company (lose) a
lot of money lately through dud cheques and they (make) new
regulations which we (be told) to apply to all customers no matter
how long we (know) them.
36. What you (do)? I (look) for you for ages. ~ I (build) a barbecue in
the garden.
5. Complete the conversation with the verbs from the box in the correct
form: present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. In some cases
both forms are possible. You need to use some of the verbs more than once.
Read the whole conversation before you begin.
be come do drive find have look
Jane (J) is being interviewed by Mrs Carr (C) for a job working with young
children.
C: Come in, Jane. Please sit down. Would you like a coffee?
191
J: Thank you, actually I (l) (just) one.
C: Oh good. Now, do you know this area at all?
J: Quite well. I've got friends who live in this town, so I (2) here for
holidays since I was a child. I'm staying with them at the moment, actually.
C: Oh, that's nice. And do you have a driving licence?
J: Yes. I (3) for four years now.
C: And would you say you're a careful driver?
J: Yes, I think so. At least I (4) (never) an accident.
C: Good. Now, could you tell me why you think you would be right for this
job?
J: Well, I (5) (always) interested in working with small children. And I (6)
two holiday jobs looking after children.
C: How do you think you would cope in an emergency?
J: I'm quite a calm person, I think. I (7) a first aid course too. I got a
certificate.
C: That's good. Now, this job isn't permanent, as you know. We need
someone for about a year. How would that fit with your long-term plans?
J: I'd like to work abroad eventually. But I want some full-time experience
first. I (8) a Nursery Teacher's course this year. We finish next week, in
fact.
C: When would you be able to start?
J: As soon as I finish my course.
C: Excellent. And would you live with your friends?
J: Well, probably not. I want to rent a small flat. I (9) in the paper every
day, but I (10) (not) anything yet.
C: Well, if you get the job, we'll try to help you. Now, would you like to
come and meet some of the children?
J: Oh, yes.
C: Right, if you'll just follow me then.
Revision.
1. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form: present, past or future
(active or passive).
a) Malaria deaths fall nearly 40% worldwide in last decade
There 1) (be) a fall of nearly 40% in the number of deaths from malaria
worldwide in the past decade, the World Health Organization says.
A new report 2) (say) that one-third of the 108 countries where malaria 3)
(be) endemic 4) (be) on course to eradicate the disease within 10 years.
Malaria 5) (be) eradicated from three more countries since 2007.
The Roll Back Malaria Partnership 6) (aim) to eliminate malaria in another
eight to 10 countries by the end of 2015, including the entire WHO
European Region.
192
The mosquito-borne disease 7) (be) most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa,
where 85% of deaths 8) (occur). In 2009, 781,000 people 9) (die) from
malaria.
Robert Newman, director of the WHO's Global Malaria Programme, says
"remarkable progress" 10) (make).
"Better diagnostic testing and surveillance 11) (provide) a clearer picture of
where we are on the ground - and 12) (show) that there are countries
eliminating malaria in all endemic regions of the world," he 13) (tell) an
international Malaria Forum conference in Seattle.
Global eradication
A global malaria eradication campaign, launched by WHO in 1955, 14)
(succeed) in eliminating the disease in 16 countries and territories.
But after less than two decades, the WHO 15) (decide) to concentrate
instead on the less ambitious goal of malaria control.
In recent years, interest in malaria eradication as a long-term goal 16) (reemerge).
The WHO 17) (estimate) that malaria 18) (cause) significant economic
losses, and can decrease gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 1.3%
in countries with high levels of transmission.
BBC News, 18.10.2011
b) Very Large Array telescope in public call for new name
One of the world's most famous radio telescope facilities 19) (need) a new
name - and ideas 20) (want).
The Very Large Array (VLA) is a bank of radio telescopes in New Mexico,
US, and 21) (appear) in a number of films including Contact and
Independence Day.
The array 22) (undergo) a radical upgrade of its electronics since 2001.
To celebrate the project's finish, the observatory that 23) (run) the array 24)
(want) to rename it - and 25) (ask) the public to submit ideas.
The contest is open until 1 December and the winner 26) (announce) at the
American Astronomical Society conference in January.
The VLA 27) (construct) in the 1970s, and much of the electronics that 28)
(collect) and 29) (process) the radio signals from its 27 gigantic antennas
30) (date) from that era.
The array 31) (use) for more than three decades to tease out details of farflung galaxies, supernovas and black holes - when not appearing in films.
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) that 32) (run) the
facility for a decade 33) (fit) it with state-of-the-art digital electronics.
The updated system should be 10 times more sensitive to the faint radio
hum from the cosmos.
The astronomy community 34) (have) a long history of descriptive yet
fairly unimaginative names - including the VLA itself, the Very Large
Telescope in Chile, and the yet-to-be-built European Extremely Large
193
Telescope (the design for which 35) (choose) over the alternative
Overwhelmingly Large Telescope).
Now, the NRAO 36) (want) to open up the choice to the public's creativity.
BBC News, 15.10.2011
7.
A. Choose one of these topics and say what happened, what has been
happening or what has happened. These can be fictional if you prefer.
news of family and friends
climate change
the political situation in your country
В. Use your knowledge of the news to make lists of:
things that happened recently
things that have been happening
things that happened
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GRAMMAR 2.
Articles and Quantifiers.
Before you start doing the following exercises prepare 2 reports :
a) “The use of articles with geographical names”;
b) “Countable and uncountable nouns. The use of quantifiers”.3
1. Use articles with geographical names.
1. ___ Pacific is much larger than ___ Arctic or ___ Indian Ocean. 2. ___
Sahara is the biggest desert in ___ North Africa. 3. ___ Mont Blanc is the
highest peak in ___ Alps. 4. ___ City of ___ London stands on ___ river
Thames. 5. Is ___ Mississippi longer or shorter than ___ Rhine? 6. Portugal
is a small country in ___ west of Europe; on one of its borders is ___ Spain,
on the other ___ Atlantic Ocean 7. Who was the first to reach ___ North
Pole? 8. ___ USA is the biggest country of ___ North America. 9. ___
Lake Ontario, or ___ Ontario, is one of the largest lakes in ___ north of ___
United States on the border with ___ Canada. 10. Greece is situated in ___
south of ___ Eastern Europe on the coast of ___ Mediterranean. 11. The
official name of ___ Holland is the State of ___ Netherlands, or just ___
Netherlands; the latter word is used with an article because it literally
means “low lands”. 12. The forests of ___ Eastern Siberia and of ___ Far
East are the greatest forest resources in ___ east of ___ modern Russia.
13. ___ United Kingdom includes ___ Great Britain and ___ Northern
Ireland; it occupies ___ British Isles. 14. In what country of ___ Northern
Europe is ___ Hague situated? 15. The birthplace of our civilisation was
the area situated between ___ Tiger and Euphrates rivers, which is now
called ___ Middle East.
2. Translate the following into English.
1. Вест-Индия это цепочка островов между Северной и Южной
Америкой. 2. Аргентина получила свое название от латинского
“argentum”, означающего “серебро”. 3. Эверест – высочайший пик в
Гималаях. 3. Гаага – город в западной части Нидерландов, где
заседает голландский парламент. 4. Вы бывали в Эрмитаже?
5. Филиппины расположены в Юго-восточной Азии. 6. Пиренеи
расположены на западе Испании. 7. На Кавказе горы моложе и выше,
чем в Крыму. 8. Амазонка – самая крупная река в Южной Америке.
9. Кто первым пролетел через Северный Ледовитый океан в Америку?
3
Possible references: Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use; Liz & John Soars. New Headway
(Upper-Intermediate) – Grammar Reference Unit 4.
195
10. Египет расположен в северо-восточной Африке; его северная
граница – Средиземное море, восточная граница – Красное море.
3. Choose the right word.
Remember that some words can have different meanings and be either
countable or uncountable.
E.g. an experience (событие, происшествие) – experience (опыт =
совокупность приобретенных знаний)
a help (прислуга) - help (помощь)
an iron (утюг) - iron (железо)
a wood (лес) - wood (дерево=материал)
a paper (работа, сочинение) - paper (бумага)
a business (компания, фирма) - business (бизнес)
a hair (волосок) - hair (волосы)
a work (произведение искусства) - work (работа=процесс), etc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
All areas of the skin are in fact covered in tiny hair/hairs.
We’ve looked at the menu and we’d all like chicken/chickens.
Jack is a millionaire and he owns a lot of business/businesses.
Have you got the complete work/works of Dickens?
None of the passengers have insured their baggage/baggages.
Students must pass their paper/papers to the front.
I’m afraid, we can’t find cheap accommodation/accommodations for
all of you.
8. I did meet him once and it was an experience/ experience I shall
never forget.
9. My trousers need pressing. Can you lend me iron/an iron?
10.We met at a café. He bought me coffee/a coffee.
11.Let me give you some advices/advice.
12.Can you lend me some papers/paper? I want to type a letter.
13.I used to have long hair/hairs. But I had it cut.
14.I can’t go out tonight. I have work/works to do.
15.Banking is profitable. It is a good business/good business.
16.This boy is just hired help/a hired help.
17.Thank you very much. You’ve been great help/a great help.
18.He went away on business/a business.
19.I haven’t eaten a lobster/lobster before.
20.The suitcases were too heavy to carry. I needed a help/help.
4. Choose the right word.
a)
1. We have imported fewer/less videos this year than last year.
196
2. There has been fewer/less demand for videos this year than last year.
3. A number of/a small amount of vehicles has just been recalled because
of a design fault.
4. Many/much effort has been put into this project.
5. There isn’t many/much hope of finding the fault.
6. There aren’t many/much dictionaries that can compare with this one.
7. A big amount/a number of businesses have gone bankrupt this year.
8. Sell this car. We’ve had enough/hardly any trouble with it already.
9. There have been a huge amount of/hardly any accidents on this corner
this year.
10. There have been much/many changes in the new edition.
11.There has been few/little change in the new edition.
12.There have been little/hardly any changes to our plans.
13.You only need a few/a small amount of salt in a dish like this.
14.We need a bit of/a couple of people to work in our new warehouse.
15.There were lots of/much complaints about the service.
16.Your café is excellent. Hardly any/no people have complained either
about the food or the service.
17.How much did we make yesterday? $200? – No, much less/a few less
than that.
18.You’ve had enough food already and you can’t have any more/some
more.
19.There are much more/many more people who give up smoking these
days.
20.Newspapers have many less/much less freedom than you think.
21.Lots more/much more young people are passing their driving test the
first time.
22.I’ll help myself to some more/any more of these vegetables.
23.There’s been a lot less/many less interest in this idea than we expected.
24.There’ve been no less/no fewer than forty applicants for this job.
25.We need many more/much more of this material but it is hard to get.
26.I’ve got much more/many more experience in business than you think.
b)
Spare That Tree
How (27) many/much lists is your name on? There must be (28) a great
deal of/plenty of lists of names in every part of the world and they must be
used to send information to (29) million/millions of people. The (30)
number/amount of letters ordinary people receive these days has greatly
increased.
(31) Most/Most of the people I know object to receiving unwanted
letters. (32) Much/many of the mail we receive goes straight into the waste-
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paper basket. That’s why (33) most/most of the people refer to it as ‘junk
mail’. It would be better for all of us if we received (34) much/many less
junk mail and, as a result, saved (35) many/much more trees from
destruction. (36) A huge amount/a great number of trees must be wasted
each year to produce mountains of junk mail.
Recently I received a very welcome (37) number/bit of junk mail. It was
a leaflet urging me not to waste paper and to return junk mail to the sender.
‘If we do this’, the leaflet said, ‘we will reduce (38) the number/the amount
of trees being destroyed. I agree with every word they said, but why did
they have to send four copies of the leaflet?
5. Choose the right word.
1. I had little/a little time to spare, so I browsed round a bookshop.
2. Help yourself to a biscuit. There are few/a few left in the tin.
3. My days are so busy that I have little/a little time for relaxation.
4. She is exceptionally generous. Few/a few people give more money to
charity than she does.
5. There is little/a little butter left, but not much.
6. He keeps trying though he has little/a little chance of success.
7. ‘I’m afraid, you need few/ a few fillings’, said the dentist.
8. He must have made a hundred clocks in his life, but few/a few of them
ever worked properly.
9. She wasn’t hungry. She just had few/a few spoonfuls of soup.
10.I can’t play tennis today. I have few/a few jobs to do around the house.
11.Help yourself to a whisky. There is still little/a little left.
12.Nowadays few/a few people have servants in their house.
13.I had little/a little time to catch the train, but I just made it.
14.I have few/a few friends that I can trust, but not many.
15.Don’t bother, little/a little depends on the outcome of the inquiry.
16.There are few/a few scholarships for students in this university.
17.It you don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train. There is little/a little time to
spare.
18.It’s a difficult text. I’ve had to look up quite few/a few words in the
dictionary.
19.I can’t spare any of these catalogues. There are only few/a few left.
20.I can’t let you use much of this perfume. There’s only little/a little in the
bottle.
21.There are few/a few people who know about this, so keep it to yourself.
22.If what you say is true, there is little/a little we can do about it. We’d
better give it up.
23.His ideas are difficult and few/a few people understand them.
24.His ideas are difficult but few/a few people understand them.
25.The average MP has little/a little real power.
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26.We go to parties every weekend. We’ve got quite few/a few friends
here.
27.She earns little/a little more than you because she does extra jobs at the
office.
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VOCAB & SPEAKING
1. Study the following idioms and use them in your own sentences.
A flash in the pan - Something showy that initially impresses but doesn't
bring any real results.
All-singing, all-dancing - If something's all-singing, all-dancing, it is the
latest version with the most up-to-date features.
Bells and whistles - Bells and whistles are attractive features that things
like computer programs have, though often a bit unnecessary.
Blow a fuse - If you blow a fuse, you become uncontrollably angry.
Cutting edge - Something that is (at the) cutting edge is at the forefront of
progress in its area.
Don't push my buttons! - This can be said to someone who is starting to
annoy you.
Garbage in, garbage out - If a computer system or database is built badly,
then the results will be bad.
Get your wires crossed - If people get their wires cross, they
misunderstand each other, especially when making arrangements. ('Get
your lines crossed' is also used.)
Light years ahead - If you are light years ahead of others, you are a long
way in front of them in terms of development, success, etc.
On the same wavelength - If people are on the same wavelength, they
have the same ideas and opinions about something.
Out of steam - Tired, given up.
Rocket science - If something is not rocket science, it is not very
complicated or difficult to understand. This idiom is normally used in the
negative.
Silver surfer - A silver surfer is an elderly person who uses the internet.
Sputnik moment - A Sputnik moment is a point where people realise that
they are threatened of challenged and have to redouble their efforts to catch
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up. It comes from the time when the Soviet Union launched the first
satellite, the Sputnik 1, and beat the USA into space.
Throw a spanner in the works - Deliberately causing confusion,
sabotaging something, ruining a plan.
Tune in - To understand someone's message.
Complete each sentence with one of the idioms.
1. We had high hopes for the new director, but she was a ………………….
2. The politician ran ……………….during the campaign (= got exhausted).
3. Tell him you're using the car that weekend - that should …………….. in
his works.
4. I got my ………... and called his home phone instead of his work phone.
5. Writing the screenplay was easy because Bill and I
were…………………….(= in agreement)
6. The school's computer lab is (at/on the) …………….. It has all the latest
hardware and software.
7. Don't ……………… (= don’t lose your temper), we're nearly finished.
2. Translate the following situations using the idioms above.
1) - Я уже совсем выдохся, пытаясь исполнить все требования своей
жены!
- Что на этот раз?
- Теперь она хочет новый Porche, весь с наворотами, который стоит
150000£. Лично я считаю, что такую машину просто невозможно
использовать в повседневной жизни, не говоря уже о том, чтобы
оставлять ее без присмотра на улицах города.
2) – Мистер Ли, я пришел просить повышения...
- Да как ты смеешь! Ты самый неквалифицированный и неопытный
работник в нашей компании. Кроме того, ты постоянно вставляешь
палки в колеса своим коллегам, когда понимаешь, что они более
успешны и трудолюбивы.
- Ну пожалуйста, хотя бы процентов на 5…
- Не выводи меня из себя! Надо лучше работать! Как работаешь – так
и получаешь!
3) - Джим сказал, сегодня совещание. Разве нет?
- Нет. Совещание завтра. Похоже, у него всё в голове перепуталось.
4) Она показала нам новую программу со всякими примочками для
создания красочных презентаций.
5) Питер и Сара в последнее время действительно на одной волне –
они соглашаются практически по поводу всего.
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6) Мэр города пообещал, что в новом медицинском центре будут
просторные палаты и что он будет оснащен передовым медицинским
оборудованием. Он добавил, что строительство такого объекта даст
работу многим врачам и ученым, которые на сегодняшний день ушли
далеко вперед в области исследований мозга.
7) Некоторые преуспевают в технических науках, но для некоторых –
это китайская грамота!
3. Render the following extract from the famous Stanford
Commencement Speech. Use at least 15 active words and expressions
(including the idioms). Find the full version of the speech on the
Internet. Retell the other two stories.
Из речи Стива Джобса перед выпускниками Стэнфордского
университета (июнь 2005 года).
"Для меня большая честь быть с вами сегодня на вручении дипломов
одного из самых лучших университетов мира. Сегодня я хочу
рассказать вам три истории из моей жизни. И всё. Ничего
грандиозного. Просто три истории…
История о любви и потере.
Мне повезло – я нашёл то, что я люблю делать, довольно рано. Стив
Возняк и я основали Apple в гараже моих родителей, когда мне было
20. Мы усиленно трудились, и через десять лет компания Apple уже
стоила $2млд и имела 4000 сотрудников. Мы выпустили наше самое
лучшее создание, Macintosh, годом раньше. Мне только-только
исполнилось 30. А потом меня уволили. Как вас могут уволить из
компании, которую вы основали? По мере роста Apple мы нанимали
талантливых людей, которые помогали мне управлять компанией, и
первые пять лет всё шло хорошо. Но потом наше видение будущего
стало расходиться, и мы, в конечном счёте, поссорились. Совет
директоров перешёл на их сторону. Поэтому в 30 лет я был уволен.
Причём публично. То, что было смыслом всей моей взрослой жизни,
пропало.
Я не знал, что делать, несколько месяцев. Я встречался с Дэвидом
Паккардом и Бобом Нойсом и пытался извиниться за то, что натворил.
Это было публичным провалом, и я даже подумывал о том, чтобы
сбежать. Но постепенно пришло осознание: я всё ещё любил то, что
делал. Ход событий в Apple лишь слегка всё изменил. Я был
отвергнут, но я любил. И, в конце концов, я решил начать всё сначала.
Тогда я этого не понимал, но оказалось, что увольнение из Apple было
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лучшим, что могло произойти со мной. Бремя успеха сменилось
легкомыслием начинающего, менее уверенного в чём-либо человека.
Я освободился и вошёл в один из самых творческих периодов своей
жизни.
В течение следующих пяти лет я основал компанию NeXT, другую
компанию, названную Pixar, и влюбился в удивительную женщину,
которая стала моей женой. Pixar создала самый первый компьютерный
анимационный фильм, «История игрушек» (Toy Story), и является
теперь самой успешной анимационной студией в мире. В результате
поразительных событий Apple купила NeXT, я вернулся в Apple, и
технология, разработанная в NeXT, вдохнула новую жизнь в Apple. А
Лорин и я стали замечательной семьёй.
Я уверен, что ничего этого не случилось бы, если бы меня не уволили
из Apple. Лекарство было горьким, но пациенту оно помогло. Иногда
жизнь обходится с нами жестоко. Не теряйте веры. Я убеждён:
единственное, что помогло мне снова подняться, было то, что я
люблю свою работу. Вам надо найти то, что вы любите. И это так же
важно для работы, как и для отношений. Ваша работа заполнит
большую часть вашей жизни, и единственный способ быть абсолютно
счастливым – делать то, что, по-вашему, является великим делом. И
единственный способ делать великие дела – любить то, что вы
делаете. Если вы ещё не нашли своего призвания, ищите. Не
останавливайтесь. И как это бывает в делах сердечных, вы
почувствуете, когда найдёте то, что вам нужно. Настоящая любовь с
годами только крепнет. Поэтому ищите, пока не найдёте. Не
останавливайтесь.
On the phone.
1. Match the words with their definition.
1. public telephone / payphone:
a. one of a number of phones on the same
line, in a home or office.
2. mobile phone, mobile (BrE) /
cellphone, cellular phone,
cellular (AmE):
b. a camera attached to a computer and
phone line, so two people talking on the
phone can see each other
3. WAP phone:
c. phone in a public place operated with
money, credit card or a phone card.
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4. extension:
d. an extension not connected by a wire,
so you can use it around the house or in
the garden.
5. cordless phone, cordless:
e. a phone you can take with you and use
anywhere.
6. pager:
f. a special phone with a screen so you
can see the other person.
7. webcam:
g. a mobile phone with access to the
Internet
8. videophone:
h. allows you to receive written messages
Phoning scenario
2. Fill in the blanks with the following words: switchboard, keypad,
dialing tone, direct line, dial (2).
You want to phone someone in a company. You pick up the phone. You
hear the ……… and ……… the number on the ………. You don't know
the person's ……… number, so you ……… the number of the company's
……… . One of these things happens:
3. Fill in the blanks with the following words: cut off, the wrong
number, return, call, operator, hang up, engaged tone, call back, busy
tone, transfer, put through, extension, get through, voicemail.
a. The number rings but no one answers.
b. You hear the ……… (BrE) / ……… (AmE) because the other
person is already talking on the phone. You ……… and try again
later.
c. You……… , but not to the number you wanted. The person who
answers says you've got ……… .
d. The ……… answers. You ask for the of the person you want to
speak to.
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e. You are ………to the wrong extension. The person offers to
………you to the right extension, but you are ……… - the call ends.
f. The person you want to speak to is not at their desk and you leave a
message on their ……… . You ask them to ……… you ……… or
to……… your ……… .
Phone verbs.
1. Phone conversations use a lot of phrasal verbs. Match the phrasal
verbs in the column on the left to the phrases with similar meanings in
the column on the right.
1. to get through
2. to put through
3. to cut off
4. to hang up
5. to hold on
a. to connect
c. to disconnect
b. to be connected
d. to wait
e. to put down the receiver
3. Paraphrase the sentences using phrasal verbs:
1. I'm trying to connect you.
2. We've been disconnected.
3. I can't connect to the number.
4. I'll put down the receiver now.
5. Would you like to wait?
6. Can you speak more loudly?
7. Could you call again later?
I'm trying to …….……….
We've been ………………
I can't…………………….
I'll……………………now.
Would you like to……….?
Can you …………………?
Could you …………………later?
3. What other phrasal verbs do you know that are often used on the
phone?
Revision.
1. Here are two voicemail messages. Choose the best word from the
brackets to complete each sentence.
1. Jacques. It's Paul. I can't.............................next Monday's meeting after
all (being / make / arrive). Something has come.............................and I
have to fly to Frankfurt (out / down / up). ..................Tuesday be possible
for you? (Would / What / Why) If not, we'll have to………it off until the
week after (let / take / put). I'll be in………soon (touch / calling / speak).
Bye.
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2. Ellen. It's Stefan. I'm afraid the 22nd won't be possibility / possible /
possibly). I'm sorry, but I've.............................to go to Oslo (have / must /
got). We're going to have to put it.............................for at least a week
(back / out / behind). I'm completely..............................under with the
Woodstock contract (rained / snowed / stormed). Can we leave
it.............................for the time being? (open / shut / fixed) Talk to
you.............................no doubt (now / then / soon). Bye.
2. Here are three telephone conversations. Choose the best word from
the brackets to complete each sentence.
• Good morning. This is Pierre Cognet. Could I ……… to Mr Roberts,
please? (tell / speak / phone)
• I'm …………. he's in a meeting. (afraid / scared / unfortunate)
• Ah. Could I ……… a message? (ask / send / leave)
• Of course.
• Could you ask him to call me …….. ? My number's 33-1-4776 5821.
(back / down / round)
• ОК. I'll tell him you called.
• Thank you.
• Hello. Is that Anna?
•…….. (Saying / Talking / Speaking).
• Hi, Anna. This is Alain. Is this a ……… time to call? (fine / good / best)
• Not really, Alain. Could you call back ………? (late / lately / later)
• OK. I'll call back after lunch.
• That’s great. Bye
• Hello. Is that Sven Anderson?
• No. Sven's not in the office today. Can I ……… a message? (make /
take / plate)
• Oh, I'm calling ……… tomorrow's meeting. I wanted to confirm that it
starts at 10. (about / for / to)
• Yes, it does. I'll be there too.
• Ah, good. Thank you. I’ll see you tomorrow then. Bye.
• See you tomorrow. Bye.
3. Here are some things you might hear on the phone. Write one word in
each gap to complete the messages and conversations.
1. 'Call me at the office tomorrow. My………line is 01202 818335. If I'm
not there, leave a message on my………and I'll call you………when I get
in.'
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2. 'All international lines are…………. Please………up and try again
later.'
3.'Can I speak to Anita Singh, please?'
'Oh, I'm sorry. She's not on this ……… ; she's on 227. I'll put you through
to the main………. Just ask the……… to transfer you to the Sales
Department.'
4. 'Good morning. You are……… to the King's Theatre ticket hotline.
How can I help you?'
'Oh, I think I've got the ……… number. I wanted 470401.'
'Ah, yes. This is 470410.'
5. 'Hello, operator. Can you check a number for me? It's 077 23 23 23. I
was talking to someone there but I got………off. Now when I call, I just
get the ……… tone.'
6.'Hello, Reception? Can you tell me how to make a call to France?'
'Certainly, sir. Just pick up the phone and ……… "9" to get a line. When
you hear the ……… tone, dial 00 33 and then the number you want in
France.'
7.'This is the Freedom Credit Card helpline. To check your balance, please
press "1" on your ……… To make a payment, press "2".'
8.'Hi, Alex. This is Mario. I got your message yesterday, but I was busy so
I couldn't ……… your call. Sorry I missed you. I'll call ……… later.'
4. In this table, make a summary of some telephoning phrases. Compare
your answers.
Asking to speak to someone
What you hear if the person is
not available
Asking someone to wait
Asking for the other person's
name
Saying that you'll phone again
later
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5. Comment on the following quotations.
Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be.
George Orwell
Technological progress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological
criminal.
Albert Einstein
Where there is the necessary technical skill to move mountains, there is no
need for the faith that moves mountains.
Eric Hoffer
The worst thing about the miracle of modern communications is the
Pavlovian pressure it places upon everyone to communicate whenever a
bell rings.
Russell Baker
It seems rather incongruous that in a society of supersophisticated
communication, we often suffer from a shortage of listeners.
Erma Bombeck.
Technology is so much fun but we can drown in our technology. The fog of
information can drive out knowledge.
Daniel Boorstin
Technology is ruled by 2 types of people: those who manage what they do
not understand, and those who understand what they do not manage.
Mike Trout
Technology makes it possible for people to gain control over everything,
except over technology.
John Tudor
Technology is like a fish. The longer it stays on the shelf, the less desirable
it becomes.
Andrew Heller
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
Arthur C. Clarke
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It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our
humanity.
Albert Einstein
READING & SPEAKING
1. Answer these questions. Then discuss your answers.
a. Which of these items do you have?
iPhone iPod iPad iMac
b. Do you use iTunes? What do you use it for? / Why don’t you use it?
c. What is an app?
2. a) Write the key words from the article next to the definitions below.
neat devices svelte swiping intuitive licensed mourners
tributes manipulate cutting-edge flop
1. people who are very sad because someone has died
________________________
2. things that you do or say to show that you respect and admire someone
or something ________________________
3. ________________________ products are ones that someone has
official permission to use.
4. extremely modern and advanced ________________________
5. a complete failure ________________________
6. graceful, thin, and attractive ________________________
7. (in computing) to change, correct or move information stored on a
computer ________________________
8. machines or pieces of equipment that do a particular thing
________________________
9. an ________________________ system or piece of software is easy to
use because the process of operating it is very obvious.
10. producing a result in a simple but intelligent way; (mainly American
informal) good, or nice ________________________
11. the movement of passing your hand from one side of a touchscreen to
another ________________________
b) How do you think the key words are likely to be used in the article?
What are they likely to be used in connection with? Scan the article to
check your answers.
3. Read the article. Retell the article using the active vocabulary of the
Unit.
209
Steve Jobs: the world pays tribute
An extraordinary outpouring of emotion has greeted the death of the cofounder and former CEO of Apple Inc.
Charles Arthur
6 October, 2011
“It’s a dark day in Silicon Valley,” wrote Matt Drance, a former Apple
employee. Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Inc., who died at 56 from
cancer, inspired the strongest feelings.
In Beijing, mourners and admirers made their way to lay flowers and light
candles at the Apple Store. They also left messages: “You have enriched
our lives. Thank you for changing the world,” said one in English.
It seemed as though there wasn’t anyone who hadn’t somehow been
touched by his work. The tributes came from everywhere. President Obama
said “he transformed our lives, redefined entire industries and changed the
way each of us sees the world.”
Bill Gates, his long-time rival but also friend – born, like Jobs, in 1955 –
said that “the world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact
Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to
come … I will miss Steve immensely.”
The fact is that for multiple businesses – computing, film, music, mobile
telephony and, most recently, mobile computing – Jobs overturned the
existing order. Again and again he refused to go along with the
conventional wisdom and introduced his own instead. He lived his life by
the instruction he gave in a speech to Stanford graduates: “Don’t let the
noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. Stay hungry.
Stay foolish.”
The first time he overturned the way the world worked was in 1984. In
1979, three years after setting up Apple with Steve Wozniak, Jobs visited
Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center in California and saw its experimental
system which used ‘windows’ and a ‘mouse’. “It wasn’t complete,” he
said. “It wasn’t quite right. But within ten minutes, it was obvious that
every computer in the world would work this way someday.”
Jobs licensed the system from Xerox and oversaw the development of
computers using the new ‘windowing’ system. Jobs also wanted them to be
as simple to use as a washing machine. Computers, he felt, were just too
complicated. Using window systems was much easier.
Microsoft agreed. Bill Gates extended the idea of windows to Windows,
which rapidly overtook Apple’s products and became the most widely used
desktop computer operating system in the world. Jobs was kicked out of
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Apple in 1985 and, over the next 12 years, Microsoft then took over
personal computing. All the computers used windows – in some form. Jobs
had been right.
His next target was the film business, Pixar. It was also cutting-edge,
making films entirely with computers. Pixar never had a flop as an
independent company; Disney bought it in January 2006 for $7.4bn (it was
stock in Pixar, rather than Apple, which made Jobs a billionaire).
On returning to Apple, Jobs quickly took over and installed himself as
“Interim CEO” in 1997. It was then that the music business – one of his
oldest loves – came into his sights. With online file-sharing rampant and
revenues crashing, record labels needed a saviour. It came in the unlikely
form of a cigarette packet-sized white-and-silver object. And so Jobs
changed the world again.
The iPod changed everything, first because of its tiny size – with 1,000
songs in svelte enclosure – and for its simple, quick synchronization. There
were already music players, but they were bulky, had horrible software and
would take five hours to transfer 1,000 songs. The iPod would take ten
minutes.
Then Jobs persuaded the record labels to let him sell music digitally.
Apple’s target was to sell one million songs in the first year. When the
iTunes Music Store opened in 2003, it sold the first million songs in a
week. Within a year it had sold nearly 100 million songs and the iPod had
70% of the music player market.
But it was the design of the iPod – small, appliance-like, simple – that most
struck people. Jobs had insisted that it should be able to get to any song
within three clicks. Design, as he explained in 2000, wasn’t about how it
looked. It was about how it worked.
The iPhone was the result of a two-and-a-half year project to use touch
screens to manipulate a computer. After the iPhone, everyone needed a
touch screen: Google, then Microsoft, and then market leaders Nokia and
RIM followed suit as quickly as they could. But not fast enough: in mid2011 Apple became the world’s biggest mobile phone maker by revenue.
Jobs’ revolutions were coming faster and faster.
Though Bill Gates introduced tablet computers in 2001, they went
nowhere. Apple launched the iPad in January 2010. A computer you could
carry, operated by touch, with a ten-hour battery life, that ran on “apps”.
And Apple sold them by the tens of millions, while would-be rivals
struggled. “Our competitors are looking at this [tablet market] like it’s the
next PC market. That is not the right approach to this. These are post-PC
devices that need to be easier to use than a PC, more intuitive,” said Jobs,
pacing the stage in one of his last public appearances in March 2011.
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All the devices had one crucial thing in common: people fell in love with
them. They felt passionately about them, in a way the world had never seen
before. “Touch is a very important sense; a lot of human emotion is built
around touching objects, other people, touching things,” Don Norman, cofounder of Neilsen/Norman Group, said. “The iPhone felt like a piece of
delight. It really is neat to go from one page to the other not by pushing a
button but by swiping your hand across the page.”
The one challenge Jobs couldn’t beat was life’s finite span. “No one wants
to die,” Jobs told the Stanford graduates in 2005. “Even people who want
to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there. And yet death is the
destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should
be.”
The questions now will turn to Apple and its future – though they are
exactly the same as those which were posed when Jobs stepped aside,
finally acknowledging his illness, in August 2011. Can it be the same
creative force without him?
© Guardian News & Media 2011
First published in The Guardian, 06/10/11
4. Look back at the article to find the answers to the following questions.
a. What was Steve Jobs’ connection to the following people or companies?
Apple Inc. Pixar Xerox Bill Gates Steve Wozniak Matt
Drance
b. What influence or effect did he have on:
• the ‘windows’ system?
• the music industry?
• the design of handheld electronic devices?
c. What was Steve Jobs’ philosophy on life and death?
5. Find the following multi-word expressions in the article.
1. do the opposite of what is currently considered to be the natural way of
things _______________________________________ (para 5)
2. beliefs or opinions that most people accept as correct
_______________________________________ (para 5)
3. the thing he noticed and wanted to work with next
_______________________________________ (para 10)
4. do the same as another has done
_______________________________________ (para 14)
5. connect strong emotions with something
_______________________________________ (para 16)
6. limited length of time ____________________ (para 17)
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6. Discussion
• “Thank you for changing the world” was a message left by a mourner in
Beijing (see para 2). In what ways do you think has Steve Jobs changed the
world?
• Think back to five, ten and twenty years ago. What do we have now that
we didn’t have then? What, if anything, did we have instead?
• Do you agree with President Obama’s statement in para 3?
7. Webquest
• What has happened to shares in Apple Inc. since the death of its founder
and visionary?
• Find product descriptions of the Apple products mentioned in the article
on www.apple.com.
• Find and watch videos of Steve Jobs introducing some of Apple’s famous
products.
WRITING
As computers are being used more and more in education, there will be
soon no role for teachers in the classroom.
You should give reasons for your answer using your own ideas and
experience.
• You should write at least 250 words.
• You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
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TEST YOURSELF
1. Grammar. Choose the correct answer.
1. ‘I met our new boss this morning’
‘I …….. him, too. He’s very nice.’
A am meeting
B have been meeting
C have met
2. ‘…….. in a hotel?’
‘No, but my parents did last summer in Rome.’
A Have you ever stayed? B Did you ever stay?
C Are you ever
staying
3. ‘Who is in that new film?’
‘Well, a young actress ……. the leading role.’
A has been playing
B plays
C has played
4. ‘Is David at home?’
‘Yes, but he ……… a shower at the moment.’
A is having
B has been having
C has
5. ‘Why are you so upset?’
‘I ……….. my favourite ring.’
A lose
B have been losing
C have lost
6. ‘Have you found a house yet?’
‘No, I ……… with my aunt at the moment.’
A stay
B am staying
C have stayed
7. ‘Who ……….. my car?’
‘I have.’
A is using
B has used
C has been using
8. ‘Why ……….. the soup?’
‘To see if it ………. good.’
A are you tasting/ tastes
B do you taste/is tasting
C have you
tasted/tastes
9. I ………. about buying a new car soon.
A think
B am thinking
C have thought
10. ‘Would you like to come to the concert with me?’
‘Sorry, I can’t. I ………. Andy tonight.’
A see
B have seen
C am seeing
2. Vocab. Suggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following
definitions
1. a book with a cover made of thin card
2. very exciting to look at
3. very excited and happy
4. a small, simple building, usually consisting of one room
5. a large building that is divided into flats
6. a person whose job involves buying and selling buildings and land, and
arranging for new buildings to be built
7. goods produced in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines
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8. an amount of something that can be held in one hand
9. happening every day as a regular part of your job or life
10. the area in an airport where passengers wait before getting onto an
aircraft
11. continue to communicate with someone by using a telephone or writing
to them
12. describes an activity or food that you cannot stop doing or eating once
you have started
13. an organization which introduces people with similar interests to each
other, especially people who want to start a romantic or sexual relationship
with someone
14. describes a system in which you pay for a service before you use it and
you cannot use more than you have paid for
15. a telephone that is not a mobile phone
16. a device connected to a telephone which answers calls automatically
and records messages from the people telephoning
17. an opportunity to see something such as a film or a collection of works
of art before it is shown to the public, or a description of something such as
a television programme before it is shown to the public
18. to think that something is or will be greater, more extreme or more
important than it really is
19. not needing help or support from other people
20. the degree to which radio or television sounds and pictures are clear
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ACTIVE VOCABULARY.
SB p. 54 – 55. Take turns, take a flight, people-watch, a paperback (cf.
hardback), a flight attendant, a scary experience (cf. experience (U)), go
through security checks, easy going
SB p. 56. Have a big influence on, spectacular, exhausted, exhilarated, a
space-age skyscraper, a hut, capitalist economy/ system, be amazed at, a
property developer, boom/ booming, an apartment block, attract
investment, a pedestrian street, come across, rapid industrial development,
manufactured goods, create environmental problems, increase car
ownership, affect
SB p. 57. Cut down trees, an industrial city, cost of living
SB p. 58. Learn the words and phrases in V7.3, p. 128 and V 7.4, p. 129, a
handful, accessible, bring people together
SB p. 60. Learn the words and phrases V7.5 on p. 129, day-to-day life, (call
smb) on the phone, speak up
R7.1. A departure lounge, call a flight, detest, check in, a part-time course,
catch up on, delay a flight
R7.2. Download music straight onto…, addictive, keep in touch
Extra Vocabulary
Words from other languages:
Cuisine, marmalade, a siesta, kayaking, a chef, a ballerina, a chauffeur, a
futon, pyjamas, karate, a yacht, a barbecue, a sauna, snorkelling, a
delicatessen
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TRANSLATION
1. - Я слышала, ты зарегистрировалась на сайте знакомств и уже
получила много ценного опыта в общении с молодыми людьми.
- Да ты что! Я лишь убедилась, что люди регистрируются только
чтобы поглазеть на других или убить время. Я не думаю, что это
действительно сближает людей. Кроме того, там всегда есть горстка
престарелых соблазнителей, желающих проверить, востребованы ли
еще они.
2. - Дубай такой зрелищный город, с футуристическими
небоскребами, оживленными пешеходными улицами и роскошными
жилыми домами.
- Совершенно с тобой не согласен! Я терпеть не могу этот
промышленный город, чья популярность явно завышена. И, хотя этот
город впереди планеты всей* в области технологий, мне кажется, изза высокого прожиточного минимума там невозможно спокойно
жить.
3. Я предпочитаю приезжать в аэропорт задолго до вылета, так как
зачастую неправильно рассчитываю время нужное, чтобы добраться
туда. После регистрации, прохода зоны контроля безопасности и
паспортного контроля, я сажусь в зале вылета с какой-нибудь дешевой
книжкой в мягкой обложке или слушаю музыку, которую я скачиваю
из интернета прямо на мой Ipod или играю в Тетрис. Ты знаешь, он
как наркотик, что иногда я даже не слышу, когда объявляют мой рейс.
4. - Прости, что беспокою тебя, Дэн. Это твоя сестра Джил на проводе.
У меня кончились деньги на сотовом телефоне, и я хотела бы
попросить тебя пополнить мой счет.
- Что? Джил? Я не совсем понял, что ты говоришь. Ты прерываешься.
Наверное, плохая связь.
- Как такое возможно?! Я же звоню тебе на домашний из школы. Так
что не притворяйся, что не слышишь меня. Почему ты так
вредничаешь?
- Ладно, ладно, не волнуйся. Положу я тебе деньги на телефон.
5. – Ну что будем делать? Нас семеро, родителей нет, электричество
отключили. У кого-нибудь были похожие невероятные случаи в
жизни? Давайте, рассказывайте!
- Хорошо, только предлагаю делать это по очереди и не перебивать
друг друга.
7. Сегодня, когда ресторанный бизнес процветает, вы обязательно
наткнетесь на фаст-фуд, маленькое кафе или фешенебельный ресторан
на улицах Москвы. Эта индустрия привлекает иностранные
инвестиции и уже влияет на вкусы москвичей, которые стали более
разборчивыми в выборе еды.
8. - Что ты делаешь сейчас?
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- Я без сил! Я учусь в аспирантуре, но из-за того, что я в последнее
время много путешествую, я немного отстал от намеченного плана.
Теперь мне нужно наверстать упущенное как можно скорее. Для этого
не надо быть семи пядей во лбу*, но это требует внутренней
дисциплины.
12. – Как тебе удается поддерживать отношения с таким большим
количеством людей? Я поражена тем, сколько у тебя друзей.
- Это не так сложно, как кажется. Просто я никогда не забываю их дни
рождения и регулярно звоню им по телефону. Но главное, не
злоупотреблять их вниманием.
13. Со времен самой промышленной революции количество
промышленных товаров увеличилось. Это одежда, бытовая техника,
машины и т.д. Обычно мы не задумываемся, что наше все растущее
потребление оказывает большое влияние на природу в целом и на
природные ресурсы в частности. Растущее число автолюбителей и
быстрое развитие промышленности привели к росту потребления
нефти. Деревья вырубают, чтобы освободить место под новые города
и высокоскоростные дороги. Однако мы должны понимать, что, чем
больше естественных ресурсов мы потребляем, тем больше
экологических проблем мы создаем.
14. Альваро был убежденным коммунистом и всегда боролся с
капиталистической системой. Он часто критиковал политиков и
промышленников. Он считал, что простые люди заслуживают гораздо
большего, чем имеют. Его даже подозревали в антиправительственной
деятельности, за что и посадили в тюрьму на несколько лет. Несмотря
ни на что, я уважаю его за смелость и честность, хотя и осознаю, что
он во многом был не прав.