BIOLOGY 40S
EXAM REVIEW 2015
EXAM DATE: Friday June 12th 9am MPR
The following is an outline of topics you should review for the exam. The
exam will consist of multiple choice, labeling diagrams, fill in the blanks,
true false, short and long answer questions. This review is NOT ‘the exam’.
Some topics may appear on the exam that are not on the review. Please
refer back to your notes, assignments, labs, tests and quizzes to better
prepare yourself! If you have a missing test or quiz check the ‘outbox’ at the
back of my room 
You will have 4 review periods but these may be interrupted with provincial
exams or other school events. My suggestion to you is that you aim to
cover one unit per review period.Use your class notes to make summary
notes for each question in the review. Go through your tests…If a topic
was on a test it was probably important! Good luck studying and remember
that I am here to help 
Students who complete this review in its entirety by MONDAY JUNE
8thmay earn up to 2% BONUS on their final exam. The review must be
hand written. Reviews that are copied in ANY WAY from another
student will be given a mark of zero. Answers to all questions will be
found in your notes and assignments.
EVOLUTION
TERM 1
LAB: Owl Pellet Dissection
LAB: Eye Dissection
ZOO Project
1.
Define the term evolution, explaining how evolution has led to
biodiversity by altering populations and not individuals.
2.
Define : gene pool, genome
3.
Describe and explain the process of discovery that led Darwin to
formulate his theory of evolution by natural selection (the voyage of
the Beagle, his observations of South American fossils, the impact of
the Galapagos Islands on his thinking, the work of other scientists)
4.
Outline and explain the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection. Explain:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Overproduction
Competition
Variation
Adaptation
Natural selection
Speciation
5.
Explain the difference between structural, physiological and
behavioral adaptations. Provide examples for each.
6.
Demonstrate, through examples, what the term “fittest” means in the
phrase “survival of the fittest”.
7.
Explain how natural selection leads to changes in populations.
8.
Define the following: Industrial melanism, antibiotic resistant bacteria,
Pesticide resistant insects
9.
Describe how disruptive, stabilizing and directional selection act on
variation. Provide an example of each.
10. Distinguish
11. Define
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
between natural selection and artificial selection.
and provide examples of:
natural selection
gene flow
genetic drift
non-random mating
founder effect
bottleneck effect
12. Describe
and provide examples of how populations can become
reproductively isolated through:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
geographic isolation
niche differentiation
altered behavior
altered physiology
pre-zygotic/post-zygotic isolating mechanisms
13. With
the use of examples, differentiate between convergent evolution
and divergent evolution.
14. Describe
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
and provide examples of:
Allopatric speciation vs. Sympatric speciation
geographic isolation vs. reproductive isolation
hybridization
polymorphism
polyploidy
adaptive radiation.
15. Explain
the difference between punctuated equilibrium and
gradualism.
16. Explain
the role that Zoo’s play in preserving biological diversity.
17. How
do Zoo’s impact the evolution of a species?
18. What
gene is linked to the evolution of the eye?
19. Provide
several key reasons for the physiological differences in eye
structure between the cow, pig and sheep eyes.
20. Would
the differences in eye structure be the result of convergent or
divergent evolution? Homologous or analogous structures?
MOLECULAR GENETICS
TERM 2 & 3
LAB: Gel Electrophoresis
LAB: DNA Extraction
Gene Technology Project
21. Outline
significant scientific contributions/discoveries that led to our
understanding of the structure and function of the DNA molecule.
Include:
a) Hershey & Chase
b) Griffith
c) Avery/McCarty/MacLeod
d) Watson & Crick
e) Rosalind Franklin
f) Chargaff
22. Describe
the structure of DNA (Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group,
nitrogenous bases, anti-parallel arrangement, 5’3’ ends).
23. DRAW
the structure of DNA, include 4 nucleotides. DRAW the
structure of RNA next to it highlighting major differences.
24. Describe
the process of DNA replication from start to finish. Include:
(template strand, semi-conservative replication, role of various
enzymes, helicase, binding proteins, polymerase, ligase etc)
25. Compare
DNA and RNA in terms of their structure, use and location
in the cell.
26. Outline
the steps involved in protein synthesis (mRNA, codon, amino
acid, transcription, tRNA, anticodon, ribosome, translation etc.)
27. What
amino acids are coded for by the following DNA strands?
DNA: GCTTCCTACGCTGGAACCGCGCGATTCATCGCT
mRNA:
Amino Acids:
DNA: AATGTACAGTACCCGAGTATAAATTCTACTCAT
mRNA:
Amino Acids:
DNA: ATTACTGGTTACCCGAGTATACTTGCTTGAATT
mRNA:
Amino Acids:
28. Explain
the following gene mutations: frameshift, dimer formation,
point mutation (silent, missense, nonsense).
29. List
some of the positive and negative aspects of gene mutations.
30. Provide
31. Explain
some examples of mutagens.
how restriction enzymes allow scientists to recombine DNA.
Provide two examples of how scientists have used recombinant DNA
technology.
32. Define:
sticky end, blunt end, annealing, ligation
33. Be
prepared to briefly explain the following types of biotechnology
and provide an example of each:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Bacterial Transformation
Recombinant DNA
Transgenic Organisms
Genetically modified organisms
Transgenic Bacteria
Bioremediation
Transgenic Plants
Gene Pharming
Saviour Siblings
Human Genome Project
KARYOTYPES
34. Explain
what a karyotype is. Which chromosomes indicate gender?
List the various disorders that can result from having multiple X
chromosomes.
35. Identify
monosomy and trisomy chromosome mutations from
karyotypes. (Examples include: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome,
Klinefelter syndrome)
36. Using
the karyotype below identify if the individual is a boy or a girl.
Do they contain any chromosome mutations?
CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS & GENETIC TESTING
37. Explain
the various ways that a fetus can be tested for a chromosome
mutation.
38. State
some of the ethical issues that may arise as a result of genetic
testing for inherited conditions or disorders (such as downs
syndrome)
39. Explain
how chromosome mutations may arise during meiosis
through non-disjunction. State some of the various chromosome
mutations that may occur.
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
40. Explain
the process of gel electrophoresis by drawing a simple
diagram of the lab set up. What causes the DNA to move through the
gel chamber? Review your gel electrophoresis lab questions.
41. What
factors cause the DNA to move through the gel?
42. What
are some applications of Gel Electorphoresis?
43. Using
the diagram below find the two banding patterns that match.
What does this suggest about the source of DNA?
GENETICS & Heredity
TERM 3
LAB: Bacterial Transformation
MENDEL & LAWS OF INHERITANCE
44. Explain
Mendel’s principles of inheritance. Include:
a) Low of segregation
b) Law of dominance
c) Law of independent assortment
TERMINOLOGY
45. What
is the difference between homozygous, heterozygous,
homozygous dominant vs. recessive?
46. What
is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Genotypic
and phenotypic ratios?
47. Define
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
the following :
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
phenotypic ratio
genotypic ratio
dominant alleles
recessive alleles
purebred
hybrid
carrier
PROBLEM SOLVING
48. Go
through your assignments and solve at least ONE of each of the
following types of problems. Include the problem with your answer.
Be sure to include the genotypic and phenotypic ratio for each
question.
a) Monohybrid cross
b) Dihybrid cross
c) Polygenic Inheritance
d) Co-dominance
e) Incomplete Dominance
f) Multiple alleles
g) Sex linked traits
SEX CHROMOSOMES & SEX LINKED TRAITS
49. Prove
that there is always a 50/50 chance of having a boy or a girl as
an offspring. Use a punnett square to justify your answer.
50. Explain
what a sex linked trait is. Provide several examples of sex
linked traits.
51. Go
through your assignments/review and redo 3 sex linked trait
problems. Check your answers.
52. List
the various symbols and shading techniques used in a pedigree.
53. What
is a pedigree? List the various symbols used in a pedigree. Be
able to draw a pedigree based on given information (go over your
genetics tests for examples).
54. Using
the pedigree below identify the female carriers.
Bacterial Transformation LAB
55. Be
able to explain how the operon works. Know the different parts of
an operon system (operator, repressor, inducer, regulator etc.)
56. Review
the purpose of the bacterial transformation lab. In the lab
what was the inducer that turned on the pGLO gene? Review the
questions in your lab manual.
57. Using
the diagram below, explain the set up in each of the following
agar plates along with which dish is expected to glow.
BIODIVERSITY
TERM 3
LAB: Comparative Anatomy LAB
58. What
characteristics are used to classify organisms into phyla?
59. What
does cephalization mean?
60. Describe
the MAIN characteristics of the three domains:
a) Eubacteria
b) Archaea
c) Eukarya
61. Describe
a)
b)
c)
d)
the MAIN characteristics of the four kingdoms of Eukarya:
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
62. Be
prepared to identify organisms and list characteristics of porifera,
Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida,
Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata. Provide an example of each.
63. Define
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
and provide an example:
Endoskeleton, exoskeleton, hydroskeleton
Symmetrical, asymmetrical, radially symmetrical, bilaterally
symmetrical
Acoelomate, coelomate
Polyp, medusa
Vertebrate, invertebrate
Segmentation, specialized segmentation
64. Which
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
phyla do the following species fall into:
Turtle
Jellyfish
Clam
Squid
Ant
Bear
Sponge
PLEASE REVIEW THE FOLLOWING LABS:
Bacterial Transformation: Be prepared to answer questions based on
how the lab works. Which bacterial plates will grow antibiotic resistant
bacteria? Which will glow and why?
Gel Electrophoresis: Be able to correctly use banding patterns found in
a gel to correctly identify an individual. Be able to explain how gel
electrophoresis works.
Owl Pellet Dissection: Be able to discuss MAJOR similarities or
differences between the snake, frog and rat anatomy.
Classification Lab: be able to classify any organism into the correct
phyla when given key information or a photo.
Comparative Anatomy Lab: Be prepared to answer questions similar to
those found in the lab guide.
LONG ANSWER It would be in your best interest to review the following
questions carefully and prepare long answers (3/4 page foolscap) 
1. State the MAJOR differences between homologous and analogous structures.
Which type of structure is likely the result of divergent evolution? Convergent
evolution? Provide an example of each type of structure (please use examples
that we have discussed in class).
2. Outline the experiments that led Gregory Mendel to formulate his principles of
inheritance. List and explain his three principles of inheritance.
3. Outline the significant contributions that led to the current understanding of the
structure and function of DNA. Include contributions from the following scientists:
Hershey & Chase, Rosalind Franklin, Avery McCarty & MacLeod, and Chargaff.
4. Outline Darwin’s voyages that led him to formulate his ‘Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection’. Include examples of evidence that Darwin found on his
voyages. Include in your answer why Darwin was so hesitant to publish his work.
5. Structure of DNA - Draw four nucleotides (TWO pairs) arranged how they would
be found in double stranded DNA. Label the bases (use the four different types),
phosphates, sugars, carbons, hydrogen bonds, 5’ and 3’ ends.
6. Outline the steps involved in protein synthesis. Include: mRNA, codon, anticodon, amino acid, tRNA, ribosome, transcription, translation. Include a labeled
diagram with your answer.
7. Any mistake or change in the DNA sequence is known as a mutation. Discuss
the types of mutations that can occur in a cell to alter its DNA. Be sure to explain
which mutations are most dangerous to a species and why. Also, explain why
low level mutations, such as those that occur spontaneously, may be
advantageous to a species. Please include examples of mutations we have
discussed in class in your explanation to add clarity to your answer.
8. Explain how a bacterial cell can modify their own DNA. How may this be useful to
scientists? Be detailed in your description of the process.
9. Explain how someone could test DNA evidence at a crime scene for genetic
similarity to various suspect DNA. What other applications does this technology
have? Be detailed in your description of the process.