supplementary_tables_figures20140108.
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Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES AND FIGURES Supplementary Table S1. Bone thicknesses of the surface models and the volumes and surface areas of the surface and solid models of Centurio senex, Carollia perspicillata, and Glossophaga soricina. Centurio Carollia Glossophaga senex perspicillata soricina Both models Force applied (N) 23.40 24.67 27.22 Surface model Thickness (mm) Brain case 0.21 0.21 0.21 Snout 0.33 0.28 0.23 Solid model 166.8 168.0 164.7 Surface model 152.6 151.0 155.7 Solid model 647.2 718.8 786.6 Surface model 609.6 643.3 709.6 3 Volume (mm ) Area (mm2) Supplementary Table S2. Mechanical advantage and von Mises stress under bilateral and unilateral molar biting conditions in the surface and solid models of Centurio senex, Carollia perspicillata, and Glossophaga soricina. Centurio senex Carollia perspicillata Glossophaga soricina Mechanical advantage Solid model 0.272 0.225 0.191 Surface model 0.273 0.221 0.192 % error 0.35 -1.83 0.44 Solid model 10.176 7.734 11.517 Surface model 10.976 9.029 11.248 7.86 16.74 -2.34 Solid model 16.421 11.300 16.870 Surface model 17.764 13.215 15.218 8.18 16.95 -9.80 Bilateral molar biting 98% von Mises stress (MPa) % error Unilateral molar biting 98% von Mises stress (MPa) % error Supplementary Tables and Figures 1 Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M Supplementary Table S3. Species and GenBank accession numbers for each locus analyzed. * indicates separate 12S and 16S files were merged in analyses. ttn6 12S, tRNAval, 16S cox1 cytb KF569380 AY395802 EF079971 AY604446 KC783214 KC783123 AY395835 EF079981 L19506 KF569359 — AY834718 — EF079996 FJ155495 AF316434 — KF569438 — AY395803 — AY572337 — AF316435 — — — AY395804 — AY604436 KF569460 KF569311 — KF569363 KF569439 KF569384 FJ179197 JF448543 U66509 KF569412 KF569461 — AF316443 KF569361 KF569440 KF569381 AY395810 JF452321 U66511 Artibeus concolor KF569413 KF569462 KF569309 AF316432 — KF569443 KF569382 FJ179173 JF452412 U66519 Artibeus glaucus KF569414 KF569463 KF569310 KF569339 KF569362 KF569444 KF569383 FJ179206 EU160995 EU805595 Artibeus jamaicensis KC783007 KC782954 KC783060 FN641674 KC783174 KC783215 KC783125 AF061340 AF061340 GQ861667 Artibeus lituratus KC783008 KC782955 KC783061 DQ985530 — KC783216 KC783126 — EF080083 AY684740 Artibeus obscurus — KC782956 KC783062 — KC783217 KC783127 AY395805 EF080106 AY684768 Artibeus phaeotis KF569415 KF569464 KF569313 KF569340 KF569442 KF569386 U26294, FJ179217* JF498943 AY157584 U26287, FJ179189* JF459102 AY642920 Species atp7a bdnf plcb4 rag2 stat5a Ametrida centurio KF569409 — KF569308 KF569338 — Anoura caudifer KC783005 KC782952 KC783058 KC783112 KF569360 Anoura geoffroyi AY834495 AY834519 AY835951 AF316431 Ardops nichollsi — — — Ariteus flavescens KF569410 — Artibeus anderseni KF569411 Artibeus cinereus — Artibeus planirostris KF569365 — thy — Artibeus watsoni KF569416 KF569465 KF569312 KF569341 KF569364 KF569441 KF569385 FJ179205 JF459377 U66516 Brachyphylla cavernarum KC783010 KC782957 KC783063 AF316436 KC783175 — KC783128 AY395806 — AY620467 Carollia brevicauda KC783011 KC782958 KC783064 KC783113 KC783176 — KC783129 — JF453684 AF511951 Carollia castanea KF569417 KF569466 KF569314 KF569342 KF569366 KF569450 KF569388 — JF447989 AF512006 Carollia perspicillata KC783012 KC782959 KC783065 KC783114 KC783177 KC783218 KC783130 AY395836 EF080211 FJ589715 KF569343 — — HQ625004 AF511973 — Carollia sowelli KF569467 KF569315 KF569344 — KF569389 AF263227 JF446490 AY604444 Chiroderma trinitatum — KF569316 KF569345 — KF569390 AY395807 JF447628 L28942 Chiroderma villosum — AF316439 — EU371975 — JF454581 L28943 Choeroniscus godmani — KF569317 AF316440 — KF569459 KF569391 — EU096698 KC782960 KC783066 — KC783219 KC783131 AY395809 EF080294 — AY395808 — Centurio senex Choeroniscus minor KF569418 KC783013 — Choeronycteris mexicana AF316441 — KC783055 Chrotopterus auritus KC783014 KC782961 KC783067 AF316442 KC783178 KC783220 KC783132 AF411538 EF080303 KC783057 Desmodus rotundus KC783015 KC782962 KC783068 AF316444 KC783179 KC783221 KC783133 AF263228 JF435307 FJ847517 Diaemus youngi KF569419 KF569468 KF569318 AF316445 — KF569392 AF411534 EF080328 FJ155475 KC782963 KC783069 KC783115 KC783180 — KC783134 AF411533 HQ624998 DQ077399 Diphylla ecaudata Ectophylla alba KF569420 KF569469 — KF569346 KF569367 KF569445 KF569393 AY395811 JF446595 DQ312404 Enchisthenes hartii KC783016 KC782964 KC783070 AF316449 — KC783222 — AY395838 EU161064 U66517 Erophylla sezekorni KC783017 KC782965 KC783071 AF316450 KC783181 KC783223 KC783135 AY395839 — GU937254 Supplementary Tables and Figures 2 Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M Glossophaga commissarisi KF569421 KF569470 KF569320 KF569347 KF569368 KF569456 KF569395 — JF447410 AF382886 Glossophaga longirostris KF569422 KF569471 KF569319 KF569348 KF569369 — KF569394 — JF459162 AF382875 Glossophaga soricina KC783018 KF569472 KC783072 AF316452 KC783182 AJ865666 KC783136 AY395840 EF080360 AF423081 Hylonycteris underwoodi KF569423 — FN643259 AF316453 — KF569396 AY395813 JF447414 Lampronycteris brachyotis KC783020 KC782967 KC783074 AF316463 KC783184 KC783225 KC783138 AF411536 EF080370 AY380748 — FN643260 AF316454 KF569370 — AY395814 — AF382889 KF569473 KF569321 — KF569371 KF569453 JF448854 AF423092 — KF569322 — — AF423094 JF447415 AF423091 Leptonycteris curasoae Lonchophylla chocoana KF569424 Lonchophylla handleyi — — AY395816 Lonchophylla robusta KF569425 KF569474 FN643261 FN641677 KF569372 KF569454 — Lonchophylla thomasi KC783021 KC782969 KC783076 AF316456 KC783186 KC783227 KC783140 AY395842 EF080377 AF423086 Lophostoma brasiliense KC783023 KC782972 KC783079 AF316489 KC783187 KC783229 KC783143 AF411544 HQ545592 FJ155486 Lophostoma carrikeri KC783024 KC782973 KC783080 KC783118 KC783188 KC783230 KC783144 AF411528 EF080429 JF923843 Lophostoma silvicolaFG KC783026 KC782975 KF569323 AF442083 — KC783232 KF569397 AF263230 HQ919730 FJ155492 — KF471662 AF316459 KF471663 — KC782977 KC783083 KC783119 KC783191 KC783234 KC783148 AF263229 — AY380745 — KF569324 KF569349 — EU371977 KF569398 AY395818 EF080443 AY157042 JF446611 DQ312415 Macrotus californicus Macrotus waterhousii KC783028 Mesophylla macconnelli — AY380744 Metavampyressa nymphaea KF569436 KF569482 KF569336 KF569357 KF569378 EU371983 — Micronycteris hirsuta KC783029 KC782978 KC783084 AF316465 KC783192 KC783235 KC783149 AY395819 EF080447 AY380769 Micronycteris megalotis KC783031 KC782980 KC783086 AF316467 KC783193 — KC783151 AY395821 EU096780 DQ077426 Micronycteris microtis KC783032 KC782981 KC783087 — KC783194 KC783237 KC783152 AY395822 HQ625008 AY380756 Micronycteris minuta KC783033 KC782982 KC783088 AF316468 KC783195 — AY395823 JF448082 AY380752 Mimon crenulatum KC783035 KF569475 KC783091 AF316472 EU652033 KF569458 KC783155 AF411543 EU096781 FJ155478 Monophyllus redmani KC783036 KC782985 KC783092 AF316473 KC783198 KF569457 KC783156 AY395824 — AF382888 Mormoops blainvillei KC783037 KC782986 KC783093 AY028169 KC783199 KC783239 KC783157 AF407172 — AF338686 Phylloderma stenops KF569426 KC782987 KC783096 AF316480 — KC783241 KF569399 AF411542 EU096830 FJ155480 Phyllonycteris poeyi KC783040 KC782988 KC783097 KC783121 KC783202 KC783242 KC783160 — Phyllostomus discolor KF569427 KF569476 KF569325 — KF569373 — KF569400 — EF080546 Phyllostomus elongatus KC783041 — KC783098 — KC783203 — KC783161 — EF080551 KC783056 Phyllostomus hastatus KC783042 — KC783099 AF316479 EU652033 KC783243 KC783162 AF411541 EF080556 FJ155479 — Platalina genovensium — — GU937240 — AF423101 Platyrrhinus brachycephalus KF569428 KF569477 KF569327 FJ154330 — KF569446 KF569402 AY395825 EF080577 FJ154132 Platyrrhinus helleri KC783043 KC782991 KC783100 AF316481 KC783204 KC783244 KC783163 — EF080579 FJ154140 — KF569326 KF569350 — KF569401 — JF444938 FJ154148 HQ545676 DQ903826 Platyrrhinus infuscus Platyrrhinus lineatus KF569429 KF569478 KF569328 DQ903840 — KF569447 — Pygoderma bilabiatum KC783046 KC782994 KC783103 AF316483 — KC783247 KC783166 AY395826 — AY604438 — KF569329 KF569351 — KF569455 KF569403 — JF449073 AF187032 KC783167 AY395827 EF080598 AF187031 AY395828 — AY604451 Rhinophylla fischerae Rhinophylla pumilio KC783047 KC782995 KC783104 AF316484 KC783207 EU371960 Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum KF569430 KF569479 KF569330 KF569352 KF569374 — Supplementary Tables and Figures 3 Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M Stenoderma rufum — AF316487 Sturnira bidens — — Sturnira bogotensis KF569431 — KF569333 — Sturnira erythromos KF569353 — EU371963 — — KF569376 — KF569451 KF569406 — — — AY604432 — JN659567 AF435201 — AF435248 — JN659568 DQ312399 — EF080684 DQ312398 JF446552 AF435236 Sturnira lilium KC783048 KC782996 KC783105 AF316488 KC783208 Sturnira ludovici KF569432 — KF569334 KF569354 — — Sturnira magna KF569433 — KF569332 KC754281 — KF569405 AY395845 JF448135 AF435180 Sturnira tildae KF569434 KF569480 KF569331 DQ903847 KF569375 KF569452 KF569404 — EF080704 DQ903816 Tonatia saurophila KC783049 KC782998 KC783107 AF442086 KC783210 KC783250 KC783169 AF411530 EF080734 FJ155488 Trachops cirrhosus KC783050 KC782999 FN643273 KF569355 AJ865422 KC783251 — AF411539 EF080747 FJ155483 Uroderma bilobatum KC783052 KC783001 KC783109 AF316491 — EU371973 KC783171 AY395831 EF080788 AY169955 Uroderma magnirostrum KF569435 KF569481 KF569335 KF569356 KF569377 KF569449 KF569407 — JF456032 DQ312405 Vampyressa thyone KF569437 KF569483 KF569337 KF569358 KF569379 KF569448 KF569408 — JF449316 DQ312429 Vampyrodes caraccioli KC783053 KC783002 KC783110 AF316494 KC783212 EU371991 — AY395846 EF080804 AY157034 Vampyrum spectrum KC783054 KC783003 KC783111 AF316495 KC783213 KC783253 — AF411537 EF080809 FJ155482 Supplementary Tables and Figures KC783248 AY395829 4 Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M Supplementary Table S4. Best partitioning scheme and optimal models of sequence evolution as determined using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Models of sequence evolution selected from least complex to more complex: K80 = Kimura (1980); HKY = HasegawaKishino-Yano (1985); TrN – Tamura-Nei (1993); SYM = symmetrical (Zharkikh 1994); and GTR = general time reversible (Tavaré 1986). Pos. = codon position. Optimal model of evolution Gene partitions K80 + gamma atp7a pos. 1 & 2, rag2 pos. 1 GTR + gamma atp7a pos. 3, rag2 pos. 3, thy HKY + invariant bdnf pos. 1, ttn6 pos. 1 K80 + invariant bdnf pos. 2, rag2 pos. 2, ttn6 pos. 2 K80 + gamma bdnf pos. 3, plcb4, ttn6 pos. 3 GTR + gamma stat5a HKY cox1 pos. 1 TrN + gamma cox1 pos. 2 TrN + gamma cox1 pos. 3 TrN + gamma cytb pos. 1 K80 + gamma cytb pos. 2 GTR + gamma cytb pos. 3 HKY + gamma Mtr Supplementary Table S5. Akaike information criterion (AIC) for models of evolution of diet with different categorizations corresponding to two, three, or four diet categories (as applied in subsequent Orsntein-Uhlenbeck models), and estimated rates of change for the best-fit model of equal rates. Diet categorizations: 2a, nectarivorous and others; 2b, frugivorous (figs) and others; 3, nectarivorous, frugivorous (figs), and others; and 4, nectarivorous, frugivorous (figs), strictly frugivorous (figs), and others. Diet 2a 2b 3 4 AIC Unequal rates 31.14 17.54 50.05 71.85 AIC Symmetrical rates — — 44.96 60.91 Supplementary Tables and Figures AIC Equal rates 29.41 16.19 44.55 57.53 Rates (10-3 change x My-1) 3.27 1.07 2.19 1.81 5 Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M Supplementary Figure S1. The distribution of phyllostomid species based on a morphospace defined by (A) palate length and palate width normalized by cranium width, and (B) pseudopalate length and palate width normalized by cranium width. squares = Short-faced bats, circles = nectarivores ; triangles = frugivores, crosses = generalists. The distribution of species within the two morphospaces is very similar. Supplementary Tables and Figures 6 Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M Supplementary Figure S2. Visual comparison of the shapes of the STL (light blue) and engineering (dark blue) models for the base model Carollia perspcillata (A) and the morphed models for Glossophaga soricina (B), and Centurio senex (C). Supplementary Figure S3. Relationship between the physiological cross-sectional area (pcsa) of the temporalis muscle against the surface area of the skull (mm2). Grey area represents the 95% confidence interval of the modeled relationship. Supplementary Tables and Figures 7 Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M Supplementary Figure S4. Relationship between the pcsa of the masseter muscle against the pcsa of temporalis. Grey area represents the 95% confidence interval of the modeled relationship. Supplementary Figure S5. Relationship between the combined pcsa of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles against the pcsa of temporalis. Grey area represents the 95% confidence interval of the modeled relationship. Supplementary Tables and Figures 8 Selection for mechanical advantage underlies multiple cranial optima in New world leaf-nosed bats, Dumont, Elizabeth, Samadevam, Krishna, Grosse, Ian R, Warsi, Omar M, Baird, Brandon, Davalos, Liliana M References Hasegawa, M., H. Kishino, and T. Yano. 1985. Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Evol 22:160-174. Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16:111-120. Tamura, K. and M. Nei. 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 10:512-526. Tavaré, S. 1986. Some probabilistic and statistical problems on the analysis of DNA sequences. Lect Math Life Sci 17:57-86. Zharkikh, A. 1994. Estimation of evolutionary distances between nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 39:315-329. Supplementary Tables and Figures 9
