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Appendix
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Table S1. GLMM comparing changes in adult density between observed seed movements and
simulated movements with random directions and observed distances. Considering each
movement step individually, seeds were moved to areas with disproportionally lower
Astrocaryum tree densities (predicted= 0.515 trees <25 m, ±0.928 SD, observed= 0.453±0.829
SD).
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Variable
Seed ID
Observed vs.
random
Initial seed density
Random
DF
224
F
75.09
P
<0.001
Fixed
1
25.11
<0.001
Fixed
1
18273.80
<0.001
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After all secondary dispersal was finished, final Astrocaryum densities were significantly
lower than predicted using simulated random directions and observed total Euclidian dispersal
distances (predicted = 4.02±4.22 SD, observed= 2.85±3.21, F1,22623= 17.12, P <0.001).
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Results using 10 m buffers to calculate density
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Table S2. Simulated seeds moving in random distances and directions were compared to
observed seed movements using a GLMM. Considering each movement step individually,
seeds were moved to areas with disproportionally lower Astrocaryum tree densities
(predicted= 3.19 trees <10 m, ±3.64 SD, observed= 2.93±3.45 SD).
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Variable
Seed ID
Observed vs.
random
Initial seed density
Random
DF
224
F
56.3789
P
<0.001
Fixed
1
7.8473
0.005
Fixed
1
366.3717
<0.001
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The final seed locations had 42% lower Astrocaryum densities than their initial placement
locations (mean density at initial locations= 0.71±0.82 SD, range= 0-2, final locations=
0.41±0.75 SD, range 0-4; Paired T test: t =-4.91, df = 223, P <0.001).
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Results using 50 m buffers to calculate density
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Table S3. Simulated seeds moving in random distances and directions were compared to
observed seed movements using a GLMM. Considering each movement step individually,
seeds were moved to areas with disproportionally lower Astrocaryum tree densities
(predicted= 13.15 trees <50 m, ±11.01 SD, observed= 12.46±10.66 SD).
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1
Variable
Seed ID
Observed vs.
random
Initial seed density
Random
DF
224
F
28.489
P
<0.001
Fixed
1
31.279
<0.001
Fixed
1
1110.158
<0.001
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The final seed locations had 25% lower Astrocaryum densities than their initial placement
locations (mean density at initial locations= 16.79±10.72 SD, range= 1-49, final locations=
12.63±9.99 SD, range 0-53; Paired T test: t =-8.11, df = 223, P <0.001).
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