Supplementary material to “Spatial-temporal variations of evapotranspiration and
runoff/precipitation ratios responding to the changing climate in the Pacific Northwest during 19212006”
Mingliang Liu1*, Jennifer C. Adam1, and Alan F. Hamlet2
1: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164,
USA. (*email: mingliang.liu@wsu.edu)
2: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195,
USA.
(a) Temperature
(b) Daily T range
(d) Snowfall
(c) Rainfall
0
>1
0
00
0
-1
-8
80
-5
0
50
-2
5
25
10
.5
-2
-0
-1
2.
5
0
5
-2
.
2.
5
10
--
--
-1
0
--
25
-2
5
--
50
-5
0
-8
0
00
-80
<1
0
-1
0
0
(f) Warm season
Precipitation
(e) Cool season
Precipitation
Figure S1 Trends of annual mean temperature (T) (a), daily T range (b), annual total rainfall (c), annual
snowfall (d), total precipitation in cool season (Oct.-Mar.) (e), and total precipitation in warm season (Apr.Sep.) (f) during 1921-2006 (unit for temperature is Celsius degree per 86 years; units for rainfall, snowfall,
and precipitation is percentage). The trends of rainfall, snowfall, and seasonal precipitation are calculated
as total change (i.e. linear slope multiplied by 85 yrs) divided by their average during 1961-1990.
2
1.8
a: Surface runoff (mm day-1)
1.6
1.6
1.2
1
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0
f m a m j
j
a s
1.5
200
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
o n d j
0.3
e: SWE (mm)
2
1.5
0
o n d j
d: ET (mm day-1)
2
0.2
0.2
3
2.5
2.5
0.4
0.4
c: Total runoff (mm day-1)
3
1.2
1.4
250
3.5
b: Base flow (mm day-1)
1.4
f M a m j
j
a s
0.3
f: SM upper layer
0
o n d j
f M a m j
j
a s
g: SM intermediate layer
o N d j
0.3
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.05
F M A M J
J A S
h: SM lower layer
150
100
50
0
0
o n d j
0.3
f m a m j
j
a s
20
i: SM total column
0
o n d j
f M A M j
J a s
6
j: Tavg (°C)
0
o n d j
f M A M j
J A s
k: Precipitation (mm day-1)
o n d j
3
0.25
15
5
2.5
0.2
10
4
2
0.15
5
3
1.5
0.1
0
2
1
0.05
-5
1
0.5
0
-10
o n d j
f M A m j
J A s
0
o n d J F M a m j
j A S
f m A m j
J A s
l: Snowfall (mm H2O day-1)
0
o n d j
f m A M j
J a s
o n d j
f m a m j
J a S
Figure S2 Means and trends in monthly water fluxes, volumetric soil moisture content (SM), and air
temperature during 1921-2006 in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). X-axis: months from October to
September. The capital latter for each month means the trend is statistically significant with p-value < 0.05;
the shaded area is the range of 95% confidence of trends being added on the monthly average during 19211950; the line shows the mean monthly value during 1921-1950.
(a)
(b)
Figure S3. Seasonal water-limited (seasonal PET>P) and energy-limited zones (seasonal PET<P) in the
Pacific Northwest in terms of ET. The zone map is generated with multi-year seasonal mean over the
period of 1961-1990. (a) warm season (Oct. – Mar.); (b) cool season (Apr. – Sep.).