Name: ____________________________________
Cichewicz
Period: ____________________________________
Date: ______________________________________
CHEMISTRY I: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
(1) - Most of the Universe consists of matter and energy. Energy is the capacity to do work.
Matter has mass and occupies space. All matter is composed of basic elements that
cannot be broken down to substances with different chemical or physical
properties. Elements are substances consisting of one type of atom, for example Carbon
atoms make up diamond, and also graphite. Pure (24K) gold is composed of only one
type of atom, gold atoms. Atoms are the smallest particle into which an element can be
divided. The ancient Greek philosophers developed the concept of the atom, although
they considered it the fundamental particle that could not be broken down. Since the
work of Enrico Fermi and his colleagues, we now know that the atom is divisible, often
releasing tremendous energies as in nuclear explosions or (in a controlled fashion in)
thermonuclear power plants.
(2) - Subatomic particles were discovered during the 1800s. For our purposes we will
concentrate only on three of them, summarized in Table 1. The proton is located in the
center (or nucleus) of an atom, each atom has at least one proton. Protons have a charge
of +1, and a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu). Elements differ from each
other in the number of protons they have, e.g. Hydrogen has 1 proton; Helium has 2.
(3) - The neutron also is located in the atomic nucleus (except in Hydrogen). The neutron has
no charge, and a mass of slightly over 1 amu. Some scientists propose the neutron is
made up of a proton and electron-like particle.
(4) - The electron is a very small particle located outside the nucleus. Because they move at
speeds near the speed of light the precise location of electrons is hard to pin down.
Electrons occupy orbitals, or areas where they have a high statistical probability of
occurring. The charge on an electron is -1. Its mass is negligible (approximately 1800
electrons are needed to equal the mass of one proton
Part A
1 – In Paragraph #2, what is a synonym for the word SUBATOMIC?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Gigantic
Small
Explosive
Electrical
Part B
2 – From the article, which sentence describes the Neutron?
A. The charge is -1.
B. Located in the center or nucleus of an atom with a chart of +1
C. Substances consisting of one type of atom, for example Carbon atoms make up diamond,
and also graphite
D. Located in the atomic nucleus and has no charge
Organization of the Animal Body
(1) - Animals are multicellular heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. At some
point during their lives, all animals are capable of movement, although not all
animals have muscles they use for this. In the most commonly encountered
animals, the mobile stage is the adult, although some animals (such as corals
and sponges) have sessile (or nonmobile) adult phases and mobile juvenile
forms. Both animal and plant evolutionary history show the development of
multicellularity and the move from water to land (as well as a secondary
adaptation back to water, for example dolphins, whales, duckweed, and
elodea).
(2) - Animals developed external or internal skeletons to provide support, skin to
prevent or lessen water loss, muscles that allowed them to move in search of
food, brains and nervous systems for integration of stimuli, and
internal digestive systems
Part A
3 – In the animal body, what is the function of the skin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Encourage cellular respiration
Develop the cell wall
Construction of the skeleton
Lessen water loss
Part B
4 – According to the article, what is the function of muscles?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Prevent water loss
Create multicellularity of a complex organism
Integration of stimuli
Movement to search for food
Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
(1) - Potential energy, as the name implies, is energy that has not yet been used,
thus the term potential. Kinetic energy is energy in use (or motion). A tank of
gasoline has a certain potential energy that is converted into kinetic energy by
the engine. When the potential is used up, you're outta gas! Batteries, when
new or recharged, have a certain potential. When placed into a tape recorder
and played at loud volume (the only settings for such things), the potential in
the batteries is transformed into kinetic energy to drive the speakers. When the
potential energy is all used up, the batteries are dead. In the case of
rechargeable batteries, their potential is re-elevated or restored.
Part A
5 – Which of the following sentences best describes Potential Energy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Energy in use
Rechargeable energy
Restored energy
Energy not yet used
Part B
6 – What is the BEST example used by the article to demonstrate the change from
potential to kinetic energy?
A. Potential is re-elevated or restored.
B. When the potential is used up, you're outta gas!
C. The potential in the batteries is transformed into kinetic energy to drive the
speakers
D. Potential energy, as the name implies, is energy that has not yet been used, thus
the term potential. Kinetic energy is energy in use (or motion).
The Heart
(1) - The heart is a muscular structure that contracts in a rhythmic pattern to pump
blood. Hearts have a variety of forms: chambered hearts in mollusks and
vertebrates, tubular hearts of arthropods, and aortic arches of annelids.
Accessory hearts are used by insects to boost or supplement the main heart's
actions. Fish, reptiles, and amphibians have lymph hearts that help
pump lymph back into veins.
(2) - The basic vertebrate heart, such as occurs in fish, has two chambers.
An auricle is the chamber of the heart where blood is received from the body. A
ventricle pumps the blood it gets through a valve from the auricle out to the
gills through an artery.
(3) - Amphibians have a three-chambered heart: two atria emptying into a single
common ventricle. Some species have a partial separation of the ventricle to
reduce the mixing of oxygenated (coming back from the lungs) and
deoxygenated blood (coming in from the body). Two sided or two chambered
hearts permit pumping at higher pressures and the addition of the pulmonary
loop permits blood to go to the lungs at lower pressure yet still go to the
systemic loop at higher pressures.
Part A
7 – According to the article, which of the following animals has a lymph heart?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Humans
Oxen
Eagles
Alligators
Part B
8 – In Paragraph #3, the word DEOXYGENATED most likely means
A. Lacking heart chambers
B. Lacking oxygen
C. Lacking lymph
D. Lacking ventricles