BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Unit 3 ~ Learning Guide
Name:________________
INSTRUCTIONS
Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons.
You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do
your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you
write the unit test.
U3L1 NOTES: INTRODUCTION (web notes and video)
The study of cells had its birth with the invention of the
___________________ became a product of the 19th century.
As biologists became increasingly familiar with the detailed
features of organism they were able to make certain
generalizations about cells.
In the late 1830's two German biologists, _________________
(botanist) and ______________________, (a zoologists) made
similar claims. They realized that all organisms they were
studying were composed of cells. Their discoveries are now
generalized as:
"The cell is the building block of all organisms."
A few years later, ____________________________ added the observation that "cells
come from pre-existing cells." These two statements comprise what is now known as
the __________________________________.
Prokaryotic Cells - Primitive (simple) cells.
Do not contain a nucleus or many cell organelles, other than ribosomes, because
prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes. The only known Kingdom to consist of
prokaryotic cells are the Monera.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Basic Structures of a Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cells - Complex cells
-
______________________________________________________________
-
______________________________________________________________
-
______________________________________________________________
-
Examples of Eukaryotic
Protists, Fungi.
cells include Plants,
Animals,
Prokaryotic cells are considered to be less efficient than Eukaryotic cells because the
chemical reactions occur all over the cytoplasm rather than in areas of specialization.
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Animal Cells versus Plant Cells (Eukaryotic Cells)
Key Structures of the Animal Cell
Key Structures of the Plant Cell
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE PROKAYOTIC VERSUS EUAYOTIC CELLS
VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
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U3L1 PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION
1. What invention was necessary to enable humans to initially study cells? (1 mark)
2. What are the two key principles of the cell theory? (2 marks)
3. Prokaryotic cells differ from Eukaryotic cells:
a. What is the major structural difference? (1 mark)
b. This structural difference leads to a functional difference, what is the major
functional difference? (1 mark)
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4. Please compare and contrast the structures/organelles of animal and plant cells
in the Venn diagram provided below. (6 marks)
ANIMAL ONLY
PLANT ONLY
BOTH
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U3L2 NOTES: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (web notes
and video)
Overview of Animal Cell Structure/Function
Please be sure to study this diagram in detail!
Organelles
Nucleus
-
Largest Organelle
Surrounded by a double-layered membrane
(_______________________).
Membrane has pores through which larger
molecules pass (_____________________)
_______________________________________
______________________ (the brain).
Contains a fluid called the nucleoplasm.
Contains chromatin (______ strands which forms
chromosomes during cell division).
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Nucleolus
- Dark region in the Nucleoplasm.
- One or more found in the nucleus.
- Site where ribosomal RNA (____________) is produced or stored.
- Involved in interactions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Chromatin
- The _____________________________________ of the
cell.
- Condenses to form _______________________ during cell
division.
- Composed of ______________________________________
Chromosomes
- Rod - shaped bodies in the nucleus, particularly during cell
division.
- Contains the ___________________________ (genes)
- Condensed chromatin
Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. A typical human
cell has 46 chromosomes, but sex cells (eggs and sperm) have only 23 chromosomes.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE STRUCTURES OF THE NUCLEUS
VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Cytoplasm
- A colloidal substance, which can change from the
gel (solid) to the sol (liquid) state with the addition of
heat or change in metabolic activity.
- Contains and supports _______________________
_________________________________________
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane
- Composed of __________________
_________________________ (fats
with Phosphorous).
- Acts as a ___________ around the
cells contents.
- Acts as a _________________
______________________________
to allow movement of materials in
and out of the cell.
- Located around the outside of the
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
-
cell.
Single membrane around the vacuoles, lysosomes, E.R., Golgi Apparatus.
Double membrane around __________________________________________
_________________________________.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- System of interconnected flattened
tubes, sacs, or canals.
- Begins at the _________________
_____________________________
___________ to the cell membrane.
- _____________________________
from one area to another.
- Location of lipid manufacture. Cells
that produce steroid hormones have
abundant smooth ER.
- Sections of both types of ER can
break free "blebbing" to produce
small membrane bound sacs of
either proteins or lipids called
_____________________________.
- Contains enzymes that synthesize
lipids and related products such as
steroids.
- Also seems to have _____________
_____________________________
_____________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
.
Frequent exposure to drugs and toxins leads to the proliferation of smooth ER,
increasing tolerance to the target and other drugs.
- Amount of smooth ER in a cell increases or decreases depending on the cell's
_________________.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Like Smooth ER, but with attached
_________________________.
- Abundant in cells that produce large
amounts of ____________________ for
export from the cell.
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Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus
- Stack of a half dozen or more flattened
sacs.
- On one side receives ______________
_______________________________
_______________________________
- Sorts the proteins and packages them
in vesicles at the other side.
- From here the vesicles _____________
_______________________________
_______________________________
- Many transport vesicles from the ER
travel to the ______________________
for modification of their contents.
- The Golgi is a center of ____________
_______________________________
_______________________________
- The Golgi apparatus is especially
extensive in cells specialized for
secretion.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM VIDEO AND
THE GOLGI APPARATUS VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Vacuoles
- ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Vesicles
- Small vacuoles
- Storage
site
for
________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
- Can be made by the ____________________________
- _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Lysosomes
- Special vacuoles formed by the
________________________
(double membrane)
- Contains powerful ______________
__________________ used to digest
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
substances entering the cell or organelles that are of no further use
(autodigestion).
Several inherited diseases affect lysosomal metabolism.
- These individuals lack a functioning version of a normal hydrolytic enzyme.
- These diseases include Pompe's disease in the liver and Tay-Sachs disease in
the brain.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE VACUOLE VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Ribosomes
- Contain ____________________________________________ subunits.
- Function as sites for ____________________________________.
- Found on E.R. (proteins for export) or in the cytoplasm (proteins for use in the
cell).
- Several ribosomes together in a line, all producing the same protein is called a
__________________________________.
- Cell types that synthesize large quantities of proteins (e.g., pancreas) have large
numbers of ribosomes and prominent nuclei.
- This endomembrane system plays a key role in the synthesis (and hydrolysis) of
macromolecules in the cell.
Mitochondria
- Burn glucose to produce _________________
_____________________________________.
- Use up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
(__________________________________________
______________________________)
- Equation for cellular respiration:
C6H12O + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
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-
-
Composed of two membranes.
Considered the __________________________ of the cell.
Their inner membranes loop back and forth through the inner fluid, matrix, of the
mitochondria increasing its surface area and producing shelf-like structures
called ____________________.
This inner membrane is the __________________________________________
________________________________________.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE MITOCHONDRIA VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Cytoskeleton
- Provides internal structure to maintain the
cell's __________________, anchor the
organelles, and allow them to move when
appropriate.
- Composed of ______________________
__________________________________
Cilia
-
-
Short, numerous, hair-like projections that
are used for ______________________
__________________________________
Membrane-bound
collections
of
microtubules
Flagella
- Like cilia but can be much longer.
- __________________________________
_________________________________________________________ (sperm).
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U3L2 PRACTICE: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. Please state the main functions of each of the following organelles (6 marks):
a. nucleus
b. cell membrane
c. mitochondria
d. endoplasmic reticulum
e. ribosomes
f. Golgi bodies
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2. Using a pencil, do a line drawing of an animal cell. Indicate and label as many
organelles as possible. (5 marks)
3. The nucleolus is an important structure in the cell:
a. Where is it located? (1 mark)
b. What molecule does it produce? (1 mark)
c. What is the function of this molecule? (1 mark)
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4. Vacuoles are important organelles in the cell:
a. Where are they located? (1 mark)
b. What are their functions? (2 marks)
c. How are they different from vesicles? (2 marks)
5. Hydrolytic enzymes are very important to cellular function:
a. What organelle are they predominantly found in? (1 mark)
b. What are some of the key functions of this organelle? (2 marks)
6. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the smooth ER and the
rough ER. (4 marks)
7. Why do cells of the testes, liver and adrenal glands have extensive amounts of
smooth ER? (1 mark)
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8. Thinking of the various organelles and their associated functions, list 5 activities
that all animal cells must perform to stay alive. (5 marks)
U3L3 NOTES: CELL STRUCTURAL INTERDEPENDANCE (web
notes)
A cell is a living unit greater than the sum of
its parts.
While the cell has many structures that have
specific functions, they must work together.
- The enzymes of the lysosomes and
proteins of the cytoskeleton are
synthesized at the ribosomes.
- The information for these proteins
comes from genetic messages sent by
DNA in the nucleus.
- All of these processes require energy in
the form of ATP, most of which is
supplied by the mitochondria.
Summary
Sections of both types of ___________ can break free (blebbing) to produce small
membrane bound sacs of either ______________________________ bound in
structures called vesicles. The vesicles move through the cytoplasm and join into
another membranous structure called the Golgi apparatus. At first glance the
__________________________________ is similar looking to smooth E.R. The Golgi
apparatus _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________. Either way,
new vesicles bleb off. Those destined for ____________________________________
__________________________ and ______________________ occurs. Those
destined for __________________________________ become known as Lysosomes
and contain __________________________________________ used for hydrolysis of
molecules in a cell. Lysosomes _______________________________________
___________________________________.
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U3L3 PRACTICE: CELL STRUCTURAL INTERDEPENDENCE
1. Please explain how the following organelles assist each other by working
together (6 marks):
a. ribosomes and Golgi bodies
b. lysosomes and vesicles
c. nucleolus and ribosomes
d. endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
e. cell membrane and cytoskeleton
f. mitochondria and all other organelles
~ END OF BIOLOGY 12 UNIT 3 LEARNING GUIDE ~
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
UNIT 3 ANSWER KEY
1. What invention was necessary to enable humans to initially study cells? (1 mark)
= microscope
2. What are the two key principles of the cell theory? (2 marks)
= the cell is the "building block" of all organisms (the basic unit of life, all life forms
consist of one or more cells)
= all cells come from pre-existing cells (on today's Earth, must of originated/evolved
from elsewhere originally)
3. Prokaryotic cells differ from Eukaryotic cells:
a. What is the major structural difference? (1 mark)
= prokaryote cells lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
that are found in eukaryotic cells
b. This structural difference leads to a functional difference, what is the major functional
difference? (1 mark)
= prokaryotic cells are generally considered less efficient as their cellular
reactions occur throughout the cytosol as opposed to eukaryotic cells which
are generally considered more efficient as their reactions occur within
particular membrane-bound organelles where the necessary reactants and
enzymes can be co-localized and concentrated to better promote the
reactions
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4. Please compare and contrast the structures/organelles of animal and plant cells in the Venn
diagram provided below. (6 marks)
ANIMAL ONLY
PLANT ONLY
BOTH
Smaller Vacuoles
(store nutrients, waste,
and water)
nucleus
rough ER
smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Peroxisones
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
cytosol/cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
cell membrane
centrioles
Larger Vacuoles
(stores nutrients, waste,
water, toxins and pigments)
chloroplasts
cell wall
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U3L2 PRACTICE: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. Please state the main functions of each of the following organelles (6 marks):
a. nucleus = stores, transmits and applies genetic information
b. cell membrane = controls what enters and exits cell, defines boundaries of cell from
external environment
c. mitochondria = converts glucose to ATP which can be used as an energy source to
directly drive energy-dependent cellular reactions
d. endoplasmic reticulum = rough ER is studded with ribosomes and makes, processes
and transports proteins destined for particular organelles, the cell membrane
and/or secretion, smooth ER produces lipids such as phospholipids for the cell
membrane and steroids for cell signaling as well as detoxifying substances such as
drugs and alcohol
e. ribosomes = "protein factories", have a key role in translation where they catalyze
the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
f.
Golgi bodies = further process, sort and package proteins destined for particular
organelles, the cell membrane and/or secretion
2. Using a pencil, do a line drawing of an animal cell. Indicate and label as many organelles as
possible. (5 marks)
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3. The nucleolus is an important structure in the cell:
a. Where is it located? (1 mark)
= appears as a darker region within the nucleus
b. What molecule does it produce? (1 mark)
= ribosomes
c. What is the function of this molecule? (1 mark)
= to go to cytosol where it help produce proteins
4. Vacuoles are important organelles in the cell:
a. Where are they located? (1 mark)
= within the cytosol
b. What are their functions? (2 marks)
= storage of nutrients, water and waste
c. How are they different from vesicles? (2 marks)
= larger, differnet function as vesicles job is to transport proteins and lipids
within, into and out of the cell
5. Hydrolytic enzymes are very important to cellular function:
a. What organelle are they predominantly found in? (1 mark)
= lysosomes
b. What are some of the key functions of this organelle? (2 marks)
= fuse with vacuoles containing food, damaged organelles or pathogens such
that the contents can be digested by hydrolysis
6. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the smooth ER and the rough ER. (4 marks)
= smooth ER is not associated with ribosomes and produces lipids such as
phospholipids which help form cell membranes and steroids which are used as
chemical messengers throughout the body
= rough ER has ribosomes attached and produces, modifies and transports proteins
destined for particular organelles, the cell membrane and/or secretion
7. Why do cells of the testes, liver and adrenal glands have extensive amounts of smooth ER? (1
mark)
= testes produce the steroid hormone, testosterone
= liver functions to detoxify drugs and alcohol found in the blood
= adrenal gland produces a variety of steroid hormones such as aldosterone and
cortisol
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8. Thinking of the various organelles and their associated functions, list 5 activities that all animal
cells must perform to stay alive. (5 marks)
Answers may vary but may include the following:
= all cells must be able to store, transmit and apply genetic information to stay alive
(via nucleus; note that red blood cells lack a nucleus and these functions and as such
only live for 120 days and must be formed from a different cell type called the
myeloid progenitor cell)
= convert glucose to ATP to provide energy to srive energy-dependent cellular
reactions (via mitochondria)
= produce proteins (via ribosomes)
= process, package and sort proteins destined for particular organelles, the cell
membrane and/or secretion (via Golgi apparatus)
= transport proteins and lipids within, into and out of the cell (via vesicles)
U3L3 PRACTICE: CELL STRUCTURAL INTERDEPENDENCE
1. Please explain how the following organelles assist each other by working together (6 marks):
a. ribosomes and Golgi bodies
= ribosomes produce proteins including those destined for particular
organelles, the cell membrane or secretion…the Golgi apparatus then
processes, sorts and packages these proteins so that they can be delivered
to their final destinations by vesicles
b. lysosomes and vesicles
= vesicle deliver enzymes such as hydrolases to the lysosome so that it can
function properly
= as well, endocytic vesicles bring particles into the cell and then fuse with
the lysosome so that these particles can be digested by the hydrolases
c. nucleolus and ribosomes
= nucleuolus produces ribosomes which are necessary to produce proteins
within the cell
d. endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
= some ribosomes are attached to the ER such that they can "inject"
proteins into the ER as they are being made so that the ER can further
process and transport the protein towards the Golgi apparatus and its final
destination of a particular organelle, the cell membrane and/or secretion
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e. cell membrane and cytoskeleton
= the cytoskeleton helps to support the cell membrane and allows the cell to
be dynamic in that the cytoskeleton can be remodeled/reshaped beneath the
cell membrane such that the cell itself is remodeled/reshaped such as is
necessary during endocytosis or cell movement
f.
mitochondria and all other organelles
= the mitochondria converts glucose to ATP which is necessary to perform
the energy-dependent cellular reactions that occur in all other organelles
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