(3)
FIRST SEMESTER
THEORY
Name of the paper
I
II
III
IV
Max. Marks
Th IAT Total
80
20 100
80
20 100
80
20 100
Cell Biology
Thallophyta
Taxonomy of Angiosperms
Plant Physiology and
metabolism
80
LABORATORY COURSE
I Lab-A paper- I & II
II Lab-B paper- III & IV
20
100
100
100
SECOND SEMESTER
THEORY
Name of the paper
Max. Marks
Th IAT Total
I
Cyto-genetics
80
20
100
II Bryophyta and Pteridophyta
80
20
100
III Gymnosperm
80
20
100
IV Plant Physiology Growth and
Development
80 20
100
LABORATORY COURSE
I Lab-A paper- I & II
100
II Lab-B paper- III & IV
100
(4)
THIRD SEMESTER
THEORY
Name of the paper
I
II
III
IV
Max. Marks
Th IAT Total
80
20 100
80
20 100
80
20 100
Plant Development
Ecology
Biotechnology Plant Tissue Culture
Spl.-Plant Pathology,
General
80
LABORATORY COURSE
I Lab-C paper- I & II
II Lab-D paper- III & IV
20
100
100
100
FOURTH SEMESTER
THEORY
Name of the paper
Max. Marks
Th IAT Total
80 20 100
80 20 100
I
Embryology
II Environmental Biology
III Genetic Engineering of Plants and
Microbes
80 20
100
IV Spl.-Plant Pathology, Diseases
80 20
100
LABORATORY COURSE
I Lab-C paper- I & II
100
II Lab-D paper- III & IV
100
(5)
M. Sc. Botany,FIRST SEMESTER
PAPER-I
CELL BIOLOGY
Cytology: Outline of the chemical and physiochemical organization
of the cell. Plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasmic organelles
(Chloroplast,
Mitochondria, Nucleus, Ribosome, Endoplasmic
reticulum ,Golgi Body, Peroxisomes, Lysosomes and micro –
organales) their structure and functions .Cell Division.
Genetics of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic Organelles: Mapping
the bacteriophage
genome, phage phenotypes,
genetic
recombination in phage, genetic transformation, conjugation and
transduction in Bacteria.
Chromosome: Morphology and fine structure of chromosome.
Structure and numerical changes in chromosomes.
Gene Structure and Expression: Genetic fine structure, cis-trans
test, fine structure analysis of eukaryotes, introns and their
significance, RNA splicing, regulation of gene expression in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(6)
M. Sc. Botany, FIRST SEMESTER
PAPER-II
THALLOPHYTA
Microbiology: General account, ultra structure, nutrition and
reproduction, biology and economic importance of Bacteria,
Cyanobacteria, Viruses and phyto-plasma.
Mycology: General characters and reproduction of fungi,
classification, nutrition and economic importance of fungi, Genral
account of following groups of fungi:- Mastigomycotina,
Zygomycotina,
Ascomycotina,
Basidiomycotina
and
Deuteromycotina.
Phycology : General characters, habitats, systematic study of range of
thallus structure, organization, reproduction, classification, economic
importance of algae. Phylogeny and interrelationship of following
groups of algae:- Cholorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta,
Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta.
(7)
M. Sc. BOTANY, FIRST SEMESTER
PAPER-III
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
The species concepts: Taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family
and other categories, principles used in assessing relationship,
delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank.
Salient features of the International code of botanical nomenclature.
Taxonomic evidence :
Morphology,
Anatomy, Palynology,
Embryology, Cytology, Phytochemistry,
Genome analysis and
nucleic acid hybridization, computer and GIS.
Taxonomic tools: Herbarium, Floras.
Dicotyledons:
Order- Ranales, Peritales, Malvales, Geraniales,
Rosales, Myrtales, Umbellales, Rubiales, Asterales, Gentiales,
Polymoniales, Lamiales, and Unisexuales.
Monocotyledons: Microspermae, Coronarieae, Calycineae and
Glumaceae.
Systems of angiosperm
classification: Phenetic verses
phylogenetic systems, cladistics in taxonomy, relative merits and
demerits of major systems of classification, relevance of taxonomy to
conservation.
(8)
M. Sc. Botany,FIRST SEMESTER
PAPER-IV
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM
Energy Flow: Principles of Thermodynamics, Free energy and chemical
potential, Redox reaction, structure and functions of ATP.
Fundamentals of enzymology: General aspects, allosteric mechanism,
regulatory and
active sites, isozymes, kinetics of enzymatic catalysis,
Michaelis-Menten’s eqation and its significance.
Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutes: Plant-water
relations, mechanism of water transport through xylem, root microbe
interactions in facilitating nutrient uptake, comparison of xylem and phloem
transport, phloem loading and unloading, passive and active solute transport,
membrane transport proteins.
Signal transduction: Overview receptors and G-proteins, phospholipid
signaling , role of cyclic nucleotides , Calcium-calmodulin cascade, diversity in
protein kinases and phosphatases, specific signaling mechanism, e.g. twocomponent sensor regulator system in bacteria and plant, sucrose sensing
mechanism.
Photochemistry and Photosynthesis: General concepts and historical
background , evolution of photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic
pigments and light harvesting complexes, photo-oxidation of water,
Mechanisms of electron and proton transport, carbon assimilation- the Calvin
cycle, photorespiration and its significance, the C4 cycle, the CAM pathway,
biosynthesis of starch
and sucrose, physiological
and
ecological
considerations.
Respiration
and lipid metabolism : Overview of plant respiration,
glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron transport and ATP synthesis, pentose
phosphate pathway, glyoxylate cycle, alternative oxidase system, structure
and function of lipid, fatty acid biosynthesis, synthesis of membrane lipids
,structural lipids, storage lipids and their catabolism.
(9)
M. Sc. BOTANY, SECOND SEMESTER
PAPER-I
CYTOGENETICS
Genetic recombination and genetic mapping: Recombination,
independent assortment and crossing over, molecular mechanism of
recombination, role of RecA and RecBCD enzymes , site specific
recombination, chromosome mapping, linkage groups, genetic
markers, construction of molecular maps, correlation of genetic and
physical maps, somatic cell genetics, an alternative approach to gene
mapping.
Mutation: DNA demage and repair mechanisms, inherited human
diseases and defects in DNA repair, initiation of cancer at cellular
level, proto-oncogenes and oncogenes.
Molecular Cyto-genetics: Nuclear DNA content, C-value paradox,
Cot curve and its significance, restriction mapping-concept and
techniques, multigenes families and their evolution, in situ
hybridization-concept and techniques, physical mapping of genes on
chromosomes.
(10)
M. Sc. BOTANY, SECOND SEMESTER
PAPER-II
BRYOPHYTA AND PTERIDOPHYTA
Bryophyta : General characters,
structure, distribution,
reproduction, classification and life history of following groups of
Bryophytes :Marchantiales, Jungermaniales,
Anthocerotales,
Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrichales maintioning its economic
and ecological importance.
Pteridophyta: General character, reproduction, classification of
following
groups of
Pteridophytes:Psilopsida, Lycopsida,
Sphenopsida, Pteropsida and fossil pteridophytes. A special
mention must be made about evolution of stele, heterospory and
origin of seed habit in pteridophyta.
(11)
M. Sc. Botany, SECOND SEMESTER
PAPER-III
GYMNOSPERM
Introduction: Gymnosperms, the vessel-less and fruitless seed
plants varying in the structure of their sperms, pollen grains,
pollen
germination
and the complexity of their
female
gametophytes, evolution of gymnosperms.
Classification of Gymnosperms and their distribution in India.
Brief account of the families
(Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae,
Glossopteridaceae).
of Pteridospermales:
Caytoniaceae
and
General Account of Cycadeoidales and Cordaitales.
Structure and reproduction in Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales,
Ephedrales , Welwistschiales and Gnetales.
(12)
M. Sc. BOTANY, SECOND SEMESTER
PAPER-IV
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Nitrogen fixation, Nitrogen and Sulphur metabolism: Overview,
biological nitrogen fixation, nodule formation
and nod factors,
mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction, ammonium assimilation,
sulphate uptake, transport and assimilation.
Sensory Photobiology: History of discovery of phytochromes and
cryptochromes
and
their
photochemical
and biochemical
properties, photophysiology of light-induced responses, cellular
localization, molecular mechanism of action of photo-morphogenic
receptors, signaling and gene expression.
Plant growth regulators and plant movement: Physiological
effects and mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins,
ethelene, abscisic acid, hormone receptors, signal transduction and
gene expression, plant movements.
The flowering process: Photoperiodism and its significance,
endogenous clock and its regulation, floral induction and
development- genetic and molecular analysis, role of vernalization.
Stress physiology: Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress ,
mechanisms of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, HR and SAR
water deficit and drought resistance, salinity stress, metal toxicity,
freezing and heat stress, oxidative stress.
(13)
M. Sc. BOTANY, THIRD SEMESTER
PAPER-I
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Seed germination and seedling growth: Metabolism of nucleic
acids, proteins and mobilization of food reserves; tropisms,
hormonal control of
seeding growth, gene expression, use of
mutants in understanding seeding development.
Shoot development: Organization of the shoot apical meristem
(SAM),cytological and molecular analysis of SAM, control of cell
division and
cell to cell communication, control of
tissue
differentiation, Specially xylem and phloem, secretary ducts and
laticifers, wood development in relation environmental factors.
Anatomy of root - stem transition.
Leaf growth and differentiation : Determination , phyllotaxy,
control of leaf form, differentiation of epidermis (with special
reference to stomata and trichomes) and mesophyll.
Root development: Organization of root apical meristem (RAM), cell
fates and lineages, vascular tissue differentiation, lateral roots, root
hairs, root microbe interactions.
Latent life-dormancy: Importance and types of dormancy, seed
dormancy, overcoming seed dormancy, bud dormancy.
Senescence and programmed cell death (PCD): Basic concepts,
types of cell death, PCD in the life cycle of plants, ,metabolic
changes associated with senescence and its regulation, influence of
hormones and environmental factors on senescence
(14)
M. Sc. BOTANY, THIRD SEMESTER
ECOLOGY
PAPER-II
Vegetation
organization: Concepts of community
and
continuum, analysis of communities (analytical and synthetic
characters), community coefficients, interspecific associations,
ordination, concept of ecological niche.
Vegetation development : Temporal changes (cyclic and non-cyclic ),
mechanism of ecological succession (relay floristic and initial
floristic composition, facilitation, tolerance and inhibition models),
changes in ecosystems properties during succession.
Ecosystem
organization: Structure and functions, primary
production (methods of measurement, global pattern, controlling
factors), energy dynamics (trophic organization energy flow
pathways, ecological efficiencies),litter fall and decomposition(
mechanism, substrate quality
and climatic
factors ), global
biogeochemical cycles of C,N,P and S, mineral cycles (pathways,
processes, budgets) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Origin of intrapopulation variation: Population and the
environment, ecades and ecotypes, evolution and differentiation of
species-various models.
(15)
M. Sc. BOTANY, THIRD SEMESTER
PAPER-III
BIOTECHNOLOGY PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Biotechnology: Basic concepts, principles and scope.
Plant cell and tissue culture: General introduction, history, scope,
concept of cellular differentiation, totipotency.
Organogenesis and adventitive embryogenesis: Fundamentals
aspects of
morphogenesis, somatic embryogenesis
and
androgenesis, mechanisms, techniques and utility.
Somatic hybridization: Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture,
hybrid selection and regeneration, possibilities, achievements and
limitations of protoplast research.
Application of plant tissue culture: Clonal propagation, artificial
seed, production of hybrids and somaclones, production of secondary
metabolites/natural products, cryopreservation and germplasm
storage.
(16)
M. Sc. BOTANY, THIRD SEMESTER
PAPER-IV
SPECIAL- PLANT PATHOLOGY, GENERAL
History of plant pathology: General characteristics of fungi, bacteria
and viruses,
their hetrotrophic behaviour with emphasis on
parasitism parasitic ability and virulence.
Symptomatology : General symptoms of plant diseases, pathogenic
and non-pathogenic.
Pathogenicity: Distribution of plant pathogens, mode of infection,
inoculum and inoculum potential, koch’s postulates.
Host parasite relationship: Physiology of infection, role of enzymes
and toxins in pathogenesis.
Defence of plant against pathogens, resistance and susceptibility, by
par sensitive reaction phytoalexin, disease syndrome.
Effect of environment: Predisposition and stress, epidemiology and
disease forecasting, source of infection i.e. seed, soil, water and air
born diseases of plants, significance of phyllosphere and rhizosphere
studies, recurrence of diseases.
(17)
M. Sc. BOTANY, FOURTH SEMESTER
PAPER-I
EMBRYOLOGY
Reproduction: Vegetative options and sexual reproduction,
flower development, genetics of floral organ differentiation,
homeotic
mutants
in Arabidopsis and
Antirrhinum, sex
determination.
Male gametophyte: Structure of anthers, microsporogenesis, role
of tapetum, pollen development
and gene expression, male
sterility, sperm dimorphism and hybrid seed production, pollen
germination, pollen tube growth and guidance, pollen storage, pollen
allergy, pollen embryos.
Female gametophyte: Ovule development, megasporogenesis,
organization of the embryo sac, structure of the embryo sac cells.
Pollination, pollen-pistil interaction and fertilization: Floral
characteristics, pollination mechanisms and vectors, breeding
systems, commercial considerations, structure of the pistil, pollen
stigma
interactions, sporophytic
and
gametophytic
selfincompatibility (cytological, biochemical and molecular aspects),
double fertilization, in vitro fertilization.
Seed development and fruit growth: Endosperm development
during early, maturation and desiccation stages, embryogenesis,
ultra structure and nuclear cytology, cell lineages during late
embryo development, storage proteins of endosperm and embryo,
polyembryony, apomixis, embryo culture, dynamics of fruit growth,
biochemistry and molecular biology of fruit maturation.
M. Sc. BOTANY, FOURTH SEMESTER
(18)
PAPER-II
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
Air, water and soil pollution: Kinds, sources, quality parameters,
effects on plants and ecosystems.
Ecological management: Concepts, sustainable development,
sustainability indicators.
Origin, evolution, cultivation and uses of : (i) Food, forage and
fodder crops (ii) fiber crops (iii) medicinal and aromatic plants and
(iv) vegetable oil- yielding crops.
Important fire –wood and timber-yielding plants and non- wood
forest products (NWFPs): such as bamboos, rattans, raw materials
for paper –making, gums, tannins, dyes, resins, and fruits.
Strategies for conservation- in situ conservation : International
efforts and Indian initiatives, protected areas in India- sanctuaries,
national parks, biosphere reserves, wetlands, mangroves and coral
reefs for conservation of wild biodiversity.
Strategies for conservation –ex situ conservation: Principles and
practices, botanical gardens, field gene banks, seed banks, in vitro
repositories, cry banks, general account of the activities of Botanical
survey of India (BSI), National Bureau of plant genetic resources
(NBPGR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Council of
scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Department of
Biotechnology (DBT) for conservation, non-formal conservation
efforts. Sustainable utilization of bio-resources and ecosystem
research.
Concepts of Phyto-geography : Endemism , Hotspots and hottest
hotspots, plant explorations, invasions and introductions, local
plant diversity and its socio- economic importance.
(19)
M. Sc. BOTANY, FOURTH SEMESTER
PAPER-III
GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS AND MICROBES
Recombinant DNA technology: Gene cloning principles and
techniques, construction of genomic/cDNA libraries, choice of vectors,
DNA synthesis and sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, DNA
fingerprinting.
Genetic engineering of plants : Aims , strategies for development of
transgenics (with suitable examples), Agrobacterium- the natural
genetic engineer, T-DNA and transposon mediated gene tagging,
chloroplast transformation and its utility, intellectual property
rights, possible ecological risks and ethical concerns.
Microbial genetic manipulation: Bacterial transformation,
selection
of
recombinants
and
transformants,
genetic
improvements of industrial microbes
and
nitrogen
fixers,
fermentation technology.
Genomics and proteomics : Genetic and physical mapping of
genes, molecular markers for introgression of useful traits, artificial
chromosomes, high throughput sequencing, genome projects,
bioinformatics, functional genomics, microarrays, protein profiling
and its significance.
(20)
M. Sc. BOTANY, FOURTH SEMESTER
PAPER-IV
SPECIAL- PLANT PATHOLOGY, DISEASES
Control of plant diseases:
Principles of plant disease control,
methods of control e.g. regula tory chemical: biological and
breeding of resistant varieties of host plants, plant quarantine.
Details of disease cycle: Crop-loss estimates and recommended
control for the important diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses,
mycoplasma and nematodes, in the following crop plants .
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Wheat, Rice, Bajara, Maize, Sugarcane.
Arhar, Gram, Pea.
Groundnut, Till, Iinseed, Cotton.
Chilies, Tomato, Potato, Brinjal, Coriander, Tobacco.
Citrus fruits e.g. lemon, Orange, Musammi, Papaya, Apple,
Banana.
(2)
SCHEME FOR THE
THEORY AND LABORATORY COURSES
The postgraduate course in Botany shall extend over a period of
two academic years comprising of four semesters. The syllabi and
scheme of examination of those courses are detailed below.
The four semester M.Sc. courses shall consist of sixteen
theory and six practical courses. In each semester there shall be four
theory courses, each of 80 marks and 2 marks for internal assessment
test. In internal assessment test there will be 12 marks for two
written tests and 08 marks for a seminar in each paper. Thus there
shall be T+I=100 marks for each paper, minimum passing and
qualifying marks shall be 36% each.
Student will have to obtain 10 marks in internal assessment
of each paper .Candidate will be required to pass separately in the
total of the theory courses and in the total of the practical courses,
student will have to attempt any four questions out of six questions
in each theory paper.
In Ist and IInd semester, there will be two practical / laboratory
courses each of 100 marks, conducted at the end of semester. In IIIrd
and IVth semester, there will be two practical /laboratory courses, each
of 100 marks conducted at the end of semester.
(1)
RAJIV GANDHI
GOVERNMENT POST GRADUATE (AUTONOMOUS) COLLEGE
AMBIKAPUR
SYLLABUS
POSTGRADUATE COURSES IN BOTANY
Under semester system to be implemented
from the Session
2013-14
SCHEME FOR THE THEORY AND LABORATORY
COURSES
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
RG GOVT. PG COLLEGE
AMBIKAPUR
To,
The Principal,
RG Government Postgraduate Collage Ambikapur,
Dist.- Surguja (C.G.)
Subject:- REQUEST FOR PAYMENT OF MEDICAL LEAVE.
Respected sir,
With due respect and humble submission, I lay down the following few lines for
your kind consideration and favorable action please.
I Mrs Leela Sahu D/O Shri Shivram Sahu serving with your kind command in this
college as lab technician since may 2010.
Payment of my 14 days medical leave 2010 has not been paid to me by the
concerned office. The details of my leave are as under:(a)
(b)
9 days medical leave with effect from 23 august 2010 to 31 august 2010.
5 days medical leave with effect from 01 September 2010 to 05 September
2010.
My 02 days salary with effect from 21 august 2010(Saturday) and 22 august
2010(Sunday) has not been paid to me due to I was not signed the register on 21 august
2010(Saturday). The register was kept in alameda of head clerk due to third Saturday of
the month and head clerk was also on leave and my leave was started from 23 august
2010(Monday).
In view of the above , I request your honor to give the order to pay my 14 days
medical leave and 02 days balance salary to me at the earliest.
‘Thanking you’
Date- /07/2011
Your sincerely
Miss Leela Sahu
Lab Technician
RG GOVT. PG COLLEGE AMBIKAPUR
sTo,
The Principal,
RG Government Postgraduate Collage Ambikapur,
Dist.- Surguja (C.G.)
Subject :- Request for sanction of 09 days E. L. and payment of balance
amount (salary for 23 days).
Respected sir,
With due respect and humble submission, I lay down the following few lines for
your kind consideration and favorable action please.
I miss Leela Sahu D/O shri Shivram Sahu serving with your kind command in this
college as lab technician since may 2010.
I was join the duty on 21 may 2010 and leave the college on 22 may 2010 after your
permission. I was also join the duty on 24 June 2010. My salary with effect from 01 June
2010 to 23 June 2010 has not been paid to me till date.
You are requested to sanction my 09 days E.L. with effect from 15 June 2010 to 23
June 2010 and also requested to give the order to pay my salary for 23 days with effect
from 01 June 2010 to 23 June 2010 to me.
In view of the above ,I request your honor to give suitable order at the earliest
please.
‘Thanking you’
Date- /07/2011
Your sincerely
Miss Leela Sahu
Lab Technician
RG GOVT. PG COLLEGE AMBIKAPUR