Electronic supplementary material Sperfeld & Wacker – Hydrobiologia
Appendix A: Additional information for Maternal diet treatments experiment .
Fig. A1 Mass-specific and population growth rates (d -1 ) of Daphnia magna in the maternal diet treatments Scenedesmus obliquus (SCE), Nannochloropsis limnetica (NAN), and a food mixture containing 95% SYN, 2.5% SCE, and 2.5% NAN supplemented with cholesterol (MF+Ch). Mean ±
SD are presented for n = 3 (exception: MF+Ch, n = 4). Different letters indicate significant differences among food treatments (Tukey’s HSD post hoc test following one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05; there were no significant differences among population growth rates). Population growth rates are based on the first three consecutive clutches (see below for further details about methods).
The food mixture without cholesterol supplementation resulted in negligible mass-specific growth within 6 days (dry mass increase from 13 to 20 µg, g = 0.07 ± 0.014, mean ± SD) and thus, reproduction was unlikely to happen during the time frame of the maternal diet experiment. Therefore, additional dietary cholesterol had to be supplied to achieve sufficient reproductive output for the subsequent offspring experiment.
Subsamples for determination of individual dry mass and calculation of mass-specific growth rates were taken a few hours after the majority of females had released eggs into the brood pouch
(production of first clutch, day 6; see Fig. 2 in main text). Total individual dry mass and mass-specific

Electronic supplementary material Sperfeld & Wacker – Hydrobiologia growth rates were determined as described for the offspring experiment in the main text. The maternal diet treatments were conducted until the release of the third clutch in order to collect the offspring for the subsequent offspring experiment. The number of all viable offspring and the time of their release were recorded to estimate population growth rates ( r ) iteratively using the Euler-Lotka equation
1
 x n 

0 l x m x e
 r x
, where l x
is the age-specific survivorship ( l x
= 1 in the current experiment, since all females survived until the third reproduction cycle), m x
is the age-specific fecundity (number of viable offspring per female), and x is the time in days at which the females released their offspring out of the brood pouch
(time of neonate hatching). Females raised upon MF+Ch, SCE, and NAN released eggs in their brood pouches on day 6, 9, and 12 (i.e. produced 3 consecutive clutches). Note that population growth rates in the maternal MF+Ch treatment were indistinguishable compared to those achieved in the SCE and
NAN treatments, suggesting a sufficient dietary supply with PUFAs by only 5% of the PUFA-rich algae SCE and NAN.

Electronic supplementary material Sperfeld & Wacker – Hydrobiologia
Fig. A2 Volume of food suspension available per female over the course of the experiment in the maternal diet treatments. Food suspension volume has been increased in order to increase food availability for growing females and thus to prevent a potential food quantity limitation.

Electronic supplementary material Sperfeld & Wacker – Hydrobiologia
Fig. A3 Dry mass of female body (Soma) after release of third clutch in the maternal diet treatments.
Mean ± SD are presented for n = 3. There are no significant differences among maternal diet treatments (one-way ANOVA: F
2,6
= 3.95, p = 0.081).