PHIL 1 Exam 4
Student Copy
1. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "If we plant from seed, we’ll have to
plant annuals."
A = We plant annuals.
S = We plant from seed.
a. S v A
b. S & A
c. A  S
d. S  A
2. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "We can plant perennials only if we plant
from cuttings."
P = We plant perennials.
C = We plant from cuttings.
a. P  C
b. C P
c. P v C
d. C v P
3. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "If we plant both annuals and perennials,
then we can plant from both seed and cuttings."
P = We plant perennials.
A = We plant annuals.
S = We plant from seed.
C = We plant from cuttings.
a. (A & P)  (S & C)
b. A & P  S & C
c. (A & P  S) & C
d. A & P  (S & C)
4. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "We cannot plant perennials if we plant
from either seed or from cuttings."
P = We plant perennials.
S = We plant from seed.
C = We plant from cuttings.
a. ~ (S v C)  P
b. (S v C)  P
c. (S v C)  ~P
d. S v (C  ~P)
5. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "If we don’t plant from seed, then we
can’t plant either annuals or perennials."
P = We plant perennials.
A = We plant annuals.
S = We plant from seed.
a. S  ~(A v P)
b. ~S  ~A v P
c.( ~S  ~A) v P
d. ~S  ~(A v P)
6. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "We can’t plant perennials unless we
plant from cuttings."
P = We plant perennials.
C = We plant from cuttings.
a. ~P v C or ~P  C
b. ~P v C or P  C
c. P v ~ C or P  ~ C
d. P v C or P  C
7. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "The only way we can plant both annuals
and perennials is by planting from both cuttings and seed."
P = We plant perennials.
A = We plant annuals.
S = We plant from seed.
C = We plant from cuttings.
a. A & (P  C & S)
b. (A & P) & (C & S)
c. (A & P)  (C & S)
d. A & P  C & S
8. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "Either we will plant from cuttings, or, if
we don’t plant perennials, we can plant from seed."
P = We plant perennials.
S = We plant from seed.
C = We plant from cuttings.
a. C v (~P  S)
b. C v ~P  S
c. (C v ~P  S)
d. C & (~P  S)
9. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "We can plant neither perennials nor
annuals if we don’t plant from both cuttings and seed."
P = We plant perennials.
A = We plant annuals.
S = We plant from seed.
C = We plant from cuttings.
a. ~C & S  ~P v A
b. ~C & ~S  ~P v ~A
c. (~C & ~S)  (~P v ~A)
d. ~(C & S)  ~(P v A)
10. (10 Points)
Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "Together, the continued use of
pesticides and the increase in agricultural production will guarantee that wildlife will be
threatened."
W = Wildlife are (or will be) threatened.
A = Agricultural production is increased.
P = The use of pesticides is continued.
a. (P & A)  W
b. (P & A) & W
c. P & A  W
d. (P  A)  W
11. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: Q v P.
Premise 2: ~Q  ~R.
Conclusion: / R  P.
a. P = T; Q = F; R = T
b. P = T; Q = F; R = F
c. P = F; Q = T; R = T
d. P = T; Q = T; R = F
12. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: ~Q  P.
Premise 2: R v S.
Premise 3: Q  ~S.
Conclusion: / R.
a. P = T; Q = F; R = F; S = T
b. P = T; Q = F; R = T; S = T
c. P = F; Q = F; R = F; S = T
d. P = T; Q = F; R = F; S = F
13. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: P v Q.
Premise 2: P  R.
Conclusion: / R  Q.
a. P = F; Q = F; R = T
b. P = T; Q = T; R = F
c. P = T; Q = F; R = F
d. P = T; Q = F; R = T
14. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: (Q & P)  R.
Premise 2: S  ~R.
Conclusion: / S  ~Q.
a. Q = T; P = F; R = T; S = T
b. Q = F; P = F; R = F; S = T
c. Q = T; P = F; R = F; S = T
d. Q = T; P = F; R = F; S = F
15. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: S  (P v R).
Premise 2: Q  S.
Conclusion: / Q  P.
a. S = T; P = F; R = T; Q = F
b. S = T; P = F; R = T; Q = T
c. S = F; P = F; R = T; Q = T
d. S = T; P = T; R = T; Q = T
16. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: T  ~S.
Premise 2: S v ~Q.
Premise 3: ~T  (Q v R).
Conclusion: / ~Q  R.
a. T = T; S = F; Q = F; R = F
b. T = T; S = F; Q = F; R = T
c. T = T; S = T; Q = F; R = F
d. T = T; S = F; Q = T; R = F
17. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: ~R  ~Q.
Premise 2: ~P  (R & Q).
Conclusion: / P.
a. R = F; Q = T; P = F
b. R = T; Q = F; P = F
c. R = F; Q = F; P = T
d. R = T; Q = T; P = F
18. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: (Q & S)  (P v R).
Premise 2: T  Q.
Premise 3: ~T v S.
Conclusion: / T  R.
a. Q = T; S = T; P = F; R = F; T = T
b. Q = T; S = F; P = T; R = F; T = T
c. Q = T; S = T; P = T; R = F; T = T
d. Q = T; S = T; P = T; R = F; T = F
19. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: P  (Q  S).
Premise 2: Q v R.
Conclusion: / (P & R)  S.
a. P = F; Q = F; S = F; R = T
b. P = T; Q = F; S = T; R = T
c. P = T; Q = F; S = F; R = T
d. P = T; Q = F; S = F; R = F
20. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: P  (Q v R).
Premise 2: ~(Q  R).
Premise 3: S  P.
Conclusion: / ~S.
a. P = T; Q = T; R = F; S = T
b. P = F; Q = T; R = F; S = T
c. P = T; Q = F; R = F; S = T
d. P = T; Q = T; R = T; S = T
21. (10 Points)
For the following argument, assign truth values to the letters to show the argument’s invalidity
(there is only one such assignment).
Premise 1: P v Q.
Premise 2: (Q & R)  S.
Premise 3: ~P  ~R.
Conclusion: / R  S.
a. P = T; Q = F; R = F; S = F
b. P = F; Q = F; R = T; S = F
c. P = T; Q = T; R = T; S = F
d. P = T; Q = F; R = T; S = F
22. (10 Points)
Identify the conclusion that follows from this argument and indicate whether the argument is
valid using the truth-table method:
Premise 1: A  B.
Premise 2: ~D  ~C.
Premise 3: ~D.
Premise 4: ~C  ~B.
Conclusion: /
a. A; valid.
b. A; invalid.
c. ~A; invalid
d. ~A; valid.
23. (10 Points)
Identify the conclusion that follows from this argument and indicate whether the argument is
valid using the truth-table method:
Premise 1: M  (N  O).
Premise 2: (~N v O)  ~P.
Premise 3: P.
Conclusion: /
a. M; valid.
b. M; invalid.
c. ~M; valid.
d. ~M; invalid.
24. (10 Points)
Indicate which rule that appear on pages 309-312 of Critical Thinking 11e justify the conclusion
of this argument:
Premise 1: P  (Q & R).
Premise 2: (Q & R)  S.
Conclusion: / P  S.
a. Chain Argument.
b. Simplification.
c. Destructive Dilemma.
d. Constructive Dilemma.
25. (10 Points)
Indicate which rule(s) that appear on pages 309-312 of Critical Thinking 11e justify the
conclusion of this argument:
Premise 1: P  Q.
Premise 2: P v R.
Premise 3: R  (S & T).
Conclusion: / Q v (S & T)
a. Chain Argument.
b. Simplification.
c. Destructive Dilemma.
d. Constructive Dilemma.
26. (10 Points)
Indicate which rule(s) that appear on pages 309-312 of Critical Thinking 11e justify the
conclusion of this argument:
Premise 1: (P & Q)  (R v S).
Premise 2: (R v S)  T.
Premise 3: P & Q.
Conclusion: / T.
a. Modus Ponens.
b. Modus Tollens.
c. Disjunctive Argument.
d. Chain Argument.
27. (10 Points)
Indicate what kind of argument follows and whether or not it is valid or invalid:
If a flyer is on one of the bulletin boards, then you know it was approved by the Associated
Students, and that flyer was approved. Therefore, it’s on one of the bulletin boards somewhere.
a. Affirming the antecedent; valid.
b. Affirming the antecedent; invalid.
c. Affirming the consequent; valid.
d. Affirming the consequent; invalid.
28. (10 Points)
Indicate what kind of argument follows and whether or not it is valid or invalid:
If it’s going to be a cool spring, then the azaleas will need extra fertilizer. Indications are,
however, that it’s not going to be a cool spring. So the azaleas won’t need extra fertilizer.
a. Denying the antecedent; valid.
b. Denying the antecedent; invalid.
c. Denying the consequent; valid.
d. Denying the consequent; invalid.
29. (10 Points)
Indicate what kind of argument follows and whether or not it is valid or invalid:
Look, if the check bounced, then you’re right: Two things happened. First, we’d owe a penalty.
And second, our records would be out of whack. Now, if our records are out of whack or if we
pay a penalty—either way—then we’re in big trouble, just like you said. The check isn’t gonna
bounce, though. So relax. We’re not in any trouble.
a. Denying the antecedent; valid.
b. Denying the antecedent; invalid.
c. Denying the consequent; valid.
d. Denying the consequent; invalid.
30. (10 Points)
Indicate what kind of argument follows and whether or not it is valid or invalid:
If he doesn’t think he’ll pass the class, then either he’ll be talking to someone, or he won’t be
paying attention, or both. Well, look at him. He’s talking to someone. And he’s not paying the
least bit of attention. Clearly he doesn’t think he’ll pass the class.
a. Affirming the antecedent; valid.
b. Affirming the antecedent; invalid.
c. Affirming the consequent; valid.
d. Affirming the consequent; invalid.
31. (10 Points)
Indicate what kind of argument follows and whether or not it is valid or invalid:
She must not have ordered the eggplant, ’cause if she ordered it, then she wouldn’t be eating any
dessert like she’s doing right now.
a. Denying the antecedent; valid.
b. Denying the antecedent; invalid.
c. Denying the consequent; valid.
d. Denying the consequent; invalid.
32. (10 Points)
Indicate what kind of argument follows and whether or not it is valid or invalid:
It’s easy enough to do logic if you think logically. Fortunately, I have no trouble doing logic, so I
guess I think logically.
a. Affirming the antecedent; valid.
b. Affirming the antecedent; invalid.
c. Affirming the consequent; valid.
d. Affirming the consequent; invalid.
33. (10 Points)
Indicate what kind of argument follows and whether or not it is valid or invalid:
It’s time to leave when they start putting up the chairs, as they’re doing right now. So I guess it’s
time to leave.
a. Affirming the antecedent; valid.
b. Affirming the antecedent; invalid.
c. Affirming the consequent; valid.
d. Affirming the consequent; invalid.