Lesson Plan – Wall Layout, Design, and Editing
Lesson Overview
This lesson explains the different types of walls, their construction and
materials, and what requirements the Uniform Building Code has set for
building walls.
Walls are the vertical constructions of a building that enclose, separate, and
protect its interior spaces. They may be load-bearing structures of
standardized or composite construction designed to support necessary loads
from floors and roofs; or they may consist of a framework of columns and
beams with nonstructural panels attached to, or filling in between, them.
Software:
Autodesk® Revit®
Time:
1 to 1.5 hours
Level:
Beginner
Datasets:
Imperial included
Concepts Addressed
 Describe how to use space planning to determine where to place walls in a building

Describe load-bearing walls and partition walls

Describe platform framing and balloon framing

Identify the materials that are typically used to construct walls

List the different types of occupancy
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson you will be able to:

Place walls

Modify walls

Define a wall structure
Exercise Index
Exercise 01
Place walls
Page 11
Exercise 02
Split walls
Page 16
Exercise 03
Fillet walls
Page 17
Exercise 04
Align walls
Page 17
Exercise 05
Wall trim tool
Page 18
Exercise 06
Define a wall structure Page 20
Lesson Plan – Wall Layout, Design, and Editing
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Key Terms
balloon framing
exterior
flagstone
inside-out design
occupancy
platform framing
structure
dwelling
fire block
framing
interior
occupancy load
roof plate
stud
egress
fire-stop
gypsum
load-bearing partition
partition
sill plate
top plate
Space Planning
Before you can determine where and what type of walls should be used when you design a structure, you must
plan what you want to do with the space that you have. Space planning is an inside-out design process in which
you define the interior spaces of your building, and then define the boundary around those spaces. As you design
from the inside out, think of spaces as equivalent to rooms. Placement of walls is determined by how you want
the spaces within the walls to be defined.
When designing a building, you should use dimensional planning and other material efficiency strategies. These
strategies reduce the amount of building materials needed and cut construction costs. For example, you can
design rooms on 4-ft. multiples to conform to standard-sized wallboard and plywood sheets. Once you have
determined the size and location of the rooms, you can determine the type and location of the walls.
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For example, if you design a new home, you must first decide what type of living space you need. A single family
dwelling would have a kitchen, living room, and at least one bedroom and one bathroom. Other rooms might be
added for convenience such as a dining room, entertainment rooms, and additional bedrooms and bathrooms.
You need to decide on the placement of each of these spaces, in addition to the number of levels you want to
have.
When designing any structure, you must take into consideration who is going to use the structure, and how it is
going to be used. For example, a person with disabilities or an older person may not be able to use stairs;
therefore, a single level home may be appropriate. If a family with small children will be living in the home, you
would most likely want to have other bedrooms in close proximity to the master bedroom.
Design with adequate space to facilitate recycling collection and to incorporate a solid waste management
program that prevents waste generation.
Wall Types
Load-bearing walls carry the structural weight of your home. Load-bearing walls include all exterior walls, and any
interior walls that are aligned above support beams. Because exterior walls serve as a protective shield against
the weather for the interior spaces of a building, their construction should control the passage of heat, infiltrating
air, sound, moisture, and water vapor. The material used on the exterior shell of a wall should be durable and
resistant to the weathering effects of sun, wind, and rain. Building codes specify the fire-resistance rating of
exterior walls, load-bearing walls, and interior partitions.
Partition Walls
Partition walls are interior walls that are not load-bearing. Partition walls have a single top plate. They can be
perpendicular to the floor and ceiling joists but will not be aligned with support beams. Any interior wall that is
parallel to the floor and ceiling joists is a partition wall. Their construction should be able to support the desired
finished materials, provide the required degree of acoustical separation, and accommodate the distribution and
outlets of mechanical and electrical services.
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Frame Walls
Studs (usually 2x4s or 2x6s) are an important part of every wood-frame building because they form the building
walls. Siding and wallboard hang from the studs, and the second floor and roof are supported by wall studs.
Platform Framing
Platform framing is a light wooden frame with studs; it is only one-story high regardless of the levels built. Each
level rests on the top plates of the story below or on the sill plates of the foundation wall. Platform framing is most
commonly used today.
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Balloon Framing
Balloon framing uses studs that rise the full height of the frame, from the sill plate to the roof plate. Balloon
framing was used in houses built before 1930, and is rarely used today except in some new home styles with high
vaulted ceilings.
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Wall Structures
The subject of wall structures is fairly complex. The materials used for external walls differ from the materials
used for internal walls. Foundation walls must be made up of materials that can tolerate moisture and repel
insects, such as termites. Certain wall materials can be used to insulate for sound; for example, as in houses
located near an airport. Some wall materials have special insulation that helps to conserve energy.
Walls are usually constructed of brick, gypsum board, fire-retardant wood, concrete, and stone.
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Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of sand, coarse aggregate, Portland cement, and water. The sand used in concrete should
be blank-run sand, which is fairly round in shape and of various sizes. The coarse aggregate is gravel or crushed
stone. Concrete should have aggregate pieces no larger than one quarter the thickness of the pour. Portland
cement is made of clay, lime, and other ingredients that have been heated in a kiln and ground into a fine powder.
Concrete is often used for tilt-up buildings. In a tilt-up building, the concrete wall is poured at the construction site
and then raised into position using a crane.
Brick
Manufactured by firing molded clay or shale, bricks vary widely in color, texture, and dimension. Despite these
variations, they fall into four main categories: common or building, patio, fire, and facing.
Bricks are modular, meaning that they are either one-half or one-third as wide as they are long. The most
common nominal modular unit size is 4 inches. Like lumber, bricks are described according to nominal rather than
actual sizes. For instance, the actual size of a 4x8 brick is 3 5/8 x 7 5/8 inches. The nominal size is the actual size
plus a normal mortar joint of 3/8 to 1/2 inch on the bottom and at one end.
For exterior walls that must withstand moisture and freeze-thaw cycles, specify SW (severe-weathering grade)
bricks. For interior uses, such as facing a fireplace or a planter, you can use MW (moderate weathering) or NW
(no weathering).
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Stone
Building stone is divided into three basic types: rubble, flagstone, and ashlar.



Rubble is composed of round rocks of various sizes
Flagstone consists of flat pieces, 2 to 4 inches thick, of irregular shapes
Ashlar, or dimensioned stone, is cut into pieces of uniform thickness for laying in coursed or noncoursed
patterns
Quarried stone is cut from a mountainside or a pit; fieldstone is rock that has been found lying in fields or along
rivers.
Gypsum Board
Gypsum board is the generic name for the family of products comprised mainly of a noncombustible gypsum core
and paper facings. Gypsum board is commonly referred to as drywall, wallboard, plasterboard, and sheet rock.
Gypsum is a mineral found in sedimentary rock formations. This product is perfectly suited for fire resistance.
Gypsum contains chemically combined water that is driven off as steam when subjected to high heat, effectively
fighting fire. Gypsum board is the most common interior finish used today in Canada and the United States.
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Wood
Wood is used as framing material and can also be used as an exterior finish. Wood is typically rated as one-hour
or two-hour fire retardant; meaning that it takes one or two hours to be completely consumed by a fire. Building
codes usually require that all exterior walls use Type II (two-hour) wood and interior walls use Type I (one-hour)
wood.
Fire-Stops
The Uniform Building Code (UBC) requires that every wall have fire-stops installed. A fire-stop or fire block is a
piece of material, usually fire-retardant wood, used as part of the wall framing. A fire will slow down in order to
consume a piece of fire-retardant wood. This gives firefighters more time to put out a fire and allows people in the
building time to evacuate. In some cases, insurance companies have refused to cover fire damage when it was
determined that buildings did not have adequate fire blocks installed in the structure.
Building Codes
Occupancy refers to the use or type of activity intended for the proposed building.
Occupant load refers to the number of people who occupy the space.
There are ten major occupancy categories:
 A - Assembly
 B - Business (for example, offices)
 E - Educational
 F - Factory and Industrial
 H - Hazardous
 I - Institutional (for example, hospitals)
 M - Mercantile
 R - Residential
 S - Storage
 U – Utility
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Under the code, every building in town gets squeezed into one of these ten groups. Within each of these groups
there are classifications. For example, the residential occupancy type has two classifications:
 R-1: Hotel and apartment house (each accommodating more than ten persons)
 R-3: Dwellings, lodging houses (each accommodating less than ten persons)
Code requirements are determined by the occupancy type of your building and the number of people that will
occupy it. The Uniform Building Code (UBC) states the minimum egress requirements of square footage required
per person for each occupancy type. If you know how many people will be using a building, you can compute the
square footage needed by multiplying the number of occupants by the square footage per person required for a
building of that occupancy type. This will give you the total number of square footage required.
Suppose, for example, the normal occupancy of an office building is five people. The UBC states that the
Occupant Load Factor for an office building is 100 square feet per person. Therefore, the minimum square feet of
floor required would be 5 x 100, or 500 square feet.
Group R-3 occupancies (dwellings) are probably the least restricted of all occupied buildings. Most of the
requirements simply reflect common sense. For instance, living, dining, and sleeping rooms are required to have
windows.
Walls
About This Lesson
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 Place walls
 Modify walls
 Define a wall structure
Wall Function
Walls divide spaces and create barriers to passage. Walls are comprised of different materials.
Structural, or load-bearing, walls support floors and walls above them, and therefore must be strong and resistant
to movement.
Exterior walls are exposed to the outside, so they have to be weatherproof and provide insulation. Interior walls
provide partitions between rooms; they need to hold various building systems such as plumbing, ventilation, and
electricity. They should also provide a pleasing appearance for building inhabitants.
Wall Structure
Wall structures in Revit are comprised of parallel layers. The layers consist of either a single continuous plane of
material such as wood, or they consist of discrete, repeated materials such as bricks.
The same principles that define wall layers apply to floors, ceilings, and roofs.
A compound wall is a wall that is made up of two or more different materials. A common example of a compound
wall is an exterior wall with wood siding on the outside, a wood stud middle-section, and a gypsum wallboard
interior face.
Lesson Plan – Wall Layout, Design, and Editing
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Walls in Revit Architecture
In Revit Architecture, you create a wall by sketching the location line of the wall in a plan view or a 3D view. Revit
creates the thickness, height, and other properties of the wall around the location line of the wall. The location line
is a plane in the wall that does not move if the wall type changes.
For example, if you draw a wall with its location line set to Core Centerline, and later change the wall type or
structure, the edited wall will change its position and thickness around the center of the wall core, whether that
core is metal stud, brick, or a concrete masonry unit. You can shift the location line to other parts of the wall
structure, such as the Finish Face (Interior or Exterior). The direction that you sketch the wall determines the
exterior side.
This lesson demonstrates how to sketch and edit walls, modify wall joins, and define new wall structures.
Key Terms
align
compound wall
element
exterior
fillet
gypsum
insulation
interior
layer
location line
merge
split
structure
stud
temporary dimension
Exercise: Place Walls
In this exercise, you practice sketching walls using
Revit. You can sketch walls in either plan view or 3D
view. These exercises use wall sketching in plan
view only.
You can draw walls continuously or stop after each
segment. You can switch from straight to curved
walls at any time, and you can change the wall type
as you sketch.
Revit encourages quick sketching and the use of
dimensional constraints to define length and spacing
precisely. In addition, the sketch display tools make
it easy to draft with precision while sketching walls.
Sketch Walls
1) Start Revit. In the Recent Files window, click
New to open a new project using Architectural
template
The file opens to a plan view.
Or Open file: Walls_01_Exercise.rvt
2) On the Build panel, click Wall > Wall:
Architectural to begin laying out walls.
The completed exercise
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3) Expand the Type Selector list. Select
Basic Wall: Exterior - Brick on Mtl. Stud
If you move the cursor up or down so that
the wall is no longer horizontal, an angular
dimension displays.
Move the cursor horizontally until the wall is
approximately 9' 0" in length. Click to set the
endpoint.
Clear the Chain option. Select the Single Line
option.
4) Click once near the center of the viewing
window to set the starting point. Slowly move
the cursor horizontally to the right. Notice that
a temporary dimension displays, indicating wall
length. When the wall is perfectly horizontal or
vertical, a dashed line displays. As you
continue to move the cursor, the dimension
updates incrementally.
Tip: You may want to use Zoom in Region
during this part of the exercise. A mouse with
a scroll wheel enables you to zoom in and out
without interrupting the sketching process.
Lesson Plan – Wall Layout, Design, and Editing
5) After you create the wall, the temporary
dimension remains until you start another wall.
To modify a dimension, click it to open an edit
field. Enter 10. (The default unit in Imperial files
is the foot.)
Press ENTER to update the wall length. This
temporary dimension controls the wall length,
but it disappears when you begin another
action. It will not print.
The wall does not show any internal detail.
6) On the View Control Bar, click the Detail Level
icon. Set the Detail Level to Medium.
The wall's appearance updates to indicate the
components of this multipart exterior wall.
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7) On the Modify | Place Wall tab, Select panel,
click Modify to stop placing walls. Click the
wall. A temporary dimension control to make
the dimension permanent and orientation
arrows display above the wall. Depending on
your zoom in the view, the controls may sit on
top of one another. Zoom in if necessary to see
them clearly.
After setting the vertical wall's direction,
enter 7. The length dimension field opens
automatically as you type. Press ENTER.
The double arrows are located on the exterior
side of the wall. The direction in which you
sketch a wall determines how the exterior side
is placed.
Revit Architecture completes the sketch with a
length of 7' as shown in the next illustration.
Click the arrows to flip the wall orientation. The
wall flips so that the exterior side of the wall
(brick is shown by diagonal lines) is now on the
lower side.
Flip the arrows again so that the exterior side
of the wall is towards the top.
8) On the Modify | Walls tab, Create panel,
click Create Similar. This tool enables you to
create an element of the same type as another
without having to refer to the Type Selector.
Notice that two dimensions display, a horizontal
dimension and a vertical dimension.
Also, notice how the wall joins at the corner.
Because you drew the wall from up to down,
the exterior side of the wall is placed to the
right.
9) You can set Ortho mode by pressing SHIFT
as you move the cursor while placing a wall.
This locks the cursor motion to horizontal or
vertical.
Place the cursor over the right end of the wall.
Click to start the next wall.
Start a wall at the lower end of the vertical
wall and move your cursor to the right. Hold
down the SHIFT key and notice how the wall
is constrained, no matter where you move the
cursor.
Move the cursor downward so that the
alignment line displays, signifying that you are
placing the wall vertically on the screen.
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11) Move the wall shape handle back to its original
position so it lines up with the upper left
horizontal wall and the alignment line displays.
Make the horizontal wall 8' long.
Continue to hold down the SHIFT key and
sketch a vertical wall by moving the cursor up.
Notice that as you bring the cursor up to end
the vertical line, an alignment line displays.
Click alignment line to finish the wall segment.
12) On the Architecture tab, Build panel, click Wall.
Select Chain on the Options Bar. This enables
you to sketch walls continuously.
13) Sketch the walls as shown. You do not need to
place the dimensions: they are there to help
you with placing the walls. Use the alignment
lines that Revit provides for snap points. Finish
the last wall even with the start of the first wall.
Because you drew this last wall from down to
up, the exterior face of the wall is placed on the
left side.
10) Click Modify. Select the right vertical wall.
Drag the wall's upper shape handle (blue circle)
vertically upward.
Notice that the endpoint moves while the
starting point remains fastened to the previous
wall's endpoint. When the cursor is above the
left horizontal wall, release the mouse button to
set a new length.
Lesson Plan – Wall Layout, Design, and Editing
When using the Chain option, the last point
of the first line becomes the start point of the
next line, thus creating a chain of sketched
lines.
14) Right-click. Click Cancel. Repeat. This is the
same as clicking Modify.
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15) Select the lower vertical wall. Position your
cursor over the wall until it changes into two
crossed double-headed arrows.
Drag the cursor to move the wall to the left so it
is aligned with the left upper vertical wall.
Notice that both upper and lower walls shift.
18) Click Create Similar again.
16) Move the lower vertical wall back to its original
position so the alignment line displays.
Select the Three Point Arc tool. Clear the Chain
option.
Click the padlock to lock on the lower vertical
wall into alignment with the upper.
19) Click the two open left ends of the horizontal
walls as start and end points to create a curved
wall. After clicking the second end, you can
move the cursor left or right to place the arc.
Move the cursor left so that the wall arc
changes gradually. Click to place the wall at a
180-degree angle.
17) Set the right side temporary dimension to
12'-0"
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Tip: You can flip the orientation of the wall's
exterior side as you sketch by holding down
SPACEBAR.
20) Click Modify. Click Zoom to Fit. Save the
project as Walls_01_Exercise_finished.rvt.
3) You now remove the upper right corner. To do
this, you first split the walls at the intersections.
Click Modify | Place Wall tab > Modify panel >
Split. The cursor changes to a razor blade.
In this exercise, you started a new project file and
learned different techniques for placing walls.
Exercise: Modify Walls
In this exercise, you open an existing project and
practice modifying walls.
4) Place the cursor over the wall intersection.
Select the intersection point to break the
horizontal wall into two sections. Do the same
for the vertical wall.
This exercise illustrates how to split, fillet, align, trim,
and extend walls.
The completed exercise
Split Walls
1) Open Walls_02_Exercise.rvt or continue
working from the previous exercise.
2) Draw a wall at the angle and location shown.
Click Modify. Verify that you split the wall by
selecting either wall you just split. Only part of
the wall highlights, showing that there are now
two separate wall sections. Both split walls are
shown below.
You use the Trim tool to make corners later in
the exercise.
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5) To remove the short walls at the corner of the
building, select the walls (hold down the CTRL
key to select both wall sections).
If you make a mistake, click Undo and repeat
the steps. You can also click the flip control.
On the Modify | Walls tab, Modify panel, click
Delete. You can also press the DEL key on your
keyboard to delete the wall sections.
Align Walls
Fillet Walls
Revit Architecture has tools that are quicker
and more precise than the use of your cursor in
positioning walls accurately.
1) Open Walls_03_Exercise.rvt or continue
working from the previous exercise.
1) Open Walls_04_Exercise.rvt or continue
working from the previous exercise.
2) Select any wall. On the Modify | Wall tab,
Create panel, click Create Similar.
2) The Wall tool is still active. To place an interior
wall:
 In the Type Selector, select Basic Wall:
Interior - 6 1/8" Partition
 Click Line
3) Click Fillet Arc.
This is how you create rounded wall corners.
You can drag the wall position or specify a
radius value.
4) On the Options Bar, select Radius. Enter 5'.
5) Select the vertical and horizontal walls at the
lower right of the building. Select the vertical
wall first to keep the wall in proper interior
exterior orientation.
Lesson Plan – Wall Layout, Design, and Editing
Place an interior wall as shown. Do not be
too concerned about the precise location of
the wall. You align the wall in the next steps.
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Wall Trim Tool
1) Open Walls_05_Exercise.rvt or continue
working from the previous exercise.
2) To place two new interior walls:
 Click Architecture tab > Build panel >
 On the Options Bar, clear Chain
 Select the midpoint of the lower right
horizontal wall. The midpoint is indicated
by a triangular snap at the cursor.
3) Click Modify | Walls tab > Modify panel > Align

Pull the cursor straight up. Click to
create a wall. The length is not critical.

Select the midpoint of the lower right
horizontal wall.
4) Select the left side (interior face) of the upper
left vertical wall as the surface to align to.
5) Select the left side of the new interior wall to
align that face with the previous selection.
The interior wall moves until the two walls are
aligned.
You can lock the alignment. You can select
other parts of walls for alignment, such as
location lines.
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
Move the cursor to the left and click.
The length is not critical. The walls can
cross.
6) Select the vertical wall as shown. This will be
the border.
3) Click Modify tab > Edit panel > Trim
7) Select the horizontal wall as shown. This will
extend to the border.
4) Select the two interior walls in turn. The part
of the wall you select will highlight in blue. This
is the part of the wall that will remain after the
trim action. You can click Undo if you make a
mistake.
8) Save the file as
Walls_05_Exercise_finished.rvt
5) Click Extend > Trim/Extend Single Element
In this exercise, you learned different methods for
modifying walls: split, fillet, align, and trim.
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Exercise: Define a Wall Structure
2) The Modify tool is active by default. Select the
Exterior wall as shown.
Weatherproofing and insulation of exterior walls to
reduce energy consumption is an important part of
sustainable design.
Introduction
Architects determine wall materials used in the
buildings they design by how the materials affect
the structure and appearance of a building. A brick
building and a wood-siding building give different
impressions, satisfy different requirements, and vary
in cost.
3) On the Properties palette, click Edit Type.
The function of a building often determines the
materials used in construction. A multistory parking
garage is constructed of materials different from
those used in the lobby of the hotel next door.
4) Click Duplicate to start defining a new wall type
for this wall.
For Name, enter 8" Insulated Stud. Click OK.
The completed exercise
Modify Wall Structure
Open Walls_06_Exercise.rvt in the datasets folder.
1) In the Project Browser, double-click Floor
Plan: Level 1 to open that view.
Lesson Plan – Wall Layout, Design, and Editing
5) To edit the structure of the wall, click Edit in the
Structure value field.
The Edit Assembly dialog box is displayed.
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The wall currently has a single layer of 8" with
no function defined and the material set to
Default Wall.
9) To assign a Material to Layer 1:
 Click in the Material field for Layer 1
 Click the icon that appears at the right
Note: Core boundaries are in all walls. They are
used for dimensions and to differentiate wall
structure.
6) Add two additional layers to the wall. Click
Insert twice.
7) To reorder the wall layers:
 Click the number of Layer 2
 Click Up
 Click the number of Layer 3
 Click Down twice
When you are finished, the wall structure
should be as shown below.

From the left pane in the Materials
dialog box, select Finishes - Exterior EIFS - Exterior Insulation and Finish
System.

Click OK to return to the Edit Assembly
dialog box.
10) Change the Layer Thickness to 2". The value
changes to 0' 2" when you click away from the
field.
8) Every layer of a wall, except Core Boundary,
has a Function you can edit. To assign a
Function to Layer 1:
 Click in the Function field for Layer 1
 Click the arrow at the right
 Select Finish 1 [4]
Lesson Plan – Wall Layout, Design, and Editing
11) Modify the Function, Material, and Thickness
for Layer 3:
 Set the Layer Function to Structure [1]
 Set the Material to Wood - Stud Layer
 Set the Thickness to 5 1/2"
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12) Modify Layer 5 to make it the interior finish:
 Set the Function to Finish 2 [5]
 Set the Material to Finishes - Interior Gypsum Wall Board
 Set the Thickness to 5/8"
15) On the Properties palette, select the view
name as shown to expose its properties.
16) From the Detail level list, select Medium.
The top of the dialog box displays the total
thickness of the defined structure.
13) Click Preview to preview the new wall
structure.
Click Apply to update the view. Zoom in to see
the change in the wall you selected.
This opens a view pane on the left side of
the dialog box, which displays plan or section
views.
14) Click OK to close the Edit Structure dialog box.
Click OK to close the Type Properties dialog
box.
The wall you modified appears unchanged
within the plan view. You can see the layers by
changing the Detail Level settings.
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17) Apply the new wall type to all remaining
Exterior walls.
In the canvas window, hover over an adjacent
exterior wall as indicated by Mark 1 and rightclick on the mouse to reveal the right-click menu
as indicated by Mark 2. Choose “In Entire
Project” indicated by Mark 3.
All the exterior walls will be switched to the
new wall definition.
Your selection set should look like the image
below. All remaining exterior walls are now
highlighted in blue.
Close the file without saving.
In this exercise, you learned how to define a wall
structure using Wall Properties. You opened an
existing file, defined a new wall structure, and
replaced existing walls using that new definition.
18) With the exterior walls still in a selection set, go
to the Properties palette and choose the Basic
Wall: 8” Insulated Stud wall type.
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