Exam 2 Outline
****Disclaimer- This is not an exhaustive list of everything that may or may not be on the test, this is
only a GUIDE. I still reserve the right to test on any material in the book, lecture or lab, even if it does
not appear on this list.
Ch 8
1. Be able to describe the major differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.
2. Be able to describe prokaryotic reproduction by binary fission.
3. Be able to describe the terms chromosomes, chromatin, sister chromatids, tetrad and
centromere.
4. Be able to name and describe what occurs in the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
5. Be able to name the stages of mitosis and describe what occurs at each stage.
6. Be able to describe the process of cytokinesis as it occurs for animals as well as plants.
7. Be able to describe the process of meiosis and how it differs from mitosis.
8. Be able to describe how growth factors control the cell cycle.
9. Be able to describe the process of crossing over and why this is important.
10. Describe nondisjunction, inversion and translocation
11. Understand density-dependent and anchorage inhibition
12. Understand the difference between haploid and diploid
13. What causes a cell to become cancerous?
Ch 9
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Ch 10
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Know what homologous chromosomes, alleles, genes and loci are
Know what the terms P, F1, F2, phenotyope and genotype mean
Know what homozygous and heterozygous are
Know the difference between somatic and sex cells and what happens when haploid gametes
unite
Be able to explain Mendels laws of segregation and independent assortment
Know what dominant and recessive genes are and under which circumstances each will show in
a phenotype
Understand incomplete dominance, pleiotrophy, polygenic inheritance, linked genes, sex-linked
genes and one example of each
Know how sex is determined in different species
Be able to complete a monohybrid and sex-linked Punnett square and correctly tell me what is
says
Describe what makes something heritable
Describe the double helix
Know the difference between DNA and RNA
Know the nucleotide bases of DNA and RNA, purines and pyrimadines and the base pairing rules
Describe DNA replication including semi-conservative, origin of replication and the 4 enzymes
we talked about
Know which direction DNA is synthesized
Describe gene expression and the process of going from DNA to a protein
Understand the genetic code, codons, triplets and how to read the code
Know how mRNA is made in transcription and where it takes place
10. Describe RNA splicing, introns and exons
11. Describe translation including where it takes place, the three steps, the role of the ribosome,
mRNA, tRNA, and the codons
12. Be able to describe how amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain during
translation
13. Know how bacteria obtain new DNA
14. Know what mutations are, two types we talked about and their affect on the DNA sequence
15. Understand what a shift in reading frame is and its affect on the DNA and associated protein
Ch 11
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Ch 12
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Be able to describe how the lac operon works with and without lactose
Know what repressors and activators are
Know what cellular differentiation is and how it works
Understand how the chromosome is packaged in cells
Know the role of proteins in controlling transcription
Understand alternate RNA splicing
Know what miRNA and RNA interference is
Be able to name and describe the mechanisms for regulation of translation and later stages of
gene expression.
Describe nuclear transplantation and reproductive cloning.
How do adult stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells?
Describe cascades of gene expression and development.
Describe signal transduction pathways in general.
Be able to describe the genetic basis of cancer and different genes that might be mutated to
produce cancer including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Describe how carcinogens contribute to cancer formation.
Know what recombinant DNA is and how it is formed in a bacteria
Know what a genomic library is
Understand what cDNA is and how it is created
Know what DNA probes are and what their use is
Understand what GM organisms are
Be able to outline PCR and know what it is used for
Know what Gel Electrophoresis is and how to read a gel
Understand short tandem repeats (STR) and restriction sites and how they can influence gel
electrophoresis
9. Be able to use DNA profiling to match DNA samples on an electrophoresis gel picture.