Physical Science EOC Review
Force and Motion
Using a triangle
Triangles always yield 3 formulas
You can divide the number on the top
by either number underneath or
multiple the two bottom numbers




distance= far you travel , no direction
displacement=how far you are from where you started ; direction
speed=how fast you are going; no direction
velocity=how fast and in what direction
Velocity= distance/time (see triangle above)
Constant Velocity
No velocity=at rest
Curve indicates acceleration
 An object rolls east at a velocity(speed) of 15 m/s for 5 seconds. What distance did it travel?
Acceleration = change in velocity/time
v=velocity final-velocity initial
11. A car’s velocity changes from 0m/s to 50m/s in 10 seconds.
What is the average acceleration of the car?
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Gravity (g)=9.8m/s2 The acceleration of a falling object
***All objects would fall at the same rate regardless of mass if there were no air resistance (like on the moon!)***
An objects size and shape (not weight or mass) effect how fast it falls because of air resistance
Terminal velocity is when a falling object stops accelerating because the upward force of air resistance equals the
downward force of gravity
Newton’s 1st Law-an object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an
outside force
12. Give 2 examples of Newton’s 1st Law
Newton’s 2nd Law- Force=Mass x acceleration
**weight is a force**
13. How much force is needed to accelerate a 600kg
Car at a rate of 3m/s2?
Friction—opposes motion
1. Static-on stationary object **hardest to overcome**
2. Sliding-on an object being slide across the ground
3. Rolling-on an object with wheels being pushed
4. Fluid-on an object in the water
14. Give one example of each type of friction.
Newton’s 3rd Law-For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
15. A boy jumps off a boat into the water; the boat moves
at the same time. If the boy exerted 50N of force


Person exerts a 10 N
Force on the wall
backward
onto the boat, how much force did the boat exert on him?
Wall exerts a 10N
back on the person
Goal 3: TLW analyze energy and its conservation
EnergyThe ability to do work; measured in joules (J)
Kinetic Energy (KE)=1/2mv2
Total Energy = KE + PE
Potential Energy (PE)=mgh
It does not change
15. What is the potential energy acquired by an object with a mass of 8kg when it is raised 10 meters?
16. A 5kg wagon on a frictionless surface travels 10m/s. What is the kinetic energy?
Thermal Energy Heat
Specific Heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius
Physical Science EOC Review
**Higher specific heat takes more energy to heat up and loses more energy as it cools off**
Heat always flows from warmer to cooler
3 methods of heat flow
1. Conduction---heat transfer by direct contact
2. Convection—Heat transfer by current; warm rises, cool drops
3. Radiation—No direct contact
17. An equal mass of gold and silver are sitting out in the sun. The gold feels warmer to the touch. Why?
Work=Force x distance
***no movement= no work**
18. A total of 1000J of work was done when a 250N force was exerted on a shelf. How far was the shelf moved?
Power=Rate of doing work (work/time)
19. A student exerts a force of 500N to move a box 10 meters in 5 seconds. What is the student’s power?
Waves—2 main types
Transverse—media moves at right angles to the direction of travel
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rest position
Longitudinal—media moves parallel to the direction of travel
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rest
position
Wave Speed=Wavelength () x frequency (f)
**light travels faster than sound
**sound travels fastest through a solid/can’t travel in a vacuum
20. What is the speed of a wave with a wavelength of 2m and a frequency of 30hz?
Electromagnetic Spectrum- is on your reference table. It list all the parts of light. (transverse waves)
 longer wavelengths/lower frequency/lowest energy
shorter wavelength/higher frequency/highest energy
Physical Science EOC Review
21. When comparing the types of electromagnetic waves, which has the greatest energy?
22. Explain the Doppler effect in relation to the frequency changes.
Goal 4—TLW construct an understanding of electricity and magnetism
Static Electricity Opposites attract; only electrons can move from 1 substance to another
Inductionno contact; rearranges the protons and electrons within an object to create a region of charge
Electroscopes detect charges
Negative means something gained electrons
leaves move apart
Positive means something lost electrons
because of like charges
23. How do electrically charged objects affect neutral objects when they come in contact?
Ohms Law potential difference (Voltage) = current x resistance
**Circuits must be closed for electricity to flow
**Electricity is the flow of electrons
24. What voltage is required to run a 35-watt light bulb if the current is .2 amps?
Electrical Power- measures energy usage in your home in kilowatt hours
Watts/ 1000 to get kilowatt / time (hours) to get kw/hr
Circuits
Series
-one bulb goes out they all go out
--add resistors together (15)
Parallel
--one bulb goes out; other stay lite
--Invert add and Invert to get total resistance
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1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5= 3/5=5/3
25. What is the current in the 2 above circuits?
Magnetism
--opposite poles attract; like poles repel
--magnetic field lines always go from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet
--when lines are closer together the field is stronger (like closer to the poles)
--electric current has a magnetic field and will turn the needle of a compass
26. Draw a bar magnet and it’s field lines.
Electromagnets Constructed from a metal core with wire coiled around it and attached to a battery
Stronger electromagnets
--More turns of the wire
--Higher voltage battery source
--more felsic (iron) core
27. Draw a graph that would represent the number of paper clips that could be picked up by an electromagnetic as the
number of turns of wire around the core increased.
Goal 5 TLW build an understanding of the structure and properties of matter
Atomic History
Democritus Everything is made of indivisible atoms
Dalton Developed an atomic theory
1. All elements are composed of atoms
2. All atoms of the same element have the same mass (proven wrong b/c of the discovery of isotopes)
3. Atoms of different elements have different masses
4. Compounds contain atoms of more than one element in fixed, whole number ratios
5. Atoms are small indivisible spheres (later proven wrong by Thomson)
JJ Thomson Used the cathode ray tube to discover the electron; developed the plum pudding model
Rutherford used the gold foil experiment to discover the atom is mostly empty space, with a small, dense, positively
charged nucleus
Bohr discovered that electrons travels in set orbits around the nucleus; developed the planetary model
Bohr models:
-# of protons in center
-# of electrons in center
-circles around nucleus for each energy level
Physical Science EOC Review
-2n2 for # of electrons on each circle
Electron Cloud Model It is no longer thought that electrons travel in
Fixed circles around the nucleus, but it generalized areas called clouds or orbits; the formula 2n2 still tells how
many electrons each principle energy level can hold
2n2 can be used to determine the number of electrons on each energy level: 1=2, 2=8, 3=18, and 4=32
Protons (p+) positive in charge; located in nucleus; gives identity to element
Neutrons (n0) Neutral; located in nucleus
Electrons (e-) Negatively charged; located in “clouds” outside the nucleus
**Protons and Neutrons are massive compared to the electrons**
Atoms are mostly empty space, with the mass concentrated in the nucleus
Atomic # = the # of p+ or e-
Atomic # 
 symbol
Name

Atomic mass rounds to mass #
atomic mass
Mass#= #p+ + #n0
Ions formed when atoms gain or lose electrons
Anion negative ion; formed when atom gains electrons
Cation positive ion; formed when atom loses electrons
Isotopes atom with more or less than the normal number of neutrons
3 ways to write
14
6
C (top is mass, bottom is atomic #), Carbon-14 (mass follows name), or C-14
Mass on the periodic table is a weighted average of all the isotopes, but will be closest the most abundant
isotope
28. How many protons are in an atom of Chlorine?
29. An atom with an atomic number of 20 and a mass of 45 has how many neutrons?
30. What is the atomic number of nitrogen-16?
Properties and Changes
Physical
Chemical
Does NOT change identity
Identity changes as observation is made
Color, size, shape, density
Burns, flammable, will rust, reacts with (anything)
**soluble**, **Changes of state**
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Heating Curve
Physical Changes
Temperature
(C)
Energy (J)
Indicators of a chemical change
1. Gas production
2. Production of heat and light
3. Change of color
4. Production of a precipitate
5. Temperature change
Exothermic
Endothermic
31. Carbon has two naturally occurring isotopes, carbon-12 and carbon-14. Which is the most abundant isotope?
32. A lead sphere, density of 11.3g/ml, is dropped into a graduate cylinder and is found to displace 21ml of water. What is
the mass of the lead?
33. A tree is cut down, trimmed, sawed into logs, and split into fire wood. It is taken to a house, burned in the fireplace,
and throw out as ash. Which of the above is/are chemical changes?
Physical Science EOC Review
Goal 6 TLW build an understanding of the structure and properties of matter
Ionic Bonding between a metal and a nonmetal; metal gives electrons to nonmetal
Mg +
Cl
Mg+2 + Cl-1
Cl
Cl-1
 MgCl2
Ionic Naming Name the metal, change the nonmetal to –ide LiF lithium fluoride
Name the metal, name the polyatomic ion
NaOH sodium hydroxide
Writing Formula Find the charges by the row on the periodic table (or the number in parenthesis for transition metals)
and criss-cross the charges
Magnesium Bromide
Mg+2 Br-1  MgBr2
Lead (II) Chloride
Pb+2
Cl-1  PbCl2
Lithium Sulfate
Li+1
SO4-2 Li2SO4
Covalent Share electrons to get 8; between a metal and a nonmetal
HOH
Chemical Equations Show the number and types of elements involved
***Must demonstrate the conservation of matter***
***You can only add confidents to balance***
H2O  H2 + O2 is not balanced
Classifying Equations
1. Composition reaction (The Happy Couple)
A + B  AB
Mg + Cl2 MgCl2
2. Decomposition reaction (The Break-up)
AB  A + B
MgCl2  Mg + Cl
3. Single Replacement (The Home-wrecker)
A + BC  B + AC
2Li + MgCl2  Mg + 2LiCl
4. Double Replacement (Dating Springer Style)
AB + CD  AD + CB
2H20  2H2 + O2 is balanced
Physical Science EOC Review
3Mg(NO3)2 + 2Li3PO4  Mg3(PO4)2 + 6LiNO3
34. How do the alkali metals tend to form bonds?
35. Which element from group 1A would form a covalent compound with oxygen?
36. Classify the following reaction:
2Fe2O3  2Fe +3O2
Solutions
The solvent does the dissolving
The solute gets dissolved
The solution takes the state of the solvent
Unsaturated solutions can hold more solute
Saturated solutions are holding as much solute as they can at the given conditions
Supersaturated solutions are forced to hold more solute than normal
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents; non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents
***Like dissolves Like***
Solubility increases
1. When solution is heated (except gases become less soluble when heated)
2. When solution is stirred
3. When the solute has a greater surface area
4. When the pressure is increased (only affects gases)
LiCl
KNO3
Solubility (g/100g H20)
NaCl
MgSO4
Temperature (C)
35. Which salt is least effect by temperature change?
36. Which salt is the most soluble?
37. Which would most effectively increase the solubility of a gas in a liquid: heating it, stirring it, boiling it, or putting it
under pressure?
Physical Science EOC Review
PH Scale
pH ranges from 1 to 14 with 7 being neutral, values below 7 being acids, and values above 7 being bases
Acid—Large amounts of hydrogen (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+), turn litmus red, taste sour, neutralize bases
Bases—Large amounts of hydroxide ions (OH-), turn litmus blue, taste bitter, feel slippery, neutralize acids
Acid + base  salt + H2O
Phenolphthalein is a base indicator that turns PINK in the presents of a BASE
Nuclear Reactions
Alpha particles 42He  subtract 4 from mass, 2 from atomic number; least penetrating; stopped by a sheet of paper
Beta particles 0-1e leave mass alone, add one to atomic number; stopped by wood or thin metal
Gamma particles are energy don’t effect mass or atomic number; most damaging; stopped by several meters of concrete
or several centimeters of lead
Fission is splitting of nuclei; used in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs
Fusion is the joining of nuclei; occurs on the sun and stars, too hot to contain on Earth
38. The loss of a beta particle would have what kind of effect on the atomic mass and the atomic number of an element?
39. A researcher found that an unknown substance tasted bitter, turned litmus blue, and phenolphthalein pink. What type
of substance is it?
40. Demonstrate what happens when Radon-222 losses an alpha particle.
Know all things labeled on the periodic table and be able to label the blank one in your reference table for the EOC