COURSE:
AA21
Animal Science I
UNIT
C
Animal Agriculture & Management
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
OBJECTIVE:
6.00
6.01
13%
7%
C2 Understand animal management.
C2 Understand animal husbandry.
Sources of Information:

James, Gillespie R., and Flanders B. Frank. "Safety in Livestock Production." Modern
Livestock and Poultry Production. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2010.
57-70. Print.

James, Gillespie R., and Flanders B. Frank. "Diseases and Parasites of Poultry."
Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning,
2010. 697. Print.

James, Gillespie R., and Flanders B. Frank. "Diseases and Parasites of Swine." Modern
Livestock and Poultry Production. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2010.
447-463. Print.

James, Gillespie R., and Flanders B. Frank. "Diseases and Parasites of Beef Cattle."
Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning,
2010. 335-345. Print.

Poultry Production.
Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2010. 373-377. Print.
Note to teacher: Create guided notes, PowerPoint’s or visual presentation for unpacked content.
Safety and the Animal Industry
A. Common Causes of Human Injury
1. Human Error- poor judgment, working when tired lack of focus, etc.
2. Improper Training- workers are not properly trained on how to handle animals or equipment.
3. Failure to use personal protective equipment (PPE). Injuries occur from slippery floors, dusty conditions, etc when individuals do not use PPE.
4. Environmental factors such as poor ventilation.
B. Chemical Safety
1. All chemicals must be properly labeled and stored. Material Safety Data
Sheets must be maintained.
2. Workers must be trained on how to use chemicals.
3. Personal Protective Equipment must be used and properly cleaned following contact with chemicals.
C. Animal Handling
1. Facilities- should provide safe environment for workers and animals. i. Safe footing. ii. Adequate space to maneuver animals. iii. Properly working equipment. iv. Adequate lighting.
2. Animal Behavior

i. Vision- livestock animals have a wider range of peripheral vision because their eyes are located on the sides of their head but have limited depth perception.
1. Animal vision causes reaction to movement and contrasting patterns.
2. Small objects or movements can distract animals and cause them to react. ii. Noise- animals react negatively to loud noises and high-pitched sounds.
1. Excessive noise confuses animals.
2. Animals remember negative experiences. iii. Companion & livestock animals typically do not attack humans unless provoked or out of fear.
1. Animals tend to show aggression when cornered and they cannot escape. This concept of animal behavior is often referred to as “fight or flight.”
2. Animals will also show aggression when they are protecting their young.
D. Animal Handling Recommendations
1. Animal Restraint- use recommended equipment to restrain animals: i. Head Gate and Squeeze Chutes for Livestock- design facilities to meet recommended specifications such as curved chutes with solid walls to encourage animals to move better and with less stress. ii. Halters- use halters to tie horses and restrain cattle, sheep and goats. iii. Muzzles- use muzzles to restrain companion animals such as dogs and cats.
2.
“Flight Zone” of Cattle- the imaginary circle that surrounds an animal or herd. When humans enter the flight zone, animals react and attempt to move away. Understanding the flight zone helps handlers efficiently move livestock.
3. Awareness of Animal Behavior- watch for behavior of animals that indicate they are suspicious or scared: i. Head raised. ii. Wide eyes. iii. Flaring nostrils. iv. Tense muscles. v. Ear position.
4. Acclimating Animals to Human Contact- livestock are not accustomed to human contact as compared to companion animals. i. Handlers should attempt to make human contact a positive experience. Avoid yelling, waving arms, and other loud noises. ii. Exposure to humans- animals remember both positive and negative experiences. Acclimate animals through routinely checking and handling animals.

Animal Management
A. Preventative Maintenance
1. Record Keeping- keep accurate breeding records, health protocols, production records, vaccination schedules, etc.
2. Feeding Practices- provide adequate nutrition to meet the needs of the individual animals.
3. Vaccination- utilize a vaccination program and correctly administer and store all vaccines for the prevention of diseases.
4. Parasite Control- follow recommendations and protocol for controlling internal and external parasites.
5. Animal Observation- routinely check animals and be familiar with typical behavior and vital signs. i. Isolate new animals. ii. Detect visual signs that indicate disease:
1. Open wounds.
2. Isolation from the group.
3. Lethargic behavior.
6. Sanitation- maintain clean facilities and sanitize according to recommendations.
7. Biosecurity- protection from biological harm from living things including diseases, parasites, and bioterrorism. This can be accomplished by: i. Limit the number of people who visit the farm. ii. Disinfect any equipment including footwear that is brought onto the farm from another location. iii. Sanitize and disinfect facilities, equipment, etc. iv. Keep adequate distance from one farm facility to the next even when owned by the same individual or company.
8. Veterinarian- consult with a veterinarian to establish a viable animal health program.
B. Diseases & Parasites
1. Noninfectious Diseases Causes i. Faulty Nutrition- ration is not balanced. ii. Metabolic Disorder- not adequately digested. iii. Trauma- wounds or injuries. iv. Toxic substances- poisonous materials such as chemicals, plants, snakes and spiders. v. Congenital Defects- birth defects.
2. Infectious Disease Causes i. Virus- a microscopic infective agent that causes disease.
1. Common viruses include: influenza, rabies, shipping fever, etc.
2. Many viruses can be controlled by vaccinating animals. ii. Bacteria- one-celled microorganisms that can cause disease.
1. Common bacterial infections include: salmonella, e-coli, streptococcus, etc.

2. Bacterial infections can be prevented through proper sanitation and prevention of injury to animals that cause contact with bacterial agents.
3. Parasites i. Internal Parasites- organisms that live inside of an animal.
1. Common internal parasites include: roundworms, heartworms, tapeworms, etc.
2. Internal parasites are controlled through routine de-worming programs, and pasture and herd management. ii. External Parasites- organisms that affect the outside areas of an animal’s body.
1. Common external parasites include: flies, lice, mites, ticks, etc.
2. External parasites are controlled through chemical and biological methods.
COURSE:
AA21
Animal Science I
UNIT
C
Animal Agriculture & Management
ESSENTIAL
STANDARD:
OBJECTIVE:
6.00
6.02
13%
6%
C2 Understand animal management.
C2 Classify animal and financial records.
Sources of Information:

James, Gillespie R., and Flanders B. Frank. "Feeding and Management of Swine."
Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning,
2010. 439. Print.

James, Gillespie R., and Flanders B. Frank. "Feeding and Management of the Cow-Calf
Herd." Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage
Learning, 2010. 305. Print.

"BIF Guidelines - 9th Edition." Library . Beef Improvement Federation, n.d. Web. 28 Apr.
2013. <http://www.beefimprovement.org/>.

Moore, Dr. Gary. North Carolina State University SAE Record Book.
Print.
Note to teacher: Create guided notes, PowerPoint’s or visual presentation for unpacked content.
Identification Systems
A. Branding- uses a metal instrument to burn or to freeze a mark on the animal.
1. The original use was to show ownership NOT individual animal identification numbers.
2. Provides a permanent method of identifying animals.
3. Animals are usually branded prior to weaning.
4. The Beef Improvement Federation recommends the use of a lettering system to represent the year of birth. i. This reduces the number of items that are branded on the animal.

ii. Provides uniformity for all breeds. iii. Example: 2013= A, 2014=B, 2015=C, etc.
B. Ear Tagging- uses special pliers to attach plastic pieces with numbers on them.
1. Easy to read from front view but is less permanent than some systems.
2. Tags are made of plastic or metal.
3. The same lettering system representing the year of birth can also be used on ear tags.
C. Tattooing- uses a special tool to put inked numbers in ears, lips or other locations.
1. Permanent, simple and relatively painless to use.
2. Utilizes a lettering system to represent the year of birth.
3. More difficult to read than other systems.
D. Ear Notching- uses a special notching tool to cut out little “V” notches on animal’s ears.
Note to Teacher: Show an ear notching graphic from the Internet to illustrate the ear notching diagram.
1. Important to remember that you should be standing behind the animal to determine the right or left ear.
2.
Notches in a pig’s right ear indicate litter number.
3. Notches in a pig’s left ear indicate individual number.
4. The notch on the bottom of ear near the head means 1, on the bottom near the tip of ear means 3, in the tip of ear means 81, on top rear tip means 9, on top near head means 27.
5. The left ear has only 1, 3 and 9 notches because 27 and 81 are not needed for individual numbers in a litter.
6. An animal can only have 2 notches in any location except for 81 which can only have 1 notch.
Financial Records
A. Asset- something tangible of value that a person owns.
1. Current- items quickly converted to cash or that will be sold within 12 months. Examples: cash, checking, savings, stocks, and non-depreciable inventory of crops, livestock, etc.
2. Non-Current- items that have a useful life of more than one year.
Examples: land, machinery, breeding livestock, etc.
B. Liability- debts
1. Current- debts due to be paid this year. Examples: fertilizer and feed bills, tractor and building payments, and the part of mortgage due this year.
2. Non-Current- debts not due this year. Examples: mortgages not including this year’s payment.
C. Formulas used to Calculate Financial Records
1. Total Assets = current assets + non-current assets.
2. Total Liabilities = current liabilities + non-current liabilities.
3. Net Worth = total assets - total liabilities
D. Inventory- an itemized list of things owned by a business with the beginning value and depreciated value.

1. Non-Depreciable Inventory- items that will be used up or sold within a year. Example: feed, supplies, etc.
2. Depreciable Inventory- items that have a useful life of more than one year and lose value because of age, wear or becoming out-of-date because of technology advancements.
3. Land is NOT depreciable property.