HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
1. Which group of bacteria’s presence indicates contamination by disease causing microorganisms?
A. Coliform.
2. Where is coliform found in human body?
A. Intestines.
3. What is the length of Ganga river?
A. 2500km.
4. What are the three R’s to save environment?
A. Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.
5. What is meant by reduce? How can we achieve it?
A. Reduce means that we use less. We can save electricity by switching off unnecessary lights and fans. We can save water by repairing leaky taps. We should not waste food.
6. What is meant by Reuse?
A. In Reuse, we simply use things again and again.
7. How does sustainable development implies a change in all aspects of life?
A. The concept of sustainable development encourages forms of growth that meet current basic human needs, while preserving the resources for the needs of future generations. Economic development is linked to environmental conversation. Thus sustainable development implies a change in all aspects of life.
8. On what does sustainable development depend?
A. Sustainable development depends upon the willingness of the people to change their perceptions of the socio-economic and environmental conditions around them, and the readiness of each individual to alter their present use of natural resources.
9. Why should we manage our resources?
A. We should manage our resources because resources are not unlimited and with the human population increasing at a tremendous rate due to improvement in health-care, the demand for all resources is increasing at an exponential rate. The management of natural resources requires a long-term perspective so that these will last for the generations to come and will not merely be

exploited to the hilt for short term gains. This management should also ensure equitable distribution of resources so that all, and not just a handful of rich and powerful people benefit from the development of these resources. Exploiting natural resources is the damage we cause to the environment while these resources are either extracted or used.
10. What are called bio-diversity hot spots?
A. Forests.
11. What does sustainable natural resource management demands?
A. Sustainable natural resource management demands that we plan for the safe disposal of these wastes too.
12. How to measure biodiversity?
A. One measure of the biodiversity of an area is the number of species found there.
13. Write one aim of conservation.
A. One of the main aims of conservation is to try and preserve the biodiversity we have inherited.
14. Who are stakeholders?
A. Stakeholders are
1.
The people who live in or around the forests who are dependent on forest produce for various aspects of their life.
2.
The forest department of the government, which own the land and controls the resources from forests.
3.
The industrialists who use tendu leaves to make bidis to the one with paper mills-who use various forest produce, but are dependent on the forests in any one area.
15. How is bamboo for forest people?
A. Bamboo is used to make slats for huts, and baskets for collecting and storing food materials.
16. What is the use of making vast monocultures of pine, teak or eucalyptus and how does it affect forest people?
A. In order to plant monocultures, huge areas are first cleared of all vegetation. This destroys a large amount of biodiversity in the area. Not only this, the varied needs of local people-leaves for fodder, herbs for medicines, fruits and nuts for food can no longer be met from such forests. Such plantations are useful for the industry to access specific products and are an important source of revenue for the forest department.

17. Name the community for whom conservation of forest and wildlife has been a religious tenet.
A. Bishnoi community in Rajasthan.
18. On whose memory Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award for wildlife conservation is instituted?
A. In the memory of Amrita Devi Bishnoi who in 1731 sacrificed her life along with 363 others for the protection of khejri trees in khejrali village near Jodhpur in Rajasthan.
19. What happened to alpine medow grass after national park was built and shepherds were not allowed for grazing their sheep?
A. Without regular grazing by sheep the grass first grows very tall and then falls over preventing fresh growth.
20. Where was chipko movement originated in India and when?
A. In remote village called Reni in Garhwal high up in the Himalayas during the early 1970s.
21. What can indeed lead to the efficient management of forests?
A. Participation of the local people can indeed lead to the efficient management of forests.
22. How does British arrival changed the systems of irrigation by Indian people?
A. The conception of large scale projects-large dams and canals transversing large distances were first conceived and implemented by the British and carried on with no less gusto by our newly formed independent government. These mega-projects led to the neglect of the local irrigation methods, and the government also increasingly took over the administration of these systems leading to the loss of control over the local water sources by the local people.
23. Why do we seek to build dams?
A. Large dams can ensure the storage of adequate water not just for irrigation, but also for generating electricity. Canal systems leading from these dams can transfer large amounts of water great distances.
24. Name the dam present on Narmada River.
A. Sardar sarovar dam.
25. What are problems addressed by criticisms about large dams?
A. Criticisms about large dams address three problems in particular-

1.
Social problems because they displace large number of peasants and tribals without adequate compensation or rehabilitation.
2.
Economic problems because they swallow up huge amounts of public money without the generation of proportional benefits.
3.
Environmental problems because they contribute enormously to deforestation and loss of biological diversity.
26. What does watershed management emphasise?
A. Watershed management emphasizes scientific soil and water conservation in order to increase the biomass production.
27. What are the advantages of watershed management?
A. Advantages of watershed management.
1.
Increase production.
2.
Increases the income of watershed community.
3.
Mitigates floods and droughts.
4.
Increases the life of downstream dams and reservoirs.
28. How are coal and petroleum formed? Why are they exhaustible?
A. Coal and petroleum were formed from the degradation of biomass millions of years ago and hence these resources that will be exhausted in the future.
29. Name some ancient water harvesting methods of different states in India.
A. Khadins, tanks and nadis-Rajasthan.
Bandharas and tals – Maharashtra
Bundhis – Madhya pradesh and Uttar pradesh
Arhars and pynes – Bihar
Kulhs – Himachal pradesh
Ponds – Kandi belt of J&K
Eris – Tamil Nadu
Surangams – Kerala
Kattas – Karnataka

30. What are the advantages of water stored in ground?
A. Advantages of water stored in ground.
1.
Does not evaporate.
2.
Spreads out to recharge wells.
3.
Provides moisture for vegetation over a wide area.
4.
Does not provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes like stagnant water collected in ponds or artificial tanks.
5.
Relatively protected form human and animal waste contamination.
31. What is the estimated time for the existence of petroleum and coal?
A. Petroleum resources will last for forty years and coal resources will last for another two hundred years.
32. Why have coal and petroleum contain hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur?
A. Coal and petroleum have hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur because they have been formed from biomass.
33. How does mining cause pollution?
A. Mining causes pollution because of the large amount of slag, which is discarded for every tonne of metal extracted.
34. Which canal brought greenery to considerable areas of Rajasthan?
A. Indira Gandhi Canal.
35. What are advantages of complete combustion?
A. Advantages of complete combustion.
1.
It increases efficiency.
2.
It reduces pollution.