Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin
Time
MYA
7-6
Biochro.
Locations
Features
Found
Described
Brain Size
TorosMenalla, Chad
2001
6-5.7
PotasArgon
Tugen Hills,
Lukeino,
Kenya
Ardipithecus
kadabba
5.8-5.2
Alaya/M.
Awash
Ethiopia
Michael
Brunet
2001
Brigitte
Senut &
Martin
Pickford
Yohannes
HaileSelassie
2001
300-370
cc
Orrorin
tugenensis
Cranium,
2 mand.; no
PC bones
Molar, thick
enamel,
apelike
Ardipithecus
ramidus
5.7-4.3
Aramis, Gona
& Middle
Awash,
Ethiopia
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
Australopithecus
anamensis
4.3-3.9
E. Turkana,
Allia Bay, &
Kanapoi, & M.
Awash Kenya
Australopithecus
afarensis
3.7-2.8
radiome
tric
Hadar,
Ethiopia;
Laetoli, Tanz.
Australopithecus
bahrelghazli
(= afarensis)
3.5-3.0
Bahr el
Ghazal, Koro
Toro, Chad
Mandibles,
teeth, PC
bones; large
canines
Partial
skeleton,
teeth,
cranium
underside,
jaws, limbs
Larger
canines
Co-exist
Type Specimen
2001
TM 266-01-060-1
2001
BAR1000’00
2004
ALA-VP-2/10
Tim White,
Berhane
Asfaw,
Gen Suwa
1994
ARA-VP-6/1
1994
1965
Patterson
Maeve
Leakey,
1995
KNM-KP 29281
Feibel and
Ian
McDougall
Skull, some
skeleton,
crania, lower
jaws, limbs
1974
Lucy
1993
1995
Don
Johanson
1978
Michael
Brunet
1997
(446)
387-550
cc
1978
LH 4 mandible
1997
KT 12/H1
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin
Kenyanthropus
platyops (flat
face)
Australopithecus
africanus
Time
3.5-3.2
Argon
Locations
W. Turkana,
Ethiopia
Features
Small ear
hole; thick
enamel
1st African
Hominin
fossil
Found
Described
1999 Justus Maeve
Erus
Leakey
2001
1924
Raymond
Dart
1925
Brain Size
400-560
cc
3-2.4
Gladysvale,
Makapansgar,
Sterkfontein,
Taung,
S. Africa
Australopithecus
garhi
2.5
Bouri, M.
Awash, W.
Turkana,
Ethiopia
Paranthropus
aethiopicus
2.7-2.3
W. Turkana,
Omo, Ethiopia
Australopithecus
sediba
1.981.78
Malapa, South
Africa
Precision
grip; modern
ankle;
primitive
heel; asym.
brain hem.
Paranthropus
boisei
2.31.2/.7
Koobi Fora,
E. Turkana,
Kenya; Omo,
Ethiopia;
Oldovai, Tanz.
Large jaws,
molars,
sagittal crest
B. Wood:
meat
Co-exist
Type Specimen
2001
KNM-WT 40000
(461)
400-560
cc
1925
Taung 1 cranium
Long legs,
large molars
1999
Berhane
Asfaw
1999
450 cc
1999
BOU-VP-12/130
Camille
Arambourg
& Yves
Coppens
1968
410 cc
1968
Omo 18.18
Matthew
Berger
2008
Lee Berger,
DeRuiter
201-0
420-450
cc
Mary
Leakey
1959
Louis
Leakey
(530)
430-545
cc
1959
OH 5
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin
Time
Location
Paranthropus
robustus
2.0-1.0
Swartkraus; all
South AF
Homo habilis
2.4-1.6
Oldovai, E.
Turkana,
Koobi For a,
Kenya
Teeth,
craniums,
hand bones,
left foot
Homo
rudolfensis
2.4-1.8
= Homo
habilis
Homo
gautengensis
1.9-.6
Olduvai, E.
Turkana,
Koobi Fora
Sterkfontein,
S. Africa
Homo ergaster
1.8-1.5
W. Turkana,
Koobi Fora,
Kenya
= early
African Homo
erectus
Colin
Groves &
Vratislav
Mazak
871 cc
1975
KNM-ER 992
Homo erectus
1.9-50T
Dmanisi,
Georgia;
E. Africa;
Java; Trinil,
Indonesia
Dmanisi,
Georgia
W. Turkana
Teeth, femur, 1890/1
skullcap;
Out of Africa
2M
Eugene
Dubois
870 cc
(730-1250
cc)
1894
Trinil 2 calotte
1.7-1.8
Features
Found
1964,
Leakey
Described
Brain Size
Robert
Broom
1938
(521)
530 or
476 cc
1938
TM 1517
Louis
Leakey
1964
630 cc
(510-750)
1964
OH 7
Valery
Alexeev
752 cc
1986
KNM-ER 1470
Curnoe
2010
Oldowan
tools
Almost
complete
skeleton =
Turkana Boy
KNM-WT
15000
Co-exist
Type Specimen
Stw 53
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin
(Sinanthropus
pekinensis)( =
Homo erectus)
Time
Location
Features
Found
1927
Described
Davidson
Black
Brain Size
Homo
heidelbergensis
880250T
(.6-.1)
Mauer,
Germany;
Boxgrove,
England;
Bodo,
Ethiopia;
Kabwe,
Zambia
Larger brain
1908
Schoetensack
1270 cc
Homo
antecessor
780T
(.7-.5)
Gran Dolina,
Atapuerca,
Spain
Homo
neanderthalis
200T30T (.2.03);
400500T in
Spain
Kleine
Feldhofer,
Germany;
sites in
Europe, Near
East, Asia
Also Engis,
Belgium
Forbes’
Quarry,
Gibraltar
1908
Co-exist
1908
Mauer 1 mandible
Jose-Maria
Bermudez
de Castro
1-4% DNA in
Europeans/
Asians
1856
1824
1848
1864, King
Type Specimen
1927
Zhoukoudian
(Choukoutien) teeth
1997
ATD 6-5
1420 cc
H.
sapiens
Neanderthal 1
calotte (Kleine
Feldhofer skeleton);
40KYA
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin
Time
Location
Features
Found
Homo sapiens
200T(.2present)
Cro-Magnon,
Les Eyzies,
France; many
sites
Brain size,
globe skull,
art, only
survivor;
In Europe, 45
TYA
1st fossil of H.
sapiens
1868
Also Paviland,
Gower
Peninsula,
Wales
Described
Brain Size
Co-exist
1350 cc
H.
neand.
Type Specimen
1822/3
Homo
floresiensis
<38T18T
(.095.018)
Liang Bua,
Island of
Flores,
Indonesia
100
specimens/
14
individuals
2003
Peter
Brown
2005
Denisovans
41-50T
Denisovia,
Siberia
Finger bone,
molar, toe
bone
5% DNA in
New
Guineans,
Aborigines,
Melanesia
2008
Maria
Mednikova
2010
David Reich
400cc
2005 LB 1
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
Orrorin
tugenensis
Teeth
Small
canines
worn at tip;
thick
enamel
Thick
enamel,
Large
canines
Mandible
Leg
Fingers &
Arms
thick
Brow
bridge
Massive
bb,
moder.
prognathi
c face
outer/
cortical
bone is
thickest
at top
and
bottom
of neck
Curved
fingers
Face
&
Chin
Pelvis
Notable
Height
Weight
Toumai skull;
small braincase
and widely
spaced eye
sockets
Chimp
size
Origin in
forested
habitat
Ardipithecus
kadabba
Ardipithecus
ramidus
Non Skeletal
70-80
lbs.
strongly
built arm
bones
thin dental
enamel ;
smaller
canines
Australopithecus Rectangular
anamensis
arcade;
Thick
enamel
Modern
bipedal
tibia
Anterior
Foramen
magnum
Origin in
forested
habitat
tiny external
ear canal
70-80
lbs.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid
Australopithecus
bahrelghazli
Teeth
Mandible
Leg
Arm
Brow
bridge
Face
&
Chin
Pelvis
Height
Abel name
large
Basin
shaped
Kenyanthropus
platyops
Australopithecus Large
africanus
molars
Non Skeletal
Weight
mandible
fragment, a
lower
second
incisor, both
lower
canines, all
4 of its
premolars
Australopithecus Smaller
afarensis
incisors,
larger
molars;
thick
enamel
Notable
Deformed
cranium
Limbs
more ape
Lucy 1974,
3.2 M;
Bipedal;
3.3 M tool
use on
ungulates
Laetoli, Tanz.
footprints
1979,
3.6 M
Like
rudolfensis?
Taung child;
Grassy
woodland
Bipedal &
climber
3-4 ft.
75-125
lbs.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid
Teeth
Mandible
Leg
Arm
Brow
bridge
Face
&
Chin
Australopithecus
garhi
Paranthropus
robustus
Homo habilis
Very large,
thick
enameled
molars;
small
canines
Notable
Non Skeletal
Height
Weight
Animal bones
with flesh
removed
Apelike
cranium
Paranthropus
Large
aethiopicus
incisors
Australopithecus
sediba
Paranthropus
boisei
Pelvis
4 ft. 2
in
(1.27
m)
Larger
than
robustus
Massi
ve,
wide,
flat
face;
Longer
arms
than legs
Variable
size crania
no PC bones
with cranial
remains;
pointed
sticks
Abrasive
food; worn
enamel
Oldowan
Tools
Per Wood,
similar to
afarensis &
boisei
150
lbs./75
lbs.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid
Teeth
Mandible
Leg
Arm
Brow
bridge
Face
&
Chin
Pelvis
Homo
rudolfensis
Home
gautengensis
Homo ergaster
Homo erectus
Teeth
smaller than
Aust.
Long,
robust
lower leg
= long
distance
Femur &
tibia
more
flattened
than
modern
Notable
Non Skeletal
Body
proportions
unknown
= h. habilis
Cooked
Food?
Bony
ridge;
sulcus
behind;
blunt
ridge in
midline
(sagittal
torus)
Large
socket
for
head of
femur;
consist
ent
with
habitua
l
bipedal
&
endura
nce
runnin
g
Low crania,
greatest
width low on
cranium;
angulated
occipital
region
Use of hand
axes
Height
Weight
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid
Homo
heidelbergensis
Homo
neanderthalis
Teeth
Smaller
Mandible
Smaller
Leg
Arm
Thick &
strong
Thick
shafts &
large
joints in
30-100K
European
/near
East
Brow
bridge
Face
&
Chin
Pelvis
Notable
Non Skeletal
Height
Weight
Not thick
Large
nasal
opening;
face
projects in
midline;
Round
ed
craniu
m;
202 positions
in the mtDNA
differ; 1-4%
DNA of
modern nonAfricans
Cranial cavity
larger than
H. sapiens;
burial of
dead
Homo sapiens
Home florsensis
Denisovans
Homo
like
limbs;
primitive
ankle
Primitive
wrist
400 cc brain;
homo like
skull
X-woman;
385 positions
differ; 5% of
Melanesians,
New
Guineans
40
inches
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Milestones
Time
Split from
Chimpanzees
Bipedalism
Transformation
of the canine
Stone tools
Handaxe
Spear points
Fire
5-7 M
Symbolic
Thought
Art
35 T
Split from
Gorillas
10 M
4M
3.3M/2.6M
1-3 M
1M
800 T
Hadar, A. afar.
Gesher Benot
Ya’aqov, Israel
Stone Hearths,
300T
35 T
Coexistence circa 1.8M: Paranthropus boisei, Homo rudolfensis, H. habilis and H. ergaster foraged in the same area around Lake
Turkana.
In Africa, H. erectus may have evolved into H. heidelbergensis, but in Asia a dead end.
Migrations:
Morphological traits typical of Neanderthals began to appear in European hominids at least 400,000 years ago and about 150,000 years ago in
western Asia.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Neanderthal sites: at least 30 (Neander Valley, Germany, 1856; Sipka, Moravia 1880; Spy, Belgium 1886; Krapina, Croatia, 1899-1906;
Ehringsdorf, Germany 1908-1925; Le Moustier, France 1908; St. Brelade, Channel Islands, 1911; Kiik-Koba, Crimea, 1924; Mount Carmel,
Palestine, 1929; Teskhik-Tash, central Asia, 1938; Saccopastore, Italy, 1929; Guattari/Circeo, Italy, 1939; Shanidar, Iraq, 1953; Amud, Israel,
1961; Kebara, Israel, 1964; Dederiych, Syria, 1993; St. Cesaire, France 1979; Zaffaraya, Spain, 1983; Lakonia, Greece, 1999)
All modern human genes originated in Africa; in past 2 MYA, Africa was source of emigration of a H. ergaster hominin, then a H. heidelbergensis
hominin, then several waves of modern humans; modern humans are derived from relatively recent, ca. 50-45 kya migration out of East Africa.
Homo sapiens sites: Pestera cu Oase, Romania, c. 35 kya; Kent’s Cavern, England, c 30 kya; Bacho Kiro & Temnata, Bulgaria 43-40 kya; Papua
New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, 40 kya; Oceania, 35-30 kya; Arctic Circle, 27 kya; preClovis culture, Texas, 15 kya, Monte Verde, Chile, 12.5 kya;
Clovis culture, before 11 kya
Homo sapiens: migration out of Africa, then interbreeding with Neanderthals in Western Asia (65,000–90,000 years ago); (contributed 1-4% of
their DNA to Homo sapiens); then a move to Southeast Asia; ancestors of East Asians and Western Indonesia arrived later, between 38-25TYA
2 migrations into Asia from Africa
1 - Denisovans: a common ancestor with anatomically modern human and Neanderthal mtDNAs about 1.0 million years ago. This indicates that
it derives from a hominin migration out of Africa distinct from that of the ancestors of Neanderthals and of modern humans; 4-6% DNA to New
Guinea, Melanesia, Aborigines by 44 TYA; human migration to SE Asia between 75 and 62TYA
2 – No Denisovan DNA: To East Mainland Asia (Han Chinese) and Western Indonesia
Sources:
Bernard Wood – Human Evolution, 2011
Richard Klein – Richard G. Klein, 2009
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Modern Human vs. Chimpanzee Skeleton (after B. Wood):
Forehead
Face
Cranial vault
Skull
Brain size
Foramen magnum
Canine teeth
Dentation
Base of skull
External Ear Canal
Thorax
Lumbar vertebrae
Limb bones
Limb proportions
Thigh Bone
Wrist
Fingers
Hand
Foot
Pelvis
Development –
Bones and teeth
Locomotion
Chin
Human
Steep
Flat
Widest higher up
High, globular, rounded
Large (1350cc)
Forward in skull
Small; smaller,
more incisor like canines
that occlude tip to tip
Rectangular arcade; small
front teeth
Angled
Large
Straight sides; cone-shaped
5
Straight
Lower limb long
Straight
Less mobile
Straight, & long, opposable
thumb
Cup-shaped
Arched & big toe straight
Basin shaped;
Neonatal head is tight fit
Slow
Bipedal
Present
Chimpanzee
Low
Projecting, snout-like
Widest at base
Smaller
Small (300cc)
Backward in skull
Large, wear on sides; large
upper canines are honed against the
first lower premolars, producing
a sharp edge in back of the canines.
Curved arcade; large front teeth
Straighter
Small
Conical, barrel-shaped rib cage
3-4
Curved
Arms longer than legs;
Lower limb short
Angled toward knee
More mobile
Curved, long fingers, & short thumb
Flat
Flat & big toe angled
Long, narrow;
Neonatal head has ++ room
Fast
Knuckle walker
None
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
More typical of hominin than ape:
Large molars
Small canines
Thicker mandible
Large brow ridge
Canine worn at tip
Hip joint: outer/cortical bone is thickest at top and bottom of neck
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
The Toba catastrophe theory suggests that a bottleneck of the human population occurred c. 70,000 years ago, proposing that the
human population was reduced to perhaps 15,000 individuals[3] when the Toba supervolcano in Indonesia erupted and triggered a
major environmental change. The theory is based on geological evidences of sudden climate change and on coalescence evidences of
some genes (including mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome and some nuclear genes)[4] and the relatively low level of genetic
variation with humans.[3]
However, such coalescence is genetically expected and does not, in itself, indicate a population bottleneck, because mitochondrial
DNA and Y-chromosome DNA are only a small part of the entire genome, and are atypical in that they are inherited exclusively
through the mother or through the father, respectively. Most genes in the genome are inherited from either father or mother, and thus
can be traced back in time via either matrilineal or patrilineal ancestry.[5] Research on many genes finds different coalescence points
from 2 million years ago to 60,000 years ago when different genes are considered, thus disproving the existence of more recent
extreme bottlenecks (i.e., a single breeding pair).[3][6]
On the other hand, in 2000, a Molecular Biology and Evolution paper suggested a transplanting model or a 'long bottleneck' to account
for the limited genetic variation, rather than a catastrophic environmental change.[7] This would be consistent with suggestions that in
sub-Saharan Africa numbers could have dropped at times as low as 2,000, for perhaps as long as 100,000 years, before numbers began
to expand again in the Late Stone Age.[8]
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Denisovan distribution (David Reich et al., 2011):
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
References
1. Reich D, Patterson N, Kircher M, Delfin F, Nandineni MR, Pugach I, Ko AM-S, Ko Y-C, Jinam TA, Phipps ME, et al. 2011. Denisova
admixture and the first modern human dispersals into southeast Asia and Oceania. American journal of human genetics 89:516-28.
2. Skoglund P, and Jakobsson M. 2011. Archaic human ancestry in East Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Tapeworms: hominids inherited from carnivores (feed on same carcasses)