Table 4: Comparison between newborns with asphyxia and newborns with asphyxia and maternal fever in Bangladesh and
India
Pooled dataset (n=4,105)
Bangladesh (n=3,583)
India (n=522)
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
(n = 3,920)
(n = 185)
(n = 3,451)
(n = 132)
No
3150 (80.4)
132 (71.3)
2875 (83.3)
104 (78.8)
Yes
770 (19.6)
53 (28.7)
576 (16.7)
28 (21.2)
No
nab
na
2526 (73.2)
87 (65.9)
Yes
na
na
833 (24.1)
40 (30.3)
92 (2.7)
5 (3.8)
3365 (97.5)
98 (74.2)
86 (2.5)
34 (25.8)
Factors Associated with
maternal infection
p
valuea
p
valuea
(n = 469)
Fever
and
asphyxia
p
valuea
(n = 53)
Newborn health
Early neonatal death, n (%)
0.00
0.17
275 (58.6)
28 (52.8)
194 (41.4)
25 (47.2)
na
na
na
na
443 (94.5)
43 (81.1)
26 (5.5)
10 (18.9)
0.42
Signs of maternal
infection
Prom, n (%)
na
Missing
0.095
na
Vaginal smell up to three
days prior to delivery, n
(%) (excludes Bangladesh
data collected in 2011)
No
3808 (97.1)
141 (76.2)
Yes
112 (2.9)
40 (23.8)
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Pooled dataset (n=4,105)
Bangladesh (n=3,583)
India (n=522)
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
(n = 3,920)
(n = 185)
(n = 3,451)
(n = 132)
No education
1031 (26.3)
71 (38.4)
710 (20.6)
35 (26.5)
Primary
1033 (26.4)
61 (33.0)
1002 (29.0)
Secondary
1856 (47.3)
53 (28.6)
Unable to read
2019 (51.5)
69 (37.3)
Reads with difficulty
699 (17.8)
Reads with ease
Missing
Factors Associated with
maternal infection
p
valuea
p
valuea
(n = 469)
Fever
and
asphyxia
p
valuea
(n = 53)
Maternal characteristics
Maternal education, n (%)
<0.001
<0.001
321 (68.4)
36 (67.9)
57 (43.2)
31 (6.6)
4 (7.6)
1739 (50.4)
40 (30.3)
117 (25.0)
13 (24.5)
1908 (55.3)
57 (43.2)
111 (23.7)
12 (22.6)
36 (19.5)
669 (19.4)
33 (25.0)
30 (6.4)
3 (5.7)
1192 (30.4)
80 (43.2)
864 (25.0)
42 (31.8)
32 (69.9)
38 (71.7)
10 (0.3)
0 (0.0)
10 (0.3)
0 (0.0)
<20
946 (24.1)
50 (27.0)
857 (24.8)
37 (28.0)
89 (18.9)
13 (24.5)
20–29
2354 (60.1)
96 (51.9)
2078 (60.2)
64 (48.5)
276 (58.9)
32 (60.4)
30–39
560 (14.3)
36 (19.5)
484 (14.0)
29 (22.0)
76 (16.2)
7 (13.2)
0.97
Maternal reading ability, n
(%)
<0.001
0.04
1.00
Maternal age in years, n
(%)
0.10
0.03
0.39
Pooled dataset (n=4,105)
Bangladesh (n=3,583)
India (n=522)
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
(n = 3,920)
(n = 185)
(n = 3,451)
(n = 132)
(n = 469)
40+
37 (0.9)
3 (1.6)
31 (0.9)
2 (1.5)
6 (1.3)
1 (1.9)
Missing
23 (0.6)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.1)
0 (0.0)
22 (4.7)
0 (0.0)
All
1468 (37.5)
48 (25.9)
1375 (39.8)
38 (28.8)
93 (19.8)
10 (18.9)
Some
1223 (31.2)
54 (29.2)
938 (27.2)
26 (19.7)
285 (60.8)
28 (52.8)
None
1229 (31.3)
83 (44.9)
1138 (33.0)
68 (51.5)
91 (19.4)
15 (28.3)
0
952 (24.3)
50 (27.0)
806 (23.4 )
36 (27.3)
146 (31.1)
14 (26.4)
1
747 (19.1)
42 (22.7)
680 (19.7)
28 (21.2)
67 (14.3)
14 (26.4)
2
706 (18.0)
27 (14.6)
624 (18.1)
19 (14.4)
82 (17.5)
8 (15.1)
3
574 (14.6)
26 (14.1)
498 (14.4)
22 (16.7)
76 (16.2)
4 (7.6)
4
820 (20.9)
39 (21.1)
724 (21.0)
26 (19.7)
96 (20.5)
13 (24.5)
Missing
121 (3.1)
1 (0.5)
119 (3.5)
1 (0.8)
2 (0.4)
0 (0.0)
3747 (95.6)
176 (95.1)
3290 (95.3)
123 (93.2)
457 (97.4)
53
Factors Associated with
maternal infection
p
valuea
p
valuea
Fever
and
asphyxia
p
valuea
(n = 53)
Household assets, n (%)
<0.001
<0.001
0.30
Antenatal period
Number of antenatal care
visits, n (%)
0.20
0.38
0.17
Bleeding during
pregnancy, n (%)
No
0.74
0.27
0.62
Factors Associated with
maternal infection
Pooled dataset (n=4,105)
Bangladesh (n=3,583)
India (n=522)
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
(n = 3,920)
(n = 185)
(n = 3,451)
(n = 132)
p
valuea
p
valuea
(n = 469)
Fever
and
asphyxia
p
valuea
(n = 53)
(100.0)
Yes
171 (4.4)
9 (4.9)
159 (4.6)
9 (6.8)
12 (2.6)
0 (0.0)
Missing
2 (0.1)
0 (0.0)
2 (0.1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Baby born at term
3466 (88.4)
156 (84.3)
3110 (90.1)
118 (89.4)
356 (75.9)
38 (71.7)
Baby born less than 9
months gestation
440 (11.2)
28 (15.1)
333 (9.7)
14 (10.6)
107 (22.8)
14 (26.4)
Missing
14 (0.4)
1 (0.5)
8 (0.2)
0 (0.0)
6 (1.3)
1(1.9)
Yes
1169 (29.8)
66 (35.7)
1027 (29.8)
41 (31.1)
142 (30.3)
25 (47.2)
No
2744 (70.0)
119 (64.3)
2417 (70.0)
91 (68.9)
327 (69.7)
28 (52.8)
Missing
7 (0.2)
0 (0.0)
7 (0.2)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Yes
2797 (71.4)
119 (64.3)
2454 (71.1)
89 (67.4)
343 (73.1)
30 (56.6)
No
1058 (27.0)
61 (33.0)
935 (27.1)
38 (28.8)
123 (26.2)
23 (43.4)
Delivery period
Preterm birthc, n (%)
0.24
0.75
0.52
Baby delivered by skilled
delivery attendant, n (%)d
0.21
0.83
0.01
Institutional delivery, n
(%)
0.07
0.18
0.05
Pooled dataset (n=4,105)
Bangladesh (n=3,583)
India (n=522)
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
(n = 3,920)
(n = 185)
(n = 3,451)
(n = 132)
(n = 469)
65 (1.7)
5 (2.7)
62 (1.8)
5 (3.8)
3 (0.6)
0 (0.0)
No
2586 (66.0)
117 (63.2)
2140 (62.0)
79 (59.9)
446 (95.1)
38 (71.7)
Yes
1334 (34.0)
68 (36.8)
1311 (38.0)
53 (40.1)
23 (4.9)
15 (28.3)
No
3359 (85.7)
153 (82.7)
2933 (85.0)
112 (85.0)
426 (90.8)
41 (77.4)
Yes
298 (7.6)
19 (10.3)
278 (8.1)
14 (10.6)
20 (4.3)
5 (9.4)
Missing
263 (6.7)
13 (7.0)
240 (7.0)
6 (4.6)
23 (4.9)
7 (13.2)
Normal, vaginal
3566 (91.0)
168 (90.8)
3114 (90.2)
122 (92.4)
452 (96.4)
46 (86.8)
Vaginal, assisted
93 (2.4)
3 (1.6)
89 (2.6)
1 (0.8)
4 (0.9)
2 (3.8)
Caesarean
261 (6.7)
14 (7.6)
248 (7.2)
9 (6.8)
13 (2.8)
5 (9.4)
Factors Associated with
maternal infection
Missing
p
valuea
p
valuea
Fever
and
asphyxia
p
valuea
(n = 53)
Excessive bleeding during
delivery, n (%)
0.45
0.62
<0.001
Malpresentation at birth
0.40
0.35
0.01
Type of delivery
a
p value obtain through the
use of a Wald test
b
Not applicable: data were not collected in
the study.
c
Mother reported the
duration of her pregnancy
0.77
0.50
0.01
Factors Associated with
maternal infection
in months
d
Doctor, nurse, or trained
midwife.
na, not available.
Pooled dataset (n=4,105)
Bangladesh (n=3,583)
India (n=522)
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
Fever and
asphyxia
Asphyxia
alone
(n = 3,920)
(n = 185)
(n = 3,451)
(n = 132)
p
valuea
p
valuea
(n = 469)
Fever
and
asphyxia
(n = 53)
p
valuea