OCR A LEVEL
Date
Jan
2009
May
2009
Question
With reference to specific
river basins,
Examine how their
management is often
about balancing socioeconomic and
environmental needs.
With reference to specific
coastal areas,
Examine how their
management is often
about balancing socioeconomic and
environmental needs.
What is it asking for?
Socio-economic needs include the demand for housing, jobs,
energy, water, food and transportation systems.
Environmental needs include conservation, regeneration,
sustainable management.
To achieve a balance between the needs, careful and detailed
management is required.
Case Studies.
Socio-economic needs include the demand for housing, jobs,
energy, water, food and transportation systems.
Environmental needs include conservation, regeneration,
sustainable management.
To achieve a balance between the needs, careful and detailed
management is required.
1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham &
Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed
Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at
Saltburn & Flamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and
management
7. Lyme Regis.
With reference to specific
river basins, examine the
need for management in
resolving issues resulting
from their development
Successful management requires an understanding of the physical
processes that occur in river environments.
Detailed planning and management is often about balancing
socio-economic and environmental needs.
Development issues include those associated with conflicting land
uses.
Successful management requires an understanding of the physical
processes that occur in coastal areas.
Detailed planning and management is often about balancing
socio-economic and environmental needs.
Development issues include those associated with conflicting land
uses.
With reference to specific
coastal areas, examine
the need for
management in resolving
issues resulting from their
development
Jan
2010
With reference to located
examples, describe and
explain the impacts of
flooding
With reference to located
examples, describe and
explain the different ways
they can be protected
from the effects of
natural processes.
May
2010
ESSAY GUIDE
With reference to specific
river basins, examine the
factors effecting the
development of
landforms of fluvial
deposition
Impacts include social (disruption to life/evacuation/
homelessness, disease, political unrest), economic (damage to
buildings, loss of trade for businesses,
disruption to transport, insurance costs) and
environmental (channel modification, erosion of topsoil, loss of
habitats). Scale of the impacts will also differ. May
also be positive impacts e.g. sediment deposition leading to fertile
soils on floodplains.
Socio-economic needs include the demand for housing, jobs,
energy, water, food and transportation systems. Environmental
needs include conservation, regeneration, and sustainable
management. To achieve a balance between the needs, careful
and detailed management is required.
Factors include slope angle, climate, sea level change, stream
energy and sediment availability. Human factors, such as
construction of wing dykes, may also be relevant. These factors
act through the depositional processes to affect landform
development. This may include initial formation and subsequent
modification. Landforms include slip-off slopes, point bars, midchannel bars, levees, deltas and flood plains. Answers should
1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham &
Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed
Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at
Saltburn & Flamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and
management
7. Lyme Regis.
1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham &
Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed
Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at
Saltburn & Flamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and
management
7. Lyme Regis.
With reference to specific
coastal areas, examine
the factors effecting the
development of
landforms of coastal
deposition
Jan
2011
With reference to located
examples, explain why
successful river basin
management requires
and understanding of
physical processes
With reference to located
examples, explain why
successful coastal
management requires
and understanding of
physical processes
May
2011
With reference to located
examples, examine the
management challenges
associated with the
development of river
landscapes
With reference to located
examples, examine the
management challenges
associated with the
development of coastal
areas
Jan
2012
With reference to located
examples, examine ways
in which river basins can
be a multi-use resource
include description, explanation and comment, perhaps at the top
end, on the importance of the factors concerned and/or their
interrelationships.
Factors include wave type/characteristics, beach profile, and sealevel change. Human factors, such as groyne construction, may
also be appropriate. These factors act
through the depositional processes to affect landform
development. This may include initial formation and subsequent
modification. Landforms include beaches, spits,
bars, tombolos, cuspate forelands, deltas, salt marshes and sand
dunes. Answers should include description, explanation
and comment, perhaps at the top end, on the importance of the
factors concerned and/or their inter-relationships.
Indicative content: Management may refer to flooding, conflicting
land uses/human activities, development issues as well as broader
basin management issues such as catchment hydrology. Physical
processes include fluvial erosion/ transportation /deposition,
flooding, weathering and mass movement. Understanding of
these processes should inform management planning in order to
achieve success, which may be short-term or long-term.
Opportunities include resource exploitation, including agriculture,
recreation and tourism.
Challenges include environmental constraints, costs/remoteness,
and conflicts with indigenous populations. Relationships exist
between the nature of the challenges and the desire/ability to
overcome them in order for development to take place. This might
reflect, for example, the value of resources and the technological
advances enabling their exploitation.
Management may refer to flooding, conflicting land uses/human
activities, development issues. Challenges may arise from the
increasing density of population, difficulties of quantifying social
and environmental costs/benefits, urbanisation, international
rivers and conflicts between human uses, possibly
upstream/downstream. Management needs to be careful and
balance socio-economic and environmental needs if it is to be
sustainable.
Management may refer to coastal protection, conflicting land
uses/human activities, development issues. Challenges may arise
from the increasing density of population, urbanisation, growth of
tourism, difficulties of quantifying social and environmental
costs/benefits, international coastlines and conflicts between
human uses, possibly updrift /downdrift. Rising sea level and
increased wave erosion may also be considered. Management
needs to be careful and balance socio-economic and
environmental needs if it is to be sustainable.
River basins can be a multi-use resource due
to the range of opportunities that exist for a
number of human activities. These include:
Industrial development
Agriculture/forestry
Transportation
Residential development
Energy development
Water supply
Recreation and leisure
Conservation.
1)
The Yorkshire Coastline –
Saltburn to Flamborough
Head
2) Different beach examples
a) Spit eg Orford Ness
Suffolk
b) Tombolo, CHesil Beach,
Dorset
c) Cuspate, Dungeness,
Kent
d) Barrier Beack, Slapton
sands Dorset
3. Christchurch Bay – Hurst
Spit/Sediment Shores&sinks/
4. Sand Dunes at Harlech
5. Salt Marsh at
1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham &
Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed
Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at
Saltburn & Flamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and
management
7. Lyme Regis.
1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham &
Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed
Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at
Saltburn & Flamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and
management
7. Lyme Regis.
With reference to located
examples, examine ways
in which coastal areas can
be a valuable resource
Jan
2013
With reference to one or
more river basins,
describe the conflicts
which exist between
different land uses and
explain how they can be
managed.
With reference to one or
more coastal areas,
describe the conflicts
which exist between
different human activities
and explain how they can
be managed.
May
2013
With reference to one or
more river basins,
examine factors that
influence flood risk in
river basins
With reference to one or
more coastal areas,
examine the issues
associated with different
coastal protection
methods.
These exist due to the presence of factors
such as:
Flat land
Fertile soil
Presence of water
Attractive scenery
Access to the sea
Rare habitats
Government/private finance.
Coastal areas provide resource opportunities for a number of
different human activities.
Resources include: Flat land / Presence of water / Fish
Sand/gravel/minerals
Safe/deep harbours
Tidal/wave/wind energy
Attractive scenery
Access to other countries/areas
Rare habitats
Government/private finance.
These resources are valuable as they can be
used for:
Industrial development
Transportation
Residential development
Energy development
Water supply
Recreation and leisure
Conservation.
Land uses might include industry, residential, recreation,
transportation, resource extraction, conservation. Conflicts occur
when different users are looking to occupy the same / adjacent
land. Views and opinions of different groups are relevant.
Flood/erosion protection strategies may lead to conflict between
the different land uses affected.
Management strategies include land use zoning, education,
environmental protection legislation.
Human activities might include industry, settlement, recreation,
transportation, resource extraction, conservation. Conflicts occur
due to shortage of suitable locations or incompatibility of human
activities. Coastal protection strategies may lead to conflict
between the different activities affected. Management strategies
include land use zoning, education, environmental protection
legislation.
Physical factors include steep relief, impermeable rock, heavy
rainfall, spring snow melt, wet antecedent conditions, basin
shape/size. Human factors include urbanisation, deforestation,
building on flood plains, which increases risk.
A valid link to flood risk is how the factor leadings to rivers overtopping their banks, perhaps due to rapid surface run-off.
Factors that reduce flood risk, such as increasing channel capacity,
are also valid.
Examine requires comment, perhaps about relative importance,
inter-relationship or variability of factors.
Storm surges, high tides may also be relevant near mouth.
Issues include cost, visual appearance, accessibility, effectiveness,
environmental impact, maintenance, views and opinions of locals,
potential conflicts with other activities/locations.
Different methods include active intervention (hard/soft
engineering) and managed retreat.
Examine requires comment, perhaps about significance of issues
or contrasts between different methods.
1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham &
Tokyo
1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham &
Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed
Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at
Saltburn & Flamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and
management
7. Lyme Regis.
3. Frieston Shore (Managed
Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at
Saltburn & Flamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and
management
7. Lyme Regis.