Reading Check 10.1
Complete this outline while you read section 10.1 of your textbook. You do not need to answer in
complete sentences.
Chapter 10, Section 1: Cell reproduction
Why Cells Reproduce
A human body produces about _____________________________ cells each day, and those new
cells are _____________________________ _____________________________ of the cells they replace.
Define the following terms: (the glossary might be useful!)
Genes - _____________________________________________________________________________________
Chromosome - ______________________________________________________________________________
chromatin - _________________________________________________________________________________
Chromosomes
A prokaryotic cell has a single _____________________________ molecule of DNA, while
eukaryotic DNA is packaged into condensed _____________________________ structures with the
help of many _____________________________,
A human cell contains ____________ separate, linear DNA molecules, packaged into ________
chromosomes.
Define the following terms: (the glossary might be useful!)
chromatid - _________________________________________________________________________________
centromere - _______________________________________________________________________________
chromatin - _________________________________________________________________________________
Preparing for cell division
All new cells require ____________, so before a cell divides, a new copy is made for each daughter cell.
When a ________________________ cell divides, its circular DNA molecule is copied before the parent
cell’s cytoplasm is split into two.
Reproduction in _______________________ cells is more complex because these cell types have
many _______________________, and their DNA is protected within the _______________________.
Reading Check 10.2
Complete this outline while you read section 10.2 of your textbook.
You do not need to answer in complete sentences.
Chapter 10, Section 2: Mitosis
Eukaryotic cell cycle
The cell cycle is a repeating sequence of cellular ____________________ and
____________________ during a cell’s life. The first three phases of the cell cycle, G1, S and G2
are known as _______________________.
Briefly describe what happens during each phase of the cell cycle.
Interphase
______________________________________________________________________________
G1
______________________________________________________________________________
S
______________________________________________________________________________
G2
______________________________________________________________________________
Mitosis
______________________________________________________________________________
Cytokinesis
______________________________________________________________________________
Stages of mitosis
Briefly describe what happens during each phase of mitosis.
Prophase
______________________________________________________________________________
Metaphase
______________________________________________________________________________
Anaphase
______________________________________________________________________________
Telophase
______________________________________________________________________________
Cytokinesis
The end result of mitosis and cytokinesis are two genetically ____________________ cells. In
cells that lack cell walls, the cytoplasm in the cell is pinched in half by a belt of
____________________ threads. In cells with rigid cell walls, ____________________ holding the
material for the new cell wall line up across the middle of the cell and fuse to form the large,
membrane-bound cell wall called the cell ____________________.
Reading Check 11.1
Complete this outline while you read section 11.1 of your textbook. You do not need to answer in
complete sentences.
Chapter 11, Section 1: Reproduction
__________________ is the process of producing offspring.
Asexual reproduction
An individual formed by asexual reproduction is genetically __________________ to it parent.
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually using __________________ __________________. Some
multicellular eukaryotes can go through __________________, during which the body breaks into several
pieces, and the fragments regrow into complete adults. Some animals can go
through __________________, when new individuals split off from existing ones. The females of
some species can undergo _________________________, in which a female makes an egg that grows into
an adult without ever being fertilized by a male.
Sexual reproduction
True or false: Not many eukaryotic organisms reproduce sexually. ________
In sexual reproduction, ________ parents give genetic material (DNA) to produce offspring
that are genetically __________________ from their parents. Each parent contributes one
reproductive cell, called a __________________, and those two cells fuse in a process called
__________________. The resulting cell is called a __________________.
Cells that are specialized for reproduction are called __________________ cells. Only these
types of cells can produce gametes. Other body cells are called __________________ cells, and these do
not participate in sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction is the most __________________ method of reproduction, because it allows
organisms to produce many offspring quickly and without using energy to make
__________________ or find a __________________; however, the genetic material in these organisms varies
very little, so they might be at a disadvantage in a changing
__________________. Sexual reproduction produces genetically __________________ individuals, and those
diverse individuals are more likely to have some members that will survive and
major environmental __________________.
In humans, each cell has two copies of _____ chromosomes, for a total of _____.
__________________ chromosomes are similar in size, shape, and gene type, but they are not identical
because they are inherited from different parents.
__________________ are chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual. (You have 22 pairs
of them! Sex chromosomes have genes that determine the sex of an individual. Human males have
one _____ chromosome and one _____ chromosome. Human females have two _____
chromosomes.
Reading Check 11.2
Complete this outline while you read section 11.2 of your textbook. You do not need to
answer in complete sentences.
Chapter 11, Section 2: Meiosis
Meiosis is a form of cell division that produces daughter cells with __________________ the number of
chromosomes that are in the parent cell.
Stages of meiosis
In meiosis, a __________________ cell goes through _____ divisions to form ______ haploid cells.
In meiosis I, _____________________ _____________________ are separated.
In meiosis II, _____________________ chromatids are separated.
During prophase I, sister chromatids exchange DNA in a process called _____________________.
In anaphase I, the _____________________ _____________________ separate. Meiosis II begins with
_____ new cells, which were formed at the end of telophase I. In _____________________ II, the
chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell. The result of meiosis is _____ haploid cells.
Comparing mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis makes new cells that are used during _____________________, _____________________,
_____________________ and _____________________ reproduction.
Meiosis makes cells that enable an organism to reproduce _____________________, and it
happens only in _____________________ structures.
Mitosis produces _____ genetically _____________________ _____________________ cells.
Meiosis produces _____ genetically _____________________ _____________________ cells.
The main difference between meiosis and mitosis is that in meiosis, _____________________
information is rearranged. This leads to genetic _____________________ in offspring.
Genetic variation
The three key contributions to genetic variation are _____________________,
_____________________ _____________________, and _____________________ _____________________.
_____________________ occurs during prophase I, which homologous chromosomes (one from each
parent) exchange DNA.
_____________________ _____________________ is the random distribution of homologous chromosomes
during meiosis.
_____________________ _____________________ refers to the random joining of two gametes.