Non-Fiction Inventory 1. Why do you read non-fiction? 2. Why do you write non-fiction? 3. What type(s) of non-fiction do you read? Circle all that apply. 4. What type(s) of non-fiction do you write? *Star* all that apply Textbooks Travel journals News articles Advice columns Correspondence (emails, letters, postcards, etc.) Essays Magazine articles Handbooks User Manuals and Guides Reviews (book, restaurant, music, etc.) Facebook posts / Twitter feeds Dictionary Personal stories (biographies/autobiographies) Encyclopedia / Wikipedia Blogs Diary Entries / Journals **After answering 3 and 4, return to see if you can add anything to your responses for questions 1 and 2.** 1 Non-Fiction Continuum Test your knowledge: Place each kind of non-fiction in order on the continuum below and explain why you placed it there. Consider how personal or impersonal each type is. Types of Non-Fiction Textbook Newspaper Article Diary Speech Letter Biography Memoir (Focused Autobiography) Essay 2 Modes of Non-Fiction Notes: Term / Definition Example / Explanation Expository: Persuasive: Narrative: Reflective: 3 Expository vs. Persuasive What do you already know about these two modes of non-fiction? Title: Which mode is the above text written in? How can you tell? Title: Which mode is the above text written in? How can you tell? 4 Types of Supporting Evidence: Details used to inform and educate audiences. Types of Support / Definition Examples from text Facts Statistics Examples Anecdotes Quotations Definitions Reasons Summaries Comparisons Analysis 5 Modes of Persuasion: Ethos, Pathos, Logos Ethos, Pathos and Logos are modes of persuasion used to convince audiences. Term and definition In your own words Ethos, or the ethical appeal, means to convince an audience Ethos is convincing an audience by… of the author’s credibility or character. An author would use ethos to show to his audience that he is a credible source and is worth listening too. Ethos is the Greek word for “character.” The word “ethic” is derived from ethos. Ethos can be developed by choosing language that is appropriate for the audience and topic (also means choosing proper level of vocabulary), making yourself sound fair or unbiased, introducing your expertise or pedigree, and by describing personal experiences related to topic. Tends to use the “I”. Pathos, or the emotional appeal, means to persuade an Pathos is convincing an audience by… audience by appealing to their emotions. Authors use pathos to invoke sympathy from an audience; to get them to feel what the writer feels. A common use of pathos would be to draw pity from an audience. Another use of pathos would be to inspire anger from an audience; perhaps in order to prompt action. Pathos is the Greek word for both “suffering” and “experience.” The word pathetic is derived from pathos. Pathos can be developed by using meaningful language, emotional tone, emotion evoking examples, stories of emotional events, and implied meanings. Emotional appeals can involve the audience by speaking directly to them – “you”. Logos, or the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason. Logos is convincing an audience by… To use logos would be to cite facts and statistics, historical and literal analogies, and citing certain authorities on a subject. Logos is used to prove a point with support: data, examples, reasons, etc. Logos is the Greek word for “word,” however the true definition goes beyond that, as the word “logic” is derived from logos. Logos can be developed by quoting experts, providing definitions or explanations, citing facts (very important), using historical and literal analogies, and by constructing logical arguments. 6 Examples of Ethos, Logos and Pathos: Excerpted Text - Underline the words or phrases that indicate the type of persuasion. Identify each argument as using Ethos, Logos, or Pathos. Explain. "I will end this war in Iraq responsibly, and finish the fight against al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan. I will rebuild our military to meet future conflicts. But I will also renew the tough, direct diplomacy that can prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons and curb Russian aggression. I will build new partnerships to defeat the threats of the 21st century: terrorism and nuclear proliferation; poverty and genocide; climate change and disease. And I will restore our moral standing, so that America is once again that last, best hope for all who are called to the cause of freedom, who long for lives of peace, and who yearn for a better future." Democratic Presidential Candidate Acceptance Speech by Barack Obama. August 28th, 2008. "However, although private final demand, output, and employment have indeed been growing for more than a year, the pace of that growth recently appears somewhat less vigorous than we expected. Notably, since stabilizing in mid2009, real household spending in the United States has grown in the range of 1 to 2 percent at annual rates, a relatively modest pace. Households' caution is understandable. Importantly, the painfully slow recovery in the labor market has restrained growth in labor income, raised uncertainty about job security and prospects, and damped confidence. Also, although consumer credit shows some signs of thawing, responses to our Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices suggest that lending standards to households generally remain tight." The Economic Outlook and Monetary Policy by Ben Bernanke. August 27th, 2010. "I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest -- quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed." I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. August 28th, 1963. 7 Narrative vs. Reflective What do you already know about these two modes of non-fiction? Title: Which mode is the above text written in? How can you tell? Title: Which mode is the above text written in? How can you tell? 8 Plot Components The structure of a story Term / Definition A. Exposition: Example B. Initial Incident C. Rising Action D. Climax E. Falling Action F. Resolution Label Plot: 9 Tone Explanation/Examples Term / Definition Tone – Diction Syntax Words to Describe Tone amused cheerful optimistic humorous informal light resigned pessimistic suspicious hopeful sympathetic angry horrified formal gloomy ironic/sarcastic serious clear playful sad confident innocent excited neutral satirical conciliatory imploring curious witty nostalgic sentimental apologetic regretful Practice: For each example write one word to describe the tone and circle/highlight the diction that led you to that conclusion. 1. Father: “We are going on a vacation whether you like it or not!” Son: “NO! I already told you, I’m hanging out with my friends!” a. Tone ___________________________________________________ 2. Father: “I’m sorry son, but we can’t afford to go on a vacation this summer.” Son: “Awesome dad - I was really looking forward to another boring summer” a. Tone____________________________________________________ 3. Father: “Do you want to go on a vacation this summer?” Son: “Of course! Where are we going?” a. Tone __________________________________________________ 10 Reading Notes: Title: Author: Mode (circle one): Topic: Expository / Persuasive / Narrative / Reflective Explain: Summary: (3-5 main points) Evaluation / Response (what did you enjoy, learn, find interesting, decide, ect.?) 11 12 Reading Notes: Title: Author: Mode (circle one): Topic: Expository / Persuasive / Narrative / Reflective Explain: Summary: (3-5 main points) Evaluation / Response (what did you enjoy, learn, find interesting, decide, ect.?) 13 Reading Notes: Title: Author: Mode (circle one): Topic: Expository / Persuasive / Narrative / Reflective Explain: Summary: (3-5 main points) Evaluation / Response (what did you enjoy, learn, find interesting, decide, ect.?) 14 Reading Notes: Title: Author: Mode (circle one): Topic: Expository / Persuasive / Narrative / Reflective Explain: Summary: (3-5 main points) Evaluation / Response (what did you enjoy, learn, find interesting, decide, ect.?) 15 Reading Notes: Title: Author: Mode (circle one): Topic: Expository / Persuasive / Narrative / Reflective Explain: Summary: (3-5 main points) Evaluation / Response (what did you enjoy, learn, find interesting, decide, ect.?) 16