San Francisco Unified School District
Restorative Practices:
Definition
Restorative Practices are based on principles and
processes that emphasize the importance of positive
relationships as central to building community and
repairing relationships when harm has occurred.
Relationship Based Principles
Building
Community
Restoring
Relationships & Community
Restorative Practices: A Movement
RP is a movement grounded in principles designed to create powerful relationships, which
are central to building thriving communities and represents a paradigm shift that focuses
on the harm done, rather than on the rule broken, in the restoration of relationships. RP is
a reflective practice that encourages personal responsibility, giving a voice both to the
person harmed as well as the person who caused the harm and aids in the acceptance of
cultural differences by offering an equitable process where all members of a community
feel valued and heard, and in turn, are more likely to bring their best self to the
community.
Restorative Practices in SFUSD
Restorative Practices, when broadly and consistently implemented, will promote and
strengthen positive school culture and enhance pro-social relationships within the
school community.
Restorative practices allow for a shift in practice that results in a culture which is inclusive, builds fair
process into decision-making practices, and facilitates students learning to address the impact of their
actions through an approach that allows for true accountability, skill building, cooperation, and
mutual understanding.
Through restorative practices, members of the school community will:
1. have an opportunity to be heard
2. understand the greater impact of one's actions
3. learn to take responsibility
4. repair the harm one's actions may have caused
5. recognize one's role in maintaining a safe school environment
6. build upon and expand on personal relationships in the school community
7. recognize one's role as a positive contributing member of the school community.
Ultimately, people will learn to make positive, productive, and effective choices in response to
situations they may encounter in the future after engaging in a restorative practice.
The underlying premise of restorative practices is that people are happier, more cooperative,
more productive and more likely to make positive changes when those in positions of
authority do things with them rather than to them or for them.
A Response to, and Prevention of Harm
In schools, Restorative Practice/Approaches are multifaceted in nature. Restorative practices include
interventions when harm has happened, as well as practices that help to prevent harm and conflict by
helping to build a sense of belonging, safety, and social responsibility in the school community.
Benefits of Restorative Approaches in the School Setting
* A safer, more caring environment.
* A more effective teaching and learning environment.
* A greater commitment by everyone to taking the time to listen to one another.
* A reduction in bullying and other interpersonal conflicts.
* A greater awareness of the importance of connectedness to young people. The need to belong and feel
valued by peers and significant adults.
*Greater emphasis on responses to inappropriate behavior that seek to reconnect, and not further
disconnect young people.
* Reductions in fixed term and permanent suspensions and expulsions.
* A greater confidence in the staff team to deal with challenging situations.
At the core, restorative practices is about building and restoring
relationships.
Community
Creating a Sense of Belonging and Value in a Group
Components of Community formation:
Gibbsm J. (2001), Discovering Gifts in Middle School: Tribes, CA CenterSource Systems p. 74
1. Capacity: Communities are built upon recognizing the whole depth, the strengths,
weaknesses, and the unique capacities of each member.
2. Collective Effort: Communities share responsibility to achieve goals for the
common good, and to engage the diversity of individual talents and skills.
3. Informality: Interactions are based on consideration; care and affection take place
spontaneously.
4. Stories: Reflection upon individual and community experiences provides
knowledge about truth, relationships and further direction.
“To build a sense of community is to create a group that extends to others the respect
one has for oneself, to come to know one another as individual, to respond and care
about one another, to feel a sense of membership and accountability to the group.”
Thomas Likona, author on moral development and education
SFUSD Restorative Principles
The following principles reflect the values and concepts for implementing restorative practices in
the school setting. Under each principle are some of its important implications.
Restorative Practices:
1. Acknowledges that relationships are central to building community.
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Considerable effort and time is spent on building and sustaining positive, trusting
relationships among ALL members of the school community.
Every student, teacher, administrator, staff member, and parent/guardian is a valued
member of the school community.
All members of the school community are involved in a process of naming the values and
principles to live by within their school community.
2. Ensures equity of voice among all members of the community. All voices are valued,
everyone is heard.
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Systems and structures are established to ensure that all members of the school
community have equal opportunities for meaningful participation.
A culture of non-judgmental, authentic listening and sharing is encouraged and
reinforced.
Inclusive decision making practices are utilized to ensure that those impacted by
decisions have a voice in the process by providing opportunities for input. Once decisions
are made the reason for the decision and new expectations are clearly communicated.
Negotiation and cooperation are key components towards building a collaborative
classroom and school environment.
3. Establishes a culture of high expectations with high support, emphasizing doing things
“WITH” not “TO” or “FOR”.

Supports high standards and expectations for both learning and behavior in the school
and classroom community, AND offers high levels of support to create positive change =
Doing “WITH”.
4. Builds systems that address misbehavior and harm in a way that strengthens
relationships and focuses on the harm done rather than only rule-breaking.
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Schools establish policies to provide a safe place for learning. Real safety however comes
from fostering and maintaining caring relationships.
Misbehavior is recognized as an offense against people and relationships, not just rulebreaking.
Policies need to address the root causes of discipline concerns rather than only the
symptoms. The causes of misbehavior may be multiple and should be addressed by all
members of the school community equally asserting high levels of expectation within a
supportive environment.

The person/s harmed is the center of the primary relationship that needs to be addressed.
Secondary relationships that may have been impacted might include other students,
teachers, parents, the administration, and the surrounding community.
5. Engages in collaborative problem solving.
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There is a shared responsibility and participation among all members of the school
community to contribute to the sustainability of positive relationships by working together
to identify potential problems and determine solutions.
Misbehavior can become a teachable moment and the community/relationships can be
restored when all those impacted/harmed by an incident are involved in a collaborative
process of determining unmet needs and solutions to make things as right as possible.
Recognizes all of us act to satisfy our human needs (ex. belonging, freedom, power, and
fun). Behaviors are chosen to meet these underlying needs.
6. Enhances accountability, responsibility and empowers change and growth for all
members of the community.
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All members of the school community are responsible for contributing to the
establishment and sustaining of a positive school culture by taking personal responsibility
to follow through and hold one another accountable to the collective values and
principles that define the community.
Conflict presents opportunity for change if the process includes careful listening,
reflecting, shared problem-solving, and trust.
High accountability occurs when systems and structures are in place that allow for one to
take responsibility for their actions by providing them the opportunity to learn and
understand the impact of their actions, determine how to make things as right as
possible, AND follow through with the plan.
Consequences as part of the restorative process should be evaluated based on whether
they are reasonable, related to the offense, and respectful.
Some students choose to resist participation in a process that will allow for change and
may need adults to support and guide them in decision-making concerning their
accountability.
Modified from Amstutz, L., & Mullet, J., (2005), pg 29-32.The Little Book of Restorative Discipline, pg
26-28
Restorative Discipline
You are working toward restorative discipline in schools when you….
1. Focus primarily on relationships and secondarily on rules.
□ Does the proposed response go beyond focusing solely on policy violations? Is equal concern
also being given to harm experienced by individuals and the community?
□ What steps are being implemented to ensure the safety of the individuals involved while
information is being gathered?
□ Have support people (e.g. an advocate, mentor, or other person deemed appropriate given the
circumstances) been identified, approved by, and provided for each person involved?
□ Are needed resources available for all persons involved, i.e. transportation, childcare, an
interpreter, accessibility?
□ Has the issue of whether or not to maintain confidentiality within the process and the findings
been addressed?
□ How will information be shared more broadly if necessary?
Are there mandated reporting issues?
2. Give voice to the person(s) harmed?
□ Does the response address the needs of the person harmed, both the immediate victim as well
as others who many be affected?
□ Does the response allow an opportunity for those harmed to be part of the resolution?
□ Has the person harmed been asked what s/he needs?
□ Has the person harmed been asked what a just process would look like?
3. Give voice to the person(s) who caused the harm.
□ Has the person who harmed been asked what s/he needs?
□ Does the response address the needs of the person who did the harm?
□ Does it allow an opportunity for those who harmed to be part of the resolution?
□ Has the person who harmed been asked what s/he can give/offer?
□ Has the person who harmed been asked what a just process would look like?
4. Engage in collaborative problem-solving.
□ Are the solutions being arrived at collaboratively, meaning that all those affected by the
harm/incident are fully involved?
□ Are all participants represented at the decision-making table?
□ Are all decisions reached collaboratively, with assurance that all voices are heard?
□ Given the imbalances that often exist between person and institutions, have these been
recognized, acknowledged, discussed, and addressed?
5. Enhance Responsibility.
□ Does the response help the person take responsibility for the harm caused, or does it focus
primarily on punishment.
□ Does the person who caused the harm understand how his/her actions have affected other
people? If not, is there a plan in place that includes steps to assist the person in a process of
understanding (which may include education on a particular issue, counseling, or training)?
□ Is there acknowledgment that some persons choose to resist change and need others to assist
in making decisions regarding their accountability? The consequences in that case may need to
be made or suggested by others involved in decision-making.
6. Empower Change and Growth.
□ Does the response allow the person who harmed to be involved in the process of repair with a
concern toward that individual’s growth and competency?
□ Has the individual acknowledged responsibility for the harm of his/her actions? If not, what
steps should be taken to address ways of meeting and supporting that person’s need for growth?
7. Plan for Restoration.
□ Does the response allow for the person who harmed, as well as the person harmed, to be
supported and reintegrated back into the community?
□ Has the issue of accountability been appropriately addressed to the satisfaction of the person
harmed?
□ Has a process been developed that ensures ongoing accountability if an agreement for next
steps is reached?
□ Is there recognition that one possible solution is a “parting of ways” (or setting procedures to
avoid interaction), in an effort to give primary consideration to the needs of the person harmed?
All material is taken directly from: Amstutz, L., & Mullet, J., (2005), pg 29-32.The Little Book of
Restorative Discipline, pg 28-32.
Paradigm Shift
“What’s fundamental about restorative justice
(practices) is a shift away from thinking about
laws being broken, who broke the law, and
how we punish the people who broke the laws.
There’s a shift to: there was harm caused, or
there’s disagreement or dispute, there’s
conflict, and how do we repair the harm,
address the conflict, meet the needs, so that
relationships and community can be repaired
and restored. It’s a different orientation. It is a
shift.” Cheryl Graves
- Community Justice for Youth Institute
Paradigm Shift: relationship based
Traditional Approach
Restorative Approach
School and rules violated
People and relationships violated
Justice focuses on establishing guilt
Justice identifies needs and obligations
Accountability = punishment
Accountability = understanding impact,
repairing harm
Justice directed at person who caused harm,
person who experienced harm ignored
Person who caused harm, person who
experienced harm and school all have direct
roles in justice process
Rules and intent outweigh whether outcome is
positive/negative
Person who caused harm is responsible for
harmful behavior, repairing harm and working
toward positive outcomes
No opportunity for remorse or amends
Opportunity given for amends and expression
of remorse
The Social Discipline Window
The underlying premise of Restorative Practices rests with the
belief that people will make positive changes when those in
positions of authority do things with them rather than to them or
for them.
According to the Social Discipline Window, a restorative approach
requires a balance of high levels of control/limit setting with high levels
of support, encouragement, and nurture.
TO
WITH
Punitive
RESTORATIVE
NOT
FOR
Neglectful
Permissive
High control and Low support = Punitive/Authoritarian
Low control and Low support = Neglectful
High support and Low control = Permissive
High support and High control = RESTORATIVE
Wachtel & Costello (2009), The Restorative Practices Handbook, International Institute for Restorative
Practices, pg 50
SFUSD Restorative Practices Language
Embracing Restorative Practices as a common, consistent language among the school
staff community is a simple and effective approach to reinforce the core values of
community, relationships, responsibility and accountability.
The words highlighted represent the key language of Restorative Practices.
We are a community.
Recognizing that the strength and health of the community (among students, staff, and
families) directly impacts school climate (sense of belonging and connectedness) and
academic achievement. Every member of the community is important and contributes
greatly. Each person’s actions affect the health of the community in a positive or
negative way.
Recommendation: constantly refer to the student, staff, and family groups as a
“community”, and stress the importance of having a strong, healthy community.
What is the relationship like?
Reinforcing the importance of positive relationships is essential to the development of a
strong community. Positive relationships lay the foundation for cooperation, skill
development and learning.
Recommendation: constantly inquire about the strength of the “relationship/s”
between/among students, staff, and families. Celebrate positive relationships, and
when challenged, specifically ask, “what is the relationship like between…..(
students, yourself and your students, a particular student and his/her classroom
peers, staff members…etc)”. Self reflect on your own relationships with school
community members and ask others to reflect on their relationships.
What happened?
Ask open-ended questions that allow for a genuine retelling of an experience.
Recommendation: do not ask the “why” question. Instead, ask “what happened”
when inquiring about specific actions or behaviors.
Who was impacted (harmed) by what happened?
For both positive and negative actions, recognizing impact helps to teach that one’s
actions affect the greater community. It is equally important to reinforce positive impact,
as it is to teach that negative behavior harms relationships and the health of the
community.
Recommendation: Consider age appropriate language to use in response to
students and staff actions/behaviors, reinforcing the importance of positive
relationships and community.
What needs do those involved have?
When conflict or harm occurs, it is important to recognize that ALL parties involved
have resulting needs. Often times the needs of those “harmed” and those who “harmed”
have similar needs. Giving individuals an opportunity to voice their needs is an
important step towards identifying what must happen to repair the relationships.
Recommendation: Using age appropriate language, ask ALL individuals involved
in an incident (including the teacher/family member) to share/reflect on what
needs they have/had (both during the time of the incident as well as after the
incident).
What needs to happen to repair
right as possible)?
the harm (make things as
Reinforcing the importance of repairing harm (when one’s actions have negatively
impacted the community) is a critical component for the restoration of
community/relationships when harm has occurred. Giving those involved in the incident
an opportunity to identify what they are going to do to make things right teaches
responsibility and holds one accountable for their actions.
Recommendation: Allow for the people involved in an incident to share what they
need to see happen in order to address and repair the harm caused by
hurtful/negative behavior. Accountability stems from following-through with the
identified plan after taking into consideration all that everyone needs to feel
satisfied with the situation.
Fair Process: Inclusive
Decision-Making
What Fair Process Achieves:
• Fair process builds trust and commitment which
• Produces voluntary co-operation, which
• Drives performance, which
• Leads individuals to go beyond the call of duty by sharing their knowledge and
applying creativity.
Three core components of Fair Process:
1 - Engagement: Involving individuals in decisions that affect them by asking
for their input and allowing them to refute the merit of one
another’s ideas.
2 - Explanation: Everyone involved and affected should understand why
final decisions are made as they are. Creates powerful
feedback loop that enhances learning.
3 - Expectation Clarity: Once decisions are made, new rules are clearly
stated, so that everyone understands the new boundaries and
consequences of failure.
Kim & Mauborgne, 1997, Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy' for
the Harvard Business Review
Fair Process is about interacting WITH others and allowing
them to the space to be heard and treated with dignity and
respect.
It does not mean democracy, it is a process that allows for
people to feel as though they have been treated fairly, ultimately,
resulting in cooperation with the decisions that are made.
Wachtel & Costello (2009), The Restorative Practices Handbook, pg 87
Restorative Practices
Continuum
Restorative practices range from informal to formal. On a restorative practices continuum, the
informal practices include affective statements and questions that communicate peoples’ feelings,
and allow for reflection on how their behavior has affected others. Impromptu restorative
conferences and circles are somewhat more structured, while formal conferences require more
elaborate preparation. Moving from left to right on the continuum, as restorative processes
become more formal, they involve more people, require more planning and time, and are more
structured and complete.
“Although a formal restorative process might have dramatic impact, informal practices have a
cumulative impact because they are part of everyday life.” (Hanson, 2005)
The core of restorative practices is building and restoring
r e l a t i o n s h i p s.
Informal
Formal
I────────────────────────────────────────────────I
▲
Affective
Statements
▲
▲
Restorative
Pro-active
Questions
Circles
(Impromptu dialogue)
▲
Responsive
Circles
▲
Restorative
Meetings/
Conferences
Affective Statements/Language: the starting point for all restorative processes involving active
non-judgmental listening and expression of feelings and impact. Affective language allows for students
and staff to build strengthened relationships by genuinely presenting oneself as someone who cares
and has feelings. This authentic expression offers one the opportunity to learn and reflect on how their
behavior has affected others.
Affective Statement Ex. typical response: “Phillip, stop talking!”
affective statement: “Phillip, I find it distracting to hear you talking while I'm
trying to give directions to the class.”
Restorative Discussion: A restorative approach to help those harmed by other's actions
and responding to challenging behavior consists in asking key questions:
Restorative Questions:
1. What happened, and what were you thinking at the time?
2. What have you thought about since?
3. Who has been affected by what you have done? In what way?
4. What about this has been hardest for you?
5. What do you think you need to do to make things as right as possible?
Proactive and Responsive Circles: circles can be used for team building and problem solving.
It enables a group to get to know each other, builds inclusion, and allows for the development of
mutual respect, trust, sharing, and concern. Circles provide students with opportunities to share their
feelings, ideas, and experiences in order to establish relationships and develop social norms on a noncrisis basis. When there is wrongdoing, circles play an active role in addressing the wrong and making
things right.
Restorative Meetings/Conferences: involves those who have acknowledged causing harm
meeting with those they have harmed, seeking to understand each other’s perspective and coming to a
mutual agreement which will repair the harm as much as possible. Often all sides bring supporters,
who have usually been affected, and have something to say from a personal perspective.
Wachtel & Costello (2009), The Restorative Practices Handbook, International Institute for Restorative
Practices
SFUSD Restorative Practices
Tier 3 RP Practices:
Formal Restorative
Conferencing,
Re-entry
Tier 2 RP Practices:
Affective Statements,
Restorative Dialogue,
Responsive Circles
Intensive
Interventions
RESTORING
COMMUNITY
Targeted
Interventions
(problem solving and
repairing harm), Peer
Mediation
Tier I RP Practices:
Affective language
Restorative dialogue
impromptu conferences
Community building
circles
Responsive classroom
and school-wide circles
Universal/Prevention Focus
DEVELOPING SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL
CAPACITY
BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS AND
COMMUNITY
Responsibility for self & others
Accountability
Working Together: Inclusion
Community Building
Addressing school-wide and classroom
issues
Restorative Practices
Principles
Fair Process: inclusive
decision making
practices
Fundamental
Hypothesis of RP:
people will most likely
make positive change with
those in positions of
authority do things WITH
them rather than TO them
or FOR them
(High Control + High
Support= WITH)
shared ownership of
classroom and schoolwide valued
San Francisco Unified School District
When responding to conflict, a restorative approach
consists in asking the following key questions:
1.
What happened, and what were you
thinking at the time of the incident?
2.
What have you thought about since?
3.
Who has been affected by what
happened and how?
4.
What about this has been the hardest
for you?
5.
What do you think needs to be
done to make things as right as
possible?
Restorative Questions
Name: ________________
Date: ________________
What happened? ____________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
I feel ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Who was hurt? _____________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
How? _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
What is the hardest part for you?______________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
What needs to happen now to make things right? ________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Restorative Questions
1. What happened? ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. What were you thinking at the time? __________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What have you thought about since? __________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. Who has been affected by what happened and how? _______________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. What about this has been hardest for you? ______________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. What needs to happen to make things as right as possible? __________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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