OIE Collaborating Centre Reports Activities in 2013 Title of Collaborating Centre: Address of Collaborating Centre: New and Emerging Diseases Australian Animal Health Laboratory Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia Tel.: (61) 3 5227 5000 Fax: (61) 3 5227 5555 e-mail address: website: Kurt.zuelke@csiro.au www.csiro.au Name of Director of Institute (Responsible Official): Dr Kurt Zuelke Name (including Title and Position) of Head of the Collaborating Centre (formally OIE Contact Point): Dr Kurt Zuelke Director Name (including Title and Position) of writer of this report (if different from above) Dr Peter Daniels Deputy Director Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 1 New and Emerging Diseases Summary of activities specifically related to the mandate of OIE Collaborating Centres ToR: To provide services to the OIE, in particular within the region, in the designated specialty, in support of the implementation of OIE policies and, where required, seek for collaboration with OIE Reference Laboratories ToR: To identify and maintain existing expertise, in particular within its region 1. Activities as a centre of research, expertise, standardisation and dissemination of techniques within the remit of the mandate given by the OIE Disease control Epidemiology, surveillance, risk assessment, modelling Training, capacity building Zoonoses Wildlife Avian diseases Aquatic animal diseases Animal welfare Diagnosis, biotechnology and laboratory Veterinary medicinal products Vaccines Food safety Feed safety Other (Name the category: Vector Studies) DISEASE CONTROL Title of activity Scope Small Holder Pig System Project, Lao PDR Together with the Lao Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF); the Lao Ministry of Health; the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Murdoch University and the Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit (MORU) this project takes an integrated one-health and market chain systems approach to investigating the constraints for village based pig production and pig health, and assessing the impact of pig related zoonotic diseases on villagers; and then implementing village based intervention programs. A pig pathogenesis study using a serotype O virus is in progress in collaboration with Vietnam. In collaboration with the PIADC, the pathogenesis of another serotype O virus in sheep is in progress. A mouse model for the comparative pathogenesis of WNV-group flaviviruses has been established and characterised. The model is being used to identify pathogenetic features that distinguish pathogenic variants. A major study has continued using transgenic techniques to develop poultry that will be substantially resistant to AI infection. Birds are currently being assessed for resistance in challenge trials. Pathogenesis studies of FMD virus strains Pathogenesis studies of West Nile Virus (WNV) group flaviviruses Development of transgenic influenza resistant poultry EPIDEMIOLOGY, SURVEILLANCE, RISK ASSESSMENT AND MODELLING 2 Title of activity Scope Wind-borne dispersal of Culicoides spp country to country The risk of introduction of bluetongue virus into northern Australia via the long distance windborne dispersal of Culicoides spp was investigated by combining both meteorological data and information regarding Culicoides biology in an atmospheric dispersal model. Results were analysed together with other factors contributing to Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 New and Emerging Diseases Northern Australia Surveillance Strategy National Arbovirus Monitoring Program the risk of bluetongue virus introduction such as livestock numbers at source and arrival sites and analysed within a Bayesian network to determine the likely overall risk of bluetongue virus introduction. The inferences on the spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal can guide off-shore and on-shore surveillance programs. The methodology is applicable to a range of insect vectors and arboviruses. Testing was conducted on surveillance samples from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste for target diseases – Aujeszky’s, bluetongue, CSF, ehrlichiosis, FMD, AI, IBD, Japanese encephalitis, NDV, Nipah, PRRS, surra and TGE. Samples were submitted from pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, ducks, horses and dogs. AAHL provided BTV reference laboratory services in support of surveillance nationally. Analysis of bluetongue virus 32 BTV isolates for serotype and genotype identified as BTV 1 (Australia A and Malaysia A genotypes, based on RNA segment-3), BTV 15 (Australia B genotype) and BTV 20 (Malaysia A genotype). BTV 7 was also identified, for the first time with a genotype more closely related to the Western topotype. TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING Title of activity Scope Laboratory Capacity Building in regional countries AAHL has an extensive program of capacity building with institutions in Southeast Asia and South Asia. See separate report of the Collaborating Centre for Laboratory Capacity Building. ZOONOSES Title of activity Scope Diagnostic preparedness for H7N9 avian influenza Through the OFFLU network AAHL evaluated avian influenza diagnostics for sensitivity and specificity of testing for H7N9 infections and participated in validation of selected tests for the purposes of diagnosis and surveillance in at risk regional countries and supplied reagents to national laboratories in the region, organized PT panels and conducted back-stopping missions. AAHL continues to provide technical assistance to a FAO-supported activity which is fostering the development of a surveillance system to detect the development of variants of the H5N1 HPAI virus. Currently, this has a focus on implementing advanced data management and analysis tools and systems to ensure test quality control and assurance. AAHL participated in the OFFLU compilation and analysis of epidemiological, sequence and antigenic data being the animal health sector contribution to the process of evaluation of antigens identified for vaccines for protection of the human population against zoonotic influenzas with pandemic potential. Screening of the human genome continues for identification of key host genes involved in HeV replication. New drug targets have been identified and intervention strategies are undergoing in vitro efficacy studies. A human monoclonal antibody demonstrated to be therapeutically effective in animal trials at AAHL is undergoing a Phase 1 Clinical Safety Trial in people in 2014. Experimental work in animals will continue to inform optimal therapeutic dosage regimes. Influenza Virus Monitoring Program, Indonesia The OFFLU contribution to the WHO VCM processes Development of novel henipavirus therapies Passive immunotherapy for Hendra virus infection Pathogenesis studies of Hendra virus in dogs Pathogenesis studies of Hendra virus infection in dogs have been conducted following the detection of evidence of natural infection in Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 3 New and Emerging Diseases Pathogenesis studies of Hendra virus in experimental animal models that species and have confirmed that there is subclinical replication of virus with shedding from the oral cavity prior to development of neutralising antibody. Pathogenesis studies to determine the determinants of Hendra virus pathogenicity in experimental animal models and using reverse genetics systems have continued. In the mouse model for HeV infection pathogenic mechanisms and routes of entry have been studied and the impact of therapies administered following development of encephalitis is being assessed. WILDLIFE Title of activity Scope Nipah virus (NiV) studies in Bangladesh (with the EcoHealth Alliance, New York and ICDDR Bangladesh – PREDICT) African henipavirus bat studies (with Cambridge University) Surveillance work in bats and domestic livestock yielded over 8000 samples to be tested by NiV serology and molecular assays. This work is to identify the possible sources of NiV in Bangladesh as well as the strain variation and possible spillover hosts species. Testing was also conducted for the filoviruses Ebola and Marburg. AAHL is a collaborator in this surveillance project in Ghana, contributing henipavirus serological studies of specimens from bats, livestock and humans. This project also includes surveillance for the filoviruses. Full genome sequencing of two bat species has been completed. Current studies focus on functional genomics in collaboration with Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School in Singapore, aiming to identify bat-specific genes or pathways which may be responsible for their unique ability to co-exist with viruses without diseases and live longer. This work is in conjunction with Immunological studies of the innate and adaptive immunological systems in bats and the features of the host-virus interaction that result in infection without disease. Molecular pathogenesis studies of henipavirus infections in fruit bats AVIAN DISEASES Title of activity Scope Pathogenesis studies of H5N1 avian influenza Challenge models of H5N1 infection in chickens, ducks, ferrets and mice are maintained. These have been used in both vaccine and pathogenesis studies. This has included the further characterisation of feathers as a specimen for detection of H5N1, which has shown promise in both chickens and ducks. Epidemiological studies in Indonesia have continued to investigate strategies for vaccination in the small commercial sectors, and to assess the effectiveness of an ELISA for the M2e protein to act as a DIVA test to detect layer farms wherein H5N1 HPAI might be circulating despite vaccination being used. Management of H5N1 HPAI vaccination in endemic situations AQUATIC ANIMAL DISEASES Title of activity Scope Pathogenesis studies of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) Viral surveillance in wild prawn populations Studies to determine the susceptibility of banana prawns, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis and brown tiger prawns, Penaeus esculentus, to infectious myonecrosis have been initiated. Studies on viral presence, prevalence and disease management in wild populations of the Black Tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Australian waters are being undertaken, with a focus on the yellow head virus/gill associated virus complex. Characterisation of abalone herpesvirus genetic variants by whole genome sequencing and pathogenicity studies has been continued Characterization of abalone herpesvirus genetic variants 4 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 New and Emerging Diseases DIAGNOSIS, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND LABORATORY Title of activity Scope High Throughput Sequencing and Metagenomics Systems for laboratory management of the technology are being developed and applications in EID investigations explored. Quality assurance procedures for inclusion in the laboratory’s accredited quality assurance system are being developed. The complex problems of data management and analysis are being addressed through the development of the AAHL Molecular Archiving and Retrieval System (MARS). Specimens from conditions that may have undetermined aetiologies are being processed, with the discovery of novel agents (eg see Dr Jianning Wang’s presentation to the WAVLD meeting this year). Investigations have continued whether testing swabs from infected cattle, sheep and pigs during outbreaks using real time PCR assays could be useful diagnostically. Oral swabbing from experimentally infected animals was more sensitive than nasal swabbing and viral RNA was detected in the absence of clinical disease. In collaboration with Duke University and the Pirbright Institute methods for deep sequencing analyses of FMDV strains using RNA from isolates and swabs are being developed. Development of an improved molecular diagnostic tests (real time PCR) for Perkinsus olseni infection in molluscs has been undertaken Evaluation of oral swabs for rapid diagnosis of FMD infection HTS-BCG approaches for FMDV characterization from specimens Development of molecular diagnostics for diseases of molluscs MicroRNA based diagnostics for henipavirus infections Hand held diagnostics for henipavirus infections Development of molecular diagnostics for ephemeroviruses Host miRNAs regulated by HeV infection in horses and ferrets are being assessed as biomarkers that can be used as early diagnostic markers of infection. A new project, in collaboration with University of Georgia is assessing the utility of hand-held SERS technology to detect viruses such as Hendra. An RT-PCR and sequencing methodology was developed for detection and identification of all known ephemeroviruses in clinical samples. The method also detects tibroviruses which cause asymptomatic infections in cattle and some of which have recently been detected in humans. VACCINES Title of activity Scope Safety testing of the hendra virus vaccine for horses Studies of the safety of the vaccine are being conducted in pregnant mares and 3 month foals. Mares are vaccinated in one of each trimester of pregnancy and their health, including their delivery of live healthy foals, monitored. Maternal immunity and its decay in foals of vaccinated mares are monitored. Separately, vaccinated foals are monitored for adverse reactions to double doses of vaccine and for development of antibody. Challenge testing of Hendra virus vaccinated horses Challenge testing of Hendra virus vaccinated horses – Challenge of vaccinated horses at various time points after vaccination continues, to assess various aspects of duration of protection. Assessment of duration of antibody responses to Hendra virus vaccination in horses Study groups of vaccinated horses in various geographical regions and under differing management systems are monitored longitudinally to assess duration of antibody responses under field conditions. Selected animals receive booster vaccination to allow the effects to be assessed. Evaluation of vaccines such as are contained in FMD vaccine banks continued using animal challenge studies in collaboration with the Pirbright Institute, the Plum Island Animals Diseases Centre, USA, the Evaluation of commercially available FMD vaccines Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 5 New and Emerging Diseases Interferon enhanced vaccination Enhance HPAI vaccine production in eggs Assessment of the antigenic match between BEF vaccine and field strains of BEF virus National Centres for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canada and NAVETCO and RAHO6 in Vietnam. The efficacy of O and A vaccines was tested in cattle, sheep and pigs at various time points post vaccination with emphasis on early protection. A newly developed type O vaccine for Southeast Asia was compared to an existing vaccine. A new project is assessing the ability of interferon lambda to enhance in ovo vaccination efficacy in poultry. A project with the University of Georgia has identified key genes that can be targeted in order to improve the yields of HPAI vaccines grown in eggs. Antigenic profiling and phylogenetic studies of a large number of BEFV isolates was conducted. All strains currently circulating in Australia have a common ancestor that entered Australia more than 50 years ago and all but one of the major antigenic sites remain unchanged from the vaccine strain that was isolated in 1968. The data will inform improved vaccine development. VECTOR STUDIES Title of activity Scope Cytokine studies in insects The first invertebrate interferon-like anti-viral cytokine to be described was identified in the Culex quinque fasciatus mosquito. Like interferon in mammalian cells, Culex Vago was induced in mosquito cells upon West Nile virus infection, secreted from infected cells and stimulated an antiviral protective response in other mosquito cells by activating the Jak-STAT pathway. Microsatellite markers were identified in Culicoides brevitarsis for population genetic and gene-flow studies. Surveyed Culicoides species in Australia for symbiont bacteria that may be useful for biocontrol of viral diseases. Several species of Wolbachia and Cardinium have been identified. Sites in southern Australia were surveyed for biting midge (Culicoides) species, particularly those that associate with and feed on livestock, that that should be further evaluated for vector capability for bluetongue virus transmission. Culicoides spp population genetics Assessments of the potential for biological control of Culicoides spp Further characterization of Australian Culicoides spp populations ToR: To propose or develop methods and procedures that facilitate harmonisation of international standards and guidelines applicable to the designated specialty 2. Proposal or development of any procedure that will facilitate harmonisation of international regulations applicable to the surveillance and control of animal diseases, food safety or animal welfare 6 Proposal title Scope/Content Applicable area Refined molecular testing for yellow head virus/gill associated virus complex agents The specificity of molecular methods for detection and identification of the various YHV/GAV genotypes is to be improved on the basis of more comprehensive data base of sequences of viral strains (genotypes) in wild populations and their genetic variation. Surveillance and control of animal diseases Surveillance for influenza infection in pigs Through OFFLU, in separate presentations by AAHL staff and in collaboration with national agencies in Australia AAHL has promoted the cause of enhance influenza surveillance in pigs and has designed a national strategy for scoping the level of influenza in pigs nationally. Surveillance and control of animal diseases Food safety Animal welfare Food safety Animal welfare Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 New and Emerging Diseases Proposal title Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA HYSPLIT workshop Scope/Content Applicable area Participation in the HYSPLIT workshop held in Maryland USA to support the development of the TAPPAS (Aerial dispersion of pest and pathogens) modelling software Surveillance and control of animal diseases Food safety Animal welfare ToR: To establish and maintain a network with other OIE Collaborating Centres designated for the same specialty, and should the need arise, with Collaborating Centres in other disciplines ToR: To carry out and/or coordinate scientific and technical studies in collaboration with other centres, laboratories or organisations 3. Did your Collaborating Centre maintain a network with other OIE Collaborating Centres (CC), Reference Laboratories (RL), or organisations designated for the same specialty, to coordinate scientific and technical studies? Yes No Name of OIE CC/RL/other organisation(s) Location CC for Biotechnology based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, National Veterinary Institute and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health 4. Uppsala, Sweden Region of networking Centre Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East Purpose Development and harmonization of quality assurance procedures and standards for data management and analysis for deployment of high throughput sequencing in diagnostic use Did your Collaborating Centre maintain a network with other OIE Collaborating Centres, Reference laboratories, or organisations in other disciplines, to coordinate scientific and technical studies? Yes Name of OIE CC/RL/other organisation(s) No Location OFFLU, the OIE/FAO network of expertise on animal influenza http://www.offlu. net/ The OIE BTV Reference Laboratories Teramo, Italy, Onderstepoort, South Africa, Pirbright, UK and Ames, USA ToR: Region of networking Centre Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East Purpose Coordination of international activities relating to animal influenza, especially H5N1, H7N9 and influenza infections in pigs Updating of the OIE Terrestrial Manual Chapters on BTV and EHDV To place expert consultants at the disposal of the OIE. Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 7 New and Emerging Diseases 5. Did your Collaborating Centre place expert consultants at the disposal of the OIE? Yes No Name of expert Kind of consultancy Subject Dr Peter Daniels Member of the OIE Biological Standard Commission Participation at the BSC and Expanded Bureau Group meetings in February and September Dr Peter Daniels Member of the OFFLU Executive Committee Participation at the Executive and Steering Committee meetings in February, September and November Dr Frank Wong Member of the OFFLU Swine Influenza Group Network of expertise on animal influenza to coordinate global influenza surveillance in pigs to standardise approaches to surveillance. Dr Peter Daniels Ad hoc group The OIE ad hoc Group on High Throughput Sequencing and Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics (HTS-BCG) Dr Peter Daniels Ad hoc group The OIE ad hoc Group on Biosafety and Biosecurity in Veterinary Laboratories Dr Peter Walker Chair of an OIE Panel to evaluate a commercial test kit for OIE accreditation A commercial WSSV test kit Dr Wilna Vosloo Ad hoc group The OIE ad hoc Group on Foot and Mouth disease status evaluations of Member Countries, October and November Mr Chris Morrissy Meeting participation 19th SEACFMD Meeting, Singapore Dr Wilna Vosloo, Mr Chris Morrissy, Dr Kurt Zuelke Meeting participation SEACFMD Laboratory Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand Dr Wilna Vosloo, Mr Chris Morrissy, Dr Kurt Zuelke Meeting participation 9th Annual OIE & FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand Dr Peter Daniels, Mr Chris Morrissy Meeting participation Technical and Policy discussion meeting on the prevention and control of Avian influenza A (H7N9), Bangkok, Thailand Dr John Allen Meeting participation The OIE Asia Pacific Workshop on multisectoral collaboration for the prevention and control of zoonoses, Kathmandu, Nepal Mr. Chris Morrissy, Dr Kurt Zuelke Meeting Participation The 2013 Regional Animal Health Laboratory Technical Advisory Group (Lab TAG) Meeting, Yogyakarta, Indonesia ToR: To provide, within the designated specialty, scientific and technical training to personnel from OIE Member Countries 6. Did your Collaborating Centre provide scientific and technical training, within the remit of the mandate given by the OIE, to personnel from OIE Member Countries? Yes 8 No Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 New and Emerging Diseases If the answer is yes, please provide the total number of trained persons for each of the following categories: a) Technical visits: ................................................................ 47 b) Seminars: ......................................................................... 226 c) Hands-on training courses: .............................................. 235 d) Internships (>1 month): ................................................... Type of technical training provided (a, b, c or d) Content Country of origin of the expert(s) provided with training No. participants from the corresponding country C Rabies training, Surabaya Indonesia 10 A Laboratory back stopping mission at NAHC, Vientiane Laos 4 B Workshop to launch IVM Online surveillance and molecular data management application, Jogjakarta Indonesia 35 C Workshop on real time RT-PCR for HPAI, Subang (for OFFLU) Indonesia 20 C Training in anthrax diagnostics, Surabaya Indonesia 8 C BSL3 training, Bogor Indonesia 15 B 2nd Laboratory Directors Meeting and Workshop on enhancing laboratory quality systems, Colombo, Sri-Lanka SAARC countries 12 B Participation in the African Swine Fever workshop, New York, USA USA, Canada, Spain, Russia, Georgia, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany, Kenya, France, Poland, Armenia, Uganda, South Africa, Netherlands 60 A Four-way linking activity for assessing health risks for influenza H5N1 at the human-animal interface Indonesia 20 C Training in brucellosis diagnostics, Vientiane Laos 4 C Training in rabies diagnosis, Bukittinggi Indonesia 43 B USDA Orbiviruses Gap Analysis Workshop. Workshop participation, presentation and drafting the report for diagnostics. USA 40 C Training lab-field coordination of disease investigations, Bangkok, Thailand ASEAN countries 25 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 9 New and Emerging Diseases Type of technical training provided (a, b, c or d) Content Country of origin of the expert(s) provided with training No. participants from the corresponding country C Conduct anthrax ELISA validation testing Surabaya, Indonesia 8 C Delivery of a Brucellosis workshop, Makassar Indonesia 16 C Development of SOPs for the production of quality assured reagents and to develop templates for QA systems for comprehensive test records, equipment calibration and other QA data, Surabaya Indonesia 23 C Delivery of a workshop on H7N9 diagnostics and diagnostics for selected pig diseases, Bangkok, Thailand ASEAN countries 20 C Delivery of a Proficiency Testing workshop, Denpasar Indonesia 25 C Delivery of a rabies diagnosis workshop, Bangkok, Thailand ASEAN countries 18 B Delivery of a component of a refresher course in diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis. Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela 35 A Provide advice and training in OIE based diagnostics, cell culture/virus isolation and molecular diagnosis Vietnam 5 B Contributions to the annual workshop for the project Surveillance tools and strategies for improved control, monitoring and eradication of avian influenza in Indonesia, Yogyakarta Indonesia 10 B Participation in the ASEAN Regional Laboratory Directors Meeting, Yogyakarta, Indonesia ASEAN countries 24 B Presentation at the 6th Meeting of the Group of High Containment Laboratory Directors (GOHLD), China China, USA, UK, Germany, Canada, Australia 10 A Backstopping missions to laboratories participating in multidisease training ASEAN Countries 18 ToR: To organise and participate in scientific meetings and other activities on behalf of the OIE 7. Did your Collaborating Centre organise or participate in the organisation of scientific meetings on behalf of the OIE? Yes 10 No Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 New and Emerging Diseases National/ International International Title of event Co-organiser Date (mm/yy) Location No. Participants A technical meeting on vaccination against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) OFFLU Dec 2013 Beijing, 38 China ToR: To collect, process, analyse, publish and disseminate data and information relevant to the designated specialty 8. Publication and dissemination of any information within the remit of the mandate given by the OIE that may be useful to Member Countries of the OIE (Indicate in the appropriate box the number by category) a) Articles published in peer-reviewed journals: ................. 68 Journal articles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bain, Peter; Hutchinson, Rhonda; Marks, Alexandra; Crane, Mark; Schuller, Kathryn. Establishment of a continuous cell line from southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). Aquaculture. 2013; 376379:59-63. Baker, Kate; Leggett, Richard; Bexfield, Nicholas; Alston, Mark; Daly, Gordan; Todd, Shawn; et al. Metagenomic study of the viruses of African straw-coloured fruit bats: Detection of a chiropteran poxvirus and isolation of a novel adenovirus.. Virology. 2013; 441(2):95-106. Baker, Kate; Suu-Ire, R.; Barr, Jenn; Hayman, David; Broder, Christopher; Horton, D.L.; et al. Viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran host. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2013; 82(6):1-14. Baker, Kate; Todd, Shawn; Marsh, Glenn; Crameri, Gary; Barr, Jenn; Kamins, Alex; et al. Novel, potentially zoonotic paramyxoviruses from the African straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum. Journal of Virology. 2013; 87(3 1348-1358):1348-1358. Baker, Michelle; Schountz, Tony; Wang, Linfa. Antiviral immune responses of bats: a review. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2013; 60:104-116. Blasdell, Kim; Adams, Mat; Davis, Steven; Walsh, Susan; Klement, Eyal; Tesh, Robert; et al. A reversetranscription PCR method for detecting all known ephemeroviruses in clinical samples. Journal of Virological Methods. 2013; 191(2):128-135. Breed, Andrew; Meers, Joanne; Sendow, Indrawati; Bossart, Katharine; Barr, Jenn; Smith, Ina; et al. The Distribution of Henipavirus in Southeast Asia and Australasia: Is Wallace's Line a Barrier to Nipah Virus?. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(4):e6131. Broder, Christopher; Xu, Kai; Nikolov, Dimitar; Zhu, Zhongyu; Dimitrov, Dimiter; Middleton, Deborah; et al. A treatment for and vaccine against the deadly Hendra and Nipah viruses. Antiviral Research. 2013; 100(1):8-13. Cass, Pete; Knower, Warren; Hinton, Tracey; Shi, Shuning; Grusche, Felix; Tizard, Mark; et al. Synthesis and evaluation of degradable polyurea block copolymers as siRNA delivery agents. Acta Biomaterialia. 2013; 9(9):8299-8307. Clayton, Bronwyn; Wang, Linfa; Marsh, Glenn. Henipaviruses: an updated review focusing on the pteropid reservoir, and features of transmission. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2013; 60(1):69-83. Crane, Mark; Carson, Jeremy; Zainathan, Sandra; Nowak, Barbara. Laboratory evaluation of sample collection methods (organs versus swabs) for Tasmanian salmon reovirus detection in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2013; 36(5):427-436. Crane, Mark; Corbeil, Serge; Williams, Nette; McColl, Ken; Gannon, Vin. Evaluation of Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis Resistance Among Wild Abalone Populations Along the Victorian Coast of Australia. Journal of Shellfish Research. 2013; 32(1):67-72. Croser, Emma; Marsh, Glenn. The changing face of the Henipaviruses. Veterinary Microbiology. 2013; 167:151-158. Cui, Jie; Eden, John-Sebasitan; Holmes, Edward C; Wang, Linfa. Adaptive evolution of bat dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4): implications for the origin and emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Virology Journal. 2013; 10(304):1-5. Curran, John; Robertson, Ian; Ellis, Trevor; Selleck, Paul. Evaluation of avian influenza serological and virological diagnostic methods in wild anseriformes and charadriiformes. Avian Diseases. 2013; Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 11 New and Emerging Diseases online in press:6. 16. Curran, John; Robertson, Ian; Selleck, Paul; O'Dea, Mark. Variation in the responses of a wild species of duck, gull and wader to inoculation with a wild bird-origin H6N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases. 2013; 57(3):581-586. 17. Dang, Vinh; Benkendorff, Kirsten; Corbeil, Serge; Williams, Nette; Hoad, John; Crane, Mark; et al. Immunological changes in response to herpesvirus infection in abalone Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis rubra hybrids.. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2013; 34(2 0):688-691. 18. Eagles, Debbie; Walker, Peter; Zalucki, Myron; Durr, Peter. Modelling spatio-temporal patterns of long-distance Culicoides dispersal into northern Australia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2013; 110(3-4):312-322. 19. El-Hage, Charles; Savage, Kate; Minke, Jules; Ficorilli, Nino; Watson, James; Gilkerson, James. Accelerated vaccination schedule provides protective levels of antibody and complete herd immunity to Equine Influenza.. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2013; 45(2):235-239. 20. Epstein, Jonathan; Baker, Michelle; Zambrano-Torrelio, Carlos; Middleton, Deborah; Barr, Jenn; DuBovi, Edward; et al. Duration of maternal antibodies against Hendra virus and canine distemper virus in Pteropid bats. PLoS One. 2013; 8(6):e67584. 21. Foord, Adam; White, John; Colling, Axel; Heine, Hans. Microsphere suspension array assays for detection and differentiation of Hendra and Nipah viruses. BioMed Research International. 2013; 2013:Article ID 289295. 22. Ge, Xingyi; Li, Jia-Lu; Yang, Xing-Lou; Chmura, Aleksei; Zhu, Guangjian; Epstein, Jonathan; et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013; online in press:16. 23. Ghedin, Elodie; Rogers, Matthew; Widen, Steve; Guzman, Hilda; Travassos da Rosa, Amelia; Wood, Thomas; et al. Kolente virus, a novel rhabdovirus isolated from ticks and bats in the Republic of Guinea. Journal of General Virology. 2013; 94:2609-2615. 24. Goossens, Kate; Ward, Alister; Lowenthal, John; Bean, Andrew. Chicken interferons, their receptors and interferon-stimulated genes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2013; 41(3):370376. 25. Guo, Pengju; Thomas, Jesse; Bruce, Matt; Hinton, Tracey; Bean, Andrew; Lowenthal, John. The chicken TH1 response: Potential therapeutic applications of ChIFN-g. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2013; 41(3):389-396. 26. Hamilton, Keith; Pavade, Gounalan; Claes, Filip; Dauphin, Gwenaelle; Daniels, Peter. Animal influenza research needs: protecting humans, animals, food, and economies. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 2013; 7(Suppl. 2):34-36. 27. Hayward, Joshua; Tachedjian, Mary; Cui, Jie; Field, Hume; Holmes, Edward C; Wang, Linfa; et al. Identification of diverse full-length endogenous betaretroviruses in megabats and microbats. Retrovirology. 2013; 10(1):19. 28. Henning, Joerg; Morton, J; Wibawa, Hendra; Yulianto, D; Usman, Tri Bhakti; Prijono, W; et al. Incidence and risk factors for H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza infection in flocks of apparently clincally healthy ducks. Epidemiology and Infection. 2013; 141(2):390-401. 29. Islam, Mohammad Saiful; Kouzani, Abbas; Dai, Xiujuan; Michalski, Wojtek; Gholamhosseini, H. Design and analysis of a multilayer localized surface plasmon resonance graphene biosensor.. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. 2013; 8(3 .):380-393. 30. Jones, Kate; Karpala, Adam; Hirst, Bevan; Jenkins, Kristie; Tizard, Mark; Pereira, Candida; et al. Visualising single molecules of HIV-1 and miRNA nucleic acids. BMC Cell Biology. 2013; 14(4):21. 31. Keeling, Suzanne Elizabeth; Brosnahan, Cara; Johnston, Colin; Wallis, Reuben; Gudkovs, Nicholas; McDonald, Wendy Leanne. Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of Aeromonas salmonicida.. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2013; 36(5):495-503. 32. Marsh, Glenn; Virtue, Elena; Smith, Ina; Todd, Shawn; Arkinstall, Rachel; Frazer, Leah; et al. Recombinant Hendra viruses expressing reporter genes retain pathogenicity in ferrets. Virology journal. 2013; 10:95. 33. McCaskill, Jana; Marsh, Glenn; Monaghan, Paul; Wang, Linfa; Doran, Tim; McMillan, Nigel. Potent Inhibition of Hendra Virus Infection via RNA Interference and Poly I:C Immune Activation. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(5):e64360. 34. McColl, Ken; Clarke, Brian; Doran, Tim. Role of genetically engineered animals in future food production. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2013; 91(3):113-117. 35. Ng, Justin; Baker, Michelle. Bats and bat-borne diseases: a perspective on Australian megabats. Australian Journal of Zoology. 2013; 61:48-57. 36. Olival, Kevin J; Islam, Ariful; Yu, Meng; Anthony, Simon; Epstein, Jonathan; Khan, Shahneaz Ali; et al. Ebola Virus Antibodies in Fruit Bats, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013; 19(2):4. 12 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 New and Emerging Diseases 37. Palacios, Gustavo; Forrester, Naomi; Nasar, Farooq; Savji, Nazir; Travassos da Rosa, Amelia; Guzman, Hilda; et al. Characterization of Farmington virus, a novel virus from birds that is distantly related to members of the family Rhabdoviridae. Virology Journal. 2013; 10:e219. 38. Pallister, Jackie; Klein, Reuben; Arkinstall, Rachel; Haining, Jessica; Long, Fenella; White, John; et al. Vaccination of ferrets with a recombinant G glycoprotein subunit vaccine provides protection against Nipah virus disease for over 12 months. Virology Journal. 2013; 10:1-7. 39. Pant, Ganesh; Lavenir, Rachel; Wong, Frank; Certoma, Andrea; Larrous, Florence; Bhatta, D.R.; et al. 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Convergence of Ecohealth and One Health. EcoHealth. 2013; 9:371-373. International conference presentations: ......................... 37 International conference papers/Conference proceedings 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 14 Audsley, Michelle; Marsh, Glenn; Tachedjian, Mary; Wang, Linfa; Jans, David; Moseley, Greg. Novel insights into the divergent mechanisms of paramyxovirus immune evasion. In: XV International Conference on Negative Strand Viruses; 16-21 June 2013; Spain. XV International Conference on Negative Strand Viruses; 2013. 125. Claes, Filip; Sonnberg, Stephanie; Brown, Ian; Morrissy, Chris; Daniels, Peter. Scientific update on Avian Influenza A(H7N9) - animal health aspects: presentation to the Technical and Policy Discussion on the prevention and control of avian influenza A (H7N9) in Asia. In: Technical and Policy Discussion on the Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza A (H7N9) in Asia; 24-25 June 2013; Bangkok. The workshop; 2013. 1. Corbeil, Serge. Biotechnology and the diagnosis and surveillance of aquatic animal pathogens. In: OIE, editor/s. Aquatic animal health programmes their benefits for global food security: Proceedings of the OIE Conference on Aquatic Animal Health; 28-30 June, 2011; Panama City, Panama. Paris: OIE; 2013. 161-169. Daniels, Peter. Global Animal Surveillance Networks: OFFLU. In: International Influenza Networks Meeting; 14-16 January 2013; Scottsdale, Arizona. APHL; 2013. 1. Daniels, Peter. Investigations and management of emerging zoonoses in Australia and Southeast Asia. In: Certificate One Health Program; 18/05/2013; Gainesville, Florida. The Program; 2013. 1. Daniels, Peter. Managing the pandemic public health threats from animal agriculture. In: 4th Sustainable Animal Agriculture Conference for Developing Countries (SAADC); 27-31 July 2013; Lanzhou, Gansu province, China. 4th Sustainable Animal Agriculture Conference for Developing Countries (SAADC); 2013. 25-30. Daniels, Peter. What Needs to be Improved for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Surveillance, Preparedness and Response? Animal Health Issues. In: International Influenza Networks Meeting; 1416 January 2013; Scottsdale, Arizona. APHL; 2013. 1. Daniels, Peter. What can be done to manage catastrophic human disease threats from farmed Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 New and Emerging Diseases 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. animals?. In: 2nd GRF One Health Summit 2013; 17-20 November 2013; Davos, Switzerland. 2nd GRF One Health Summit 2013; 2013. 0. Daniels, Peter; Wang, Jianning; Lunt, Ross; Meehan, Brian; Pritchard, Ian; Ritson-Bennett, Noel; et al. Diagnostics for surveillance, response, and recovery. Bluetongue viruses in sheep, cattle, and deer. In: USDA Gap Analysis and Countermeasures Assessment Orbiviruses Workshop; 14-16 May 2013; USDA Centre for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas. USDA; 2013. 1. Daniels, Peter; Wong, Frank; O'Dea, Mark; McCullough, Sam; Barr, Ian. Surveillance of livestock for the next pandemic influenza: Lessons from influenza in pigs. In: ISIRV International Symposium; 7-8 March 2013; Dublin, Ireland. ISIRV; 2013. 1. Edwards, Steve. Lifecycle cost finding for biocontainment facilites: material, operations, staffing. In: The 2013 international Conference on Biocontainment Facilities; 18-19 March 2013; San Diego. The 2013 international Conference on Biocontainment Facilities; 2013. 1. Gough, Tamara; Goossens, Kate; Bruce, Matt; Harvey, Gemma; Wilson, Susanne; Ford, Mark; et al. Potential use of chicken interferon lambda as a novel vaccine adjuvant. In: IVIS 2013; August 2013; Milan. The Conference; 2013. 1. Graham, Kerryne; Durr, Peter; Van Klinken, Rieks. Modelling the risk of long-distance wind-borne spread of pests and pathogens The TAPPAS aplication - taking GIS-based research into operational use. In: GeoVet 2013; 21-08-2013; London, UK. CSIRO; 2013. 1. Hinton, Tracey; Grusche, Felix; Acharya, Durga; Waddington, Lynne; Monaghan, Paul; Shi, Shuning; et al. Bicontinuous cubic phase nanoparticle lipid chemistry affects toxicity in cultured cells. In: 10th International Conference on Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies (NN13); 9-12 July, 2013; Thessaloniki, Greece. NANOTEXNOLOGY 2013; 2013. 2 p. Lawless, Nathan; Reinhardt, Timothy; Bryan, Kenneth; Baker, Mike; Pesch, Bruce; Zimmerman, Duane; et al. Simultaneous NGS-based profiling of microRNA and mRNA expression in an in vivo Streptococcus uberis challenge model reveals that microRNAs are key amplifiers of monocyte inflammatory response networks and repressors of metabolism. In: ISAFG, editor/s. 5th Symposium on Animal Functional Genomics - ISAFG 2013; 9-11 Sept 2013; Guaruja, Brazil. ISAFG; 2013. 1. Leis, Andrew; Oiseth, Sofia; Crameri, Sandra; Lundin, Leif. Visualization of carrageenan hydrogels by electron tomography. In: 2013 International Symposium on Computational Models for Life Sciences; 27-29 Nov 2013; Sydney. AIP Publishing; 2013. 206-213. Leis, Andrew; Oiseth, Sofia; Crameri, Sandy; Lundin, Leif. Visualisation of polysaccharide hydrogels at the nanoscale. In: 26th New Zealand Conference on Microscopy; 12-15th February, 2013; Christchurch, New Zealand. Microscopy Society of New Zealand; 2013. 1. Lewis, Nicola; Russell, CA; Burke, DF; Brown, Ian; Chen, Hualan; Claes, Filip; et al. Quantifying the global antigenic and genetic evolution in swine influenza A viruses and evaluating the relative zoonotic potential to humans. In: Options for the Control of Influenza VIII; 5-10 September 2013; Cape Town, South Africa. International Society for Influenza and Other Respiratory Diseases (ISIRV); 2013. 2. Marsh, Glenn; Wang, Linfa. Cedar Virus: a novel Henipavirus isolated from Australian bats. In: 15th International Negative Strand Virus Meeting; 16-21 June; Granada Spain. Spain: 15th International Negative Strand Virus Meeting; 2013. 149. Marsh, Glenn; Wang, Linfa. Cedar virus: A novel henipavirus isolated from Australian bats. In: XV international Conference on Negative Strand Viruses; 16-21 June 2013; Spain. XV international Conference on Negative Strand Viruses; 2013. 149. McCullough, Sam. Australian Animal Health Laboratory (Geelong) - its role and its links to the PICTs. In: 15th Australasia/Oceania CVA Regional Conference; 2-6 Sept 2013; Fiji. 15th Australasia/Oceania CVA Regional Conference; 2013. 0. Middleton, Deborah. The path to a Hendra Virus vaccine for horses chance favours only the prepared mind Pastuer 1854. In: The 31st meeting of the European Society and College of Veterinary pathologists; 4-7 Sept 2013; London. ECVP; 2013. 31. Mohr, Peter; Moody, Nick; Hoad, John; Williams, Nette; Anderson, Ian; Crane, Mark. Detection of a new genotype of the yellow head complex of viruses in Penaeus monodon. In: Marc Crane, editor/s. Second Australiasian Scientific Conference on Aquatic Animal Health; 8-12 July 2013; The Pullman Reef Hotel, Cairns. FRDC; 2013. 1. Moody, Nick; Mohr, Peter; Boyle, David; Hick, Paul; Kirkland, Peter; Crane, Mark. OsHV-1 in Pacific oysters in NSW – molecular detection and partial characterisation. In: Mark Crane, editor/s. The Second Australasian Scientific Conference on Aquatic Animal Health; 8 July - 12 July 2013; Cairns, QLD. FRDC; 2013. 1. Morrissy, Chris; Juzva, Susan; Meehan, Brian. Current Disease Situation CSF PRRS ASF. In: Regional Laboratory Network Training on Diagnostic and Characterisation of African Swine Fever, Classical Swine Fever and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; 27-31 August 2012; Regional Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 15 New and Emerging Diseases Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Mr Chris Morrissy; 2013. 32. 26. Pant, Ganesh; Lavenir, Rachel; Wong, Frank; Certoma, Andrea; Larrous, F.; Bhatta, D.R.; et al. Recent Emergence and spread of an Arctic-related phylogenetic lineage of Rabies in Nepal. In: 15th International Negative Strand Virus meeting; 16-21 June 2013; Granada, Spain. 15th International Negative Strand Virus meeting; 2013. 1. 27. Pant, Ganesh; Lavenir, Rachel; Wong, Frank; Certoma, Andrea; Larrous, Florence; Bhatta, D.R.; et al. Recent Emergence And Spread Of A Phylogenetic Lineage Of Rabies Virus In Nepal. In: European Congress of Virology; 11-14 September 2013; Lyon, France. European Congress of Virology; 2013. 1. 28. Pant, Ganesh; Lavenir, Rachel; Wong, Frank; Certoma, Andrea; Larrous, Florence; Bhatta, D.R.; et al. Recent Emergence and Spread of a Phylogenetic Lineage of Rabies Virus in Nepal. In: International meeting on microbrial epidemiological markers; October 2-5 2013; Paris. The Conference; 2013. 1. 29. Pant, Ganesh; Lavenir, Rachel; Wong, Frank; Certoma, Andrea; Larrous, Florence; Bhatta, Dwij; et al. Recent Emergence and Spread of a Phylogenetic Lineage of Rabies Virus in Nepal. In: 15th International negative strand virus meeting, editor/s. 15th International negative strand virus meeting; 16-21 June 2013; 15th International negative strand virus meeting. 15th International negative strand virus meeting; 2013. 214. 30. Rohringer, Andreas; Goossens, Kate; Ward, Alister; Bean, Andrew. The chicken IFN- λ Receptor Complex. In: International Veterinary Immunology Symposium; 28th August - 1st September 2013; Milan , Italy , Europe. IVIS; 2013. 1. 31. Shiell, Brian; Colgrave, Michelle; Michalski, Wojtek; Snelling, Hayley; Broder, Christopher. Determination of glycan composition and site occupancy of glycoproteins by mass spectrometry. In: David Hills (Scientific Director), editor/s. Mass Spec 2013; 6-7 March 2013; Biopolis, Singapore. Mass Spec 2013 Conference; 2013. 18. 32. Stewart, Cameron; Marsh, Glenn; Jenkins, Kristie; Tizard, Mark; Gantier, Michael; Middleton, Deborah; et al. Promotion of Hendra virus replication by microRNA 146a.. In: IVIS 2013; August 2013; Milan. The Conference; 2013. 1. 33. Swayne, David; Daniels, Peter; Dauphin, Gwenaelle; Hamilton, Keith; Mumford, Elizabeth. Filling Gaps For Seasonal And Pandemic Influenza: Current Data And Future Directions - Animal/Human Interface Priorities For Better Information. In: International Influenza Networks Meeting; 14-16 January 2013; Scottsdale, Arizona. APHL; 2013. 1. 34. Wang, Jianning; Yu, Meng; Ha, Wendy; Rootes, Chris; Wise, Terry; Crameri, Sandra; et al. Identification of a novel Bunyavirus using next generation sequencing. In: 16th International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians; 5-8 June 2013; Berlin, Germany. Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft; 2013. 99. 35. Watson, James. STARS - Surveillance - Integrating data across the Australian Laboratory Network.. In: USAHA/AAVLD Committee on Animal Health Surveillance and Information Systems; 17-23 October 2013; San Deigo. USAHA/AAVLD Committee on Animal Health Surveillance and Information Systems; 2013. 1. 36. Wong, Frank; Barr, Ian; Smith, David; Williams, David; Davies, Kelly; Stevens, Vicky; et al. Coordinating worldwide surveillance for influenza in pigs - Australia and Oceania update. In: OFFLU Swine Influenza Group Technical Meeting 2013; 16/04/2013; FAO Headquarters, Rome. OFFLU and FAO; 2013. 11. 37. Zuelke, Kurt. How epidemiology and animal health science can help identify and inform policy options. In: Livestock disease policies, building bridges between science and economics; 3-4 June 2013; Paris. OECD; 2013. 13. c) National conference presentations: ................................ 21 1. 2. 3. 4. 16 Corbeil, Serge. CSIRO-IFREMER: Collaborative studies on molluscs pathogens.. In: Joanne Slater, editor/s. Second Australasian Scientific Conference on Aquatic Animal Health; 8-12 July 2013; Cairns, QLD. FRDC; 2013. 1. Corbeil, Serge. Mollusc diseases of significance in Australia and their (molecular) diagnosis.. In: Mollusc Diagnostic Workshop; 21-10-2013 to 24-10-2013; Geelong. CSIRO; 2013. 27. Crameri, Sandra; Holmes, Clare; Leis, Andrew; Smith, Ina; Shan, songhua; Lehmann, Debra; et al. A novel orthomyxovirus in Muscovy ducks – electron microscopy reveals structural resemblance to arenaviruses.. In: APMC10/ICONN2012/ACMM22; Feb 2012; Perth WA. The Conference; 2013. 1. Crameri, Sandy; Van Huezen, Rob; Borg, Anna; Miller, Dan; Leis, Andrew; Morrissey, John; et al. Case study - Using the CSIRO DAP for managing AAHL Microscopy data.. In: Computational and Simulation Sciences and eResearch Annual Conference; 22nd March 2013; The Langham Hotel, Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 New and Emerging Diseases Melbourne. The Conference; 2013. 1. Daniels, Peter. Climate change, animal health and bigger issues. In: Australian and NZ College of Veterinary Scientists, editor/s. 2013 College Science Week Scientific Meeting; 11–13 July 2013; QT Gold Coast, Surfers Paradise. Australian and NZ College of Veterinary Scientists; 2013. 38. 6. Daniels, Peter. Inadequate Surveillance for Emerging Zoonotic Influenza in Animal Populations. In: Communicable Disease Control (CDC) Conference; 19-20 March 2013; Canberra. Communicable Disease Network; 2013. 1. 7. Daniels, Peter. Investigations and management of emerging zoonoses. In: University of Adelaide; 14 October 2013; Adelaide. University of Adelaide; 2013. 1. 8. Daniels, Peter. Lessons learned from the international experience of H5N1 influenza. In: One Health Workshop; 24-25 Oct 2013; Canberra. PHAA and NCEPH; 2013. 1. 9. Gough, Tamara; Goossens, Kate; Bruce, Matt; Harvey, Gemma; Wilson, Susanne; Ford, Mark; et al. Potential use of chicken interferon lambda as a novel vaccine adjuvant. In: Lorne Infection and Immunity Conference.; 20th-22nd February 2013; Lorne Vic.. The Conference; 2013. 1. 10. Green, Diane; Pallister, Jackie; Williams, Catherine; White, John; Monaghan, Paul. Cell type affects Hendra virus protein trafficking.. In: Australian Virology Society Meeting; 8-11 December, 2013; Queenstown, New Zealand. AVS; 2013. 1. 11. Harper, Jenni; Payne, Jean; Bingham, John; Middleton, Deborah. Comparative pathology of Hendra virus: The search for an in vivo laboratory model.. In: National Histology Conference; 2728 April 2013; Melbourne, Vic. National Histology Conference Group; 2013. 1. 12. Loh, Mai Hlaing; Carlile, Gemma; Morrissy, Chris; Eagles, Debbie; McCullough, Sam; Watson, James; et al. The challenges of establishing and conducting proficiency testing programs in South East Asian countries. In: Australian Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians; 28th 29th of November 2013; CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Australian Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians; 2013. 1. 13. McNabb, Leanne; Lunt, Ross; Ritson-Bennett, Noel; Carlile, Gemma; Loh, Mai Hlaing; Zalunardo, Michael; et al. Development of a Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) 3ABC ELISA kit.. In: Ninth Annual Meeting of the Australian Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians; 28-29th November, 2013; CSIRO AAHL, Geelong, Victoria. Peter Kirkland; 2013. 1. 14. Mohr, Peter. Evaluation of Megalocytivirus molecular tests. In: 3rd Aquatic Animal Health Technical Forum; 20-22nd March 2013; Adelaide. CSIRO; 2013. 1. 15. Mohr, Peter; Moody, Nick; Hoad, John; Williams, Nette; Anderson, Ian; Crane, Mark. Detection of a new genotype of the yellow head complex of viruses in Penaeus monodon. In: Australian Assocation of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians; 28-29 November 2013; Australian Animal Health Laboratory. AAVLD; 2013. 1. 16. Moody, Nick. Mollusc disease diagnosis: Identification of diagnostic problems in Australia. In: KBBE Workshop on Mollusc Disease Diagnosis; 21-24 October, 2013; Geelong, Victoria, Australia. CSIRO; 2013. 22. 17. Moody, Nick. Mollusc disease diagnosis: Quality assurance systems in diagnostic laboratories in Australia. In: KBBE Workshop on Mollusc Disease Diagnosis; 21-24 October, 2013; Geelong, Victoria, Australia. CSIRO; 2013. 13. 18. Roennfeldt, Ruben-Lee; Moody, Nick; Heine, Hans; Boyle, David; Crameri, Sandra; Leis, Andrew; et al. The development of diagnostic assays for the detection of Zooplankton Invertebrate Iridescent viruses in the mesozooplankton. In: ASMA2013; 7-11 July 2013; QLD. ASMA2013; 2013. 193. 19. Stevens, Vicky; Eagles, Debbie; Wong, Frank. Annual update of avian influenza reference laboratory activities at AAHL. In: Austalasian Veterinary Poultry Association; 3 - 4 October 2013; Adelaide. AVPA; 2013. 2. 20. Stewart, Cameron; Marsh, Glenn; Rootes, Chris; Wang, Linfa; Bean, Andrew; Lowenthal, John; et al. Host genes crucial for Hendra virus replication. In: RNAi Australia; 18 - 19 July 2013; Melbourne, Vic.. Victorian Platform Technologies Network; 2013. 1. 21. Wong, Frank; Meehan, Brian; Wang, Jianning; Carlile, Gemma; Loh, Mai Hlaing; Cooke, Julie; et al. Animal health aspects of avian influenza A(H7N9) and regional veterinary laboratory preparedness in Southeast Asia. In: 9th Australian Influenza Symposium; 3-4 October 2013; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne; 2013. 1. 5. d) Other: ............................................................................... Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 17 New and Emerging Diseases (Provide website address or link to appropriate information) Books/Book chapters 1. Wandeler, Alexander; Bingham, John; Meslin, François-Xavier. Dogs and Rabies. In: Calum McPherson, François-Xavier Meslin, Alexander Wandeler, editor/s. Dogs, Zoonoses and Public Health. CABI; 2013. 63-90. _______________ 18 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013