Allison Campbell, Bearden High School
Peixing Liu
Abstract - A program was developed that continuously monitors the simulated breathing signals (from the DAQ card) of sleep apnea patients. If the signal is equal to or less than the threshold value that is set at 0.2 volts for longer than 20 seconds, the code will trigger an alarm that would awake the sleep apnea conditioned child in the hospital bed. The LabVIEW Front Panel is where the caregiver(s) and hospital staff can easily monitor the child’s current breathing signals. The LabVIEW Block
Diagram (Back Panel) consists of all the technical programing.

I.
INTRODUCTION
Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder, in which a patient’s breathing stops and restarts repeatedly. There are two types of this disorder, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Central
Sleep Apnea. Obstructive Sleep Apnea occurs when the airway collapses (see Figure 1),
Figure 1 which prevents the patient from inhaling properly, therefore diminishing the patient’s oxygen supply. Central Sleep Apnea occurs when the brain, usually an underdeveloped one of an infant, neglects to send signals to the respiratory system during sleep. Both forms of sleep apnea are a danger to patients. Sleep apnea affects over 40 million people nationwide, and it is one of the leading causes of death in infants. Each pause in breathing is called an apnea. Figure 2 shows the connection to other serious health risks, such as stroke, diabetes, depression, etc.

Figure 2
About ninety percent of sleep apnea patients are unaware of their condition. The symptoms of sleep apnea can be extremely frustrating to the patients because they do not know their struggles are caused by sleep apnea (see Figure 3).
Figure 3

Infants who have Central Sleep Apnea require constant monitoring. Even with today’s technology, medical staff struggle to visualize breathing signals and to be able to adjust limits/thresholds that can provide early warnings prior to disastrous outcomes.
With this system, personnel will be able to set a threshold and visualize real time
II.
breathing signal as needed.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Currently, there are three methods and devices used to treat sleep apnea.
1) Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is delivered by means of a mask during sleep and a motor blows air into the mask through a large cannula (see Figure 4).
Figure 4

2) The Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD), which is the most widely used mouth device, is similar to a mouth guard (see Figure 5). It eases the lower jaw forward to open the airway.
Figure 5
3) Less commonly used is the Tongue Retaining Device, which holds the tongue in place to keep the airway open (see Figure 6).
Figure 6

III.
METHOD
The goal of this project was to design a program using LabVIEW software to continuously monitor the sleep apnea patient’s breathing signals by means of voltage.
First, the DAQ card needs to be programed and generate a simulated signal as an analogue system that emits a range of signal values in the form of a sine wave, whereas a digital system can only emit two values. An analogue signal ranges from any value between one and zero, unlike a digital signal that can only be one or zero. The threshold value is what the signal value is being compared to. Depending on the individual patient, the threshold value can be set at any value. A value of 0.2 was chosen as the threshold.
Then, the program continuously (with a While Loop) sampled the signal array and displayed the sampling on the Front Panel as a visual waveform graph for caregivers and physicians to view and monitor the real time breathing signals. To compare the signal to the threshold system (a constant), the signal needs to be converted from an array to an element. Also, inside the While Loop is a timing system that activates the alarm system when the signal is equal to or less than the threshold and when this lasts greater than twenty seconds. In order to apply both requirements of the alarm, an “AND” icon joined the two comparisons. (See Figure 7)

Figure 7
IV.
RESULTS
At the conclusion of the project timeframe, the programming was successful. A simulated signal was produced and was screened continuously by a timing system. Then, comparison icons were used to control the alarm activation, which fulfills the purpose of this research project to provide caregivers with adequate warning and control with the front panel (see Figure 8).

Figure 8
V.
DISCUSSION
With the core programming completed, the simulated signal that was generated in the virtual instrument leads one to believe that it is feasible for using the National
Instruments’s LabVIEW program to collect and display sleep apnea data in real time on a monitor. Since this has proven to be possible in terms of technology, looking into the cost of a final product may be just as important. Medical, or for that matter all, products need

to be simple to use, with well layout user interface, and the software needs to be robust.
Use of Control-Alt-Delete to reset the medical devise is not acceptable. In other words, more work is needed to ensure that the software code will not hang when the user presses a button that is not intended. The user interface screen needs to be developed and tested.
Proper sensors need to be selected and tested for long-term reliability, or it will be necessary to select a disposable type of sensors, depending on cost structure, sanitary considerations, etc. If all these are completed, this program could potentially be utilized in hospitals to monitor the breathing signals of sleep apnea patients.
VI.
CONCLUSION
These results have opened the door for physicians, nurses, and caregivers to many possibilities to monitor all patients’ real time signals, not just sleep apnea. Now, clinical trials could be organized performed in hopes of testing this program with sensors to be attached to the patient and connected to the monitor.
VII.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you to the University of Tennessee CURENT Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science and Dr. Chen for providing this opportunity for students to learn and gain valuable experience in this field. In addition, special thanks to
Mr. Wills who provided the needed extra assistance and support to all the participants in this program. He was extremely helpful and patient while guiding students throughout the program.
This work was supported in part by the Engineering Research Center

Program of the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy under NSF Award Number EEC-1041877 and the CURENT Industry Partnership
Program.
VIII.
REFERENCES
Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Digital image. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and
Research, n.d. Web. 20 July 2015.
Sleep Apnea Statistics and Risks. Digital image. Associations to Sleep Apnea, n.d. Web.
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Sleep Apnea Symptoms. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 July 2015.
"Sleep Apnea Mouth Devices: CPAP, Mouth Guards, Mandibular Advancement, and
More." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 19 July 2015.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Machine. Digital image. McKesson
Corporation And/or One of Its Subsidiaries., 2014. Web. 20 July 2015.
How MAD Works. Digital image. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 July 2015.
How Oral Appliances Work. Mandibular Repositioning Appliances Tongue Retaining
Device (TRD). Digital image. Dental Sleep Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 July
2015.