SUMMARY RANGES OF JOINT MOTION
SHOULDER







Flexion 0o – 180o (150o – 180o)
Extension 0o – 45o (40o – 60o)
Abduction 0o – 180o (150o – 180o)
Internal rotation 0o – 90o (70o – 90o)
External rotation 0o – 90o (80o – 90o)
ELBOW
Flexion 0o – 145o (120o – 160o)
Extension 0o
FOREARM
 Supination from midposition 0o – 80o (70o – 80o)
 Pronation from midposition 0o – 80o (70o – 80o)
WRIST
 Neutral when the midline between flexion and extension is 0o and when forearm and third
metacarpal are in line
 Flexion 0o – 90 o (75 o - 90o )
 Extension 0 0 – 70o (65o – 70o)
 Radial abduction 0o – 20o (15o – 25o)
 Ulnar abduction 0o – 30o (25o – 40o)







FINGERS
MCP flexion 0o – 90o (85o – 100o)
MCP hyperextension 00 – 20o (0o – 45o)
MCP abduction 0o – 20o
MCP abduction 0o
PIP flexion 0o – 120o (90o – 120o)
DIP flexion 0o – 90o (80o – 90o)
IP extension 0o






THUMB
MCP flexion 0o – 45o (40o – 90o)
MCP abduction and adduction (NEGLIGIBLE)
IP extension 0o – 90o (80o – 90o)
HIP
Flexion 0o – 120o (110o – 135o)
Extension 0o – 10o
Abduction 0o – 45o (40o – 55o)
Adduction 20o – 30o across midline
External rotation 0o – 45o (40o – 50o)
Internal rotation 0o – 35o (30o – 45o)


Flexion 0o – 135o (120o – 160o)
Extension 0o



KNEE
ANKLE
 Neutral with foot at a right angle to the leg and knee flexed.
 Plantar flexion 0o – 45o (40o – 50o)


Dorsiflexion 0o – 15o (10o – 20o)
Inversion 0o - 35o / Eversion 0o - 15o
TOES

MTP flexion 0o – 40o (30o – 45o)

MTP extension 0o – 80o (50o – 90o)

MTP abduction (present)

IP flexion 0o – 60o (50o - 80o)

IP extension 0o
____________________________________________________________________________________
The values in bold type are round numbers that are convenient to remember in estimating the amount of
normal motion present. The values in parentheses are the ranges of average normal motion reported in
several sources.
SOURCES: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 1965; Departments of the Army and Air
Force, 1968; Kendall, Kendall, and Wadsworth, 1971; Daniels and Worthingham, 1972; Gerhardt and
Russe, 1975; and Kapandjl, 1982 and 1987. Ortho Notes 2005.
Flexibility Tests
Straight Leg Raise Test (hamstrings) – 70o-90o
Thomas Test – 0o (bottom leg)
Gastroc stretch test – 0o (subtalor neutral)
Trunk and Neck ROM norms
Cervical:

Flexion 0-60

Extension 0-75

Sidebend 0-45

Rotation 0-80
Thoracic/Lumbar:




Flexion 40-60 (inclimometer)
Extension 20-25
Sidebend 15-35
Rotation 5-45
HIP
Psoas Major
Iliacus
Piriformis
Adductor Brevis
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Anterior and
lateral surfaces of
T12 through L5
Iliac fossa
Ant. surface of
sacrum
Pubis
Lesser trochanter
Hip flexion
L2 and L3
Lesser trochanter
Greater trochanter
Hip flexion
ER hip, ABD thigh
with hip flexed
Hip adduction
Femoral nerve
Sacral nerve
Extend hip and
flex knee
Sciatic nerve
Hip flexion, knee
extension
Hip adduction
Femoral nerve
Extend hip and
flex knee
Sciatic nerve
Combination of
hip flexion,
abduction, lateral
rotation
Hip adduction
Femoral nerve
Long head:
Extend hip and
flex knee. Short
head: Flex knee
Long head: Sciatic
nerve, Short head,
Common peroneal
nerve
Pectineal line of
femur
Posterior femur
distal to greater
trochanter
Greater trochanter
Hip flexion and
adduction
Hip extension,
hyperextension,
lateral rotation
Hip abduction
Femoral nerve
Middle on-third of
the linea aspera
Anterior surface of
the greater
trochanter
Lateral condyle of
tibia
Hip adduction
Superior gluteal
nerve
Obturator nerve
Hip abduction,
medial rotation
Superior gluteal
nerve
Combined hip
flexion and
abduction
Superior gluteal
nerve
Semimembranosu
s
Ischial tuberosity
Rectus Femoris
Adductor magnus
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Ischium and pubis
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity
Sartorius
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Gracilis
Pubis
Biceps femoris
Long head:
Ischial tuberosity.
Short head:
Lateral lip of linea
aspera
Superior ramus of
pubis
Posterior sacrum
and ilium
Pectineus
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Lateral ilium
Adductor longus
Pubis
Gluteus minimus
Lateral ilium
Tensor fascia
latae
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Pectineal line and
proximal linea
aspera
Posterior surface
of medial condyle
of tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Entire linea
aspera and
adductor tubercle
Anteromedial
surface of
proximal tibia
Proximal medial
aspect of tibia
Anterior medial
surface of
proximal end of
tibia
Fibular head
Obturator nerve
Obturator nerve
Obturator nerve
Inferior gluteal
nerve
KNEE
Rectus femoris
Vastus
intermedialis
Biceps femoris
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Anterior femur
Tibial tuberosity
Hip flexion, knee
extension
Knee extension
Femoral nerve
Long head:
Extend hip and
flex knee.
Short head: Flex
knee
Knee extension
Long head: Sciatic
nerve.
Short head,
Common peroneal
nerve
Femoral nerve
Extend hip and
flex knee
Sciatic nerve
Initiates knee
flexion
Tibial nerve
Knee extension
Femoral nerve
Extend hip and
flex knee
Sciatic nerve
Knee flexion, ankle
plantar flexion
Tibial nerve
Long head: Ischial
tuberosity. Short
head: Lateral lip
of linea aspera
Vastus lateralis
Linea aspera
Semimembranosu
s
Ischial tuberosity
Popliteus
Lateral condyle of
femur
Vastus medialis
Linea aspera
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity
Gastrocnemius
Medial and lateral
condyles of femur
Tibial tuberosity
via patellar tendon
Fibular head
Tibial tuberosity
via patellar tendon
Posterior surface
of medial condyle
of tibia
Posteriorly on
medial condyle of
tibia
Tibial tuberosity
via patellar tendon
Anteromedial
surface of proximal
tibia
Posterior
calcaneus
Femoral nerve
ANKLE &
FOOT
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Gastrocnemius
Medial and lateral
condyles of femur
Fibula,
interosseous
membrane, tibia
Posterior
calcaneus
Distal phalanx of
four lesser toes
Tibial nerve
Posterior tibia and
fibula
Fibula and
interosseous
membrane
Posterior
calcaneus
Distal phalanx of
great toe
Plantaris
Posterior lateral
condyle of femur
Posterior
calcaneus
Tibialis anterior
Lateral tibia and
interosseous
membrane
Interosseous
membrane,
adjacent tibia and
fibula
Lateral proximal
fibula and
interosseous
membrane
Posterior fibula
and interosseous
membrane
First cuneiform
and metatarsal
Knee flexion, ankle
plantar flexion
Extends four
lesser toes, assists
in ankle
dorsiflexion
Ankle plantar
flexion
Extends first toe;
assists in ankle
inversion and
dorsiflexion
Very weak assist
in knee flexion;
ankle plantar
flexion
Ankle inversion
and dorsiflexion
Navicular and
most tarsals and
metatarsals
Ankle inversion;
assists in plantar
flexion
Tibial nerve
Plantar surface of
first cuneiform and
metatarsal
Ankle eversion;
assists in ankle
plantar flexion
Superficial
peroneal nerve
Distal phalanx of
the great toe
Tibial nerve
Peroneus brevis
Lateral distal fibula
Base of fifth
metatarsal
Flexor digitorum
longus
Posterior tibia
Distal phalanx of
four lesser toes
Peroneus tertius
Distal medial fibula
Base of fifth
metatarsal
Flexes great toe;
assists in inversion
and plantar flexion
of the ankle
Ankle eversion;
assists in plantar
flexion
Flexes the four
lesser toes; assists
in ankle inversion
and plantar flexion
of the ankle
Assists somewhat
in ankle eversion
and dorsiflexion
Entensor digitorum
longus
Soleus
Extensor hallucis
longus
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Deep peroneal
nerve
Tibial nerve
Deep peroneal
nerve
Tibial nerve
Deep peroneal
nerve
Superficial
peroneal
Tibial nerve
Deep peroneal
nerve
SHOULDER
GIRDLE
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Upper trapezius
Occipital bone,
nuchal ligament
Spinous processes
of C7 through T3
Spinous processes
of middle and
lower thoracic
vertebrae
Transverse
process of first
four cervical
vertevrae
Anterior surface,
third through fifth
ribs
Scapular elevation
and upward
rotation
Scapular retraction
cranial nerve XI
Middle trapezius
Outer third of
clavicle, acromion
process
Scapular spine
Base of the
scapular spine
Scapular
depression and
upward rotation
cranial nerve XI
Vertebral border of
scapula between
the superior angle
and spine
Coracoid process
of the scapula
Scapular elevation
and downward
rotation
C 3,4
Scapular
depression,
protraction, and
downward rotation
Scapular
protraction and
upward rotation
Scapular retraction
and downward
rotation
Medial pectoral
nerve
Lower trapezius
Levator scapulae
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Rhomboids
Lateral surface of
the upper eight
ribs
Spinous processes
of C7 through T5
Vertebral border of
the scapula,
anterior surface
Vertebral border of
scapula between
the spine and
inferior angle
cranial nerve XI
Long thoracic
nerve
Dorsal scapular
nerve
GH JOINT
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Anterior deltoid
Lateral third of the
clavicle
Deltoid tuberosity
Axillary nerve
Middle deltoid
Acromion process
Deltoid tuberosity
Posterior deltoid
Spine of scapula
Deltoid tuberosity
Pectoralis major,
clavicular and
sternal portions
Medial third of
clavicle, sternum,
costal cartilage of
first six ribs
Spinous processes
of T7 through L5
(via dorsolumbar
fascia), posterior
surface of sacrum,
iliac crest, and
lower three ribs
Axillary border of
scapula near the
inferior angle
Lateral lip of
bicipital groove of
humerus
Shoulder flexion,
medial rotation,
horizontal
adduction
Shoulder
abduction
Shoulder
extension,
hyperextension,
lateral rotation,
horizontal
abduction
Shoulder
adduction, medial
rotation, horizontal
adduction
Shoulder
extension,
adduction, medial
rotation,
hyperextension
Shoulder
extension,
adduction, medial
rotation
Subscapular nerve
Shoulder lateral
rotation, horizontal
abduction
Shoulder
abduction
Axillary nerve
Shoulder lateral
rotation, horizontal
abduction
Shoulder medial
rotation
Adducts & Flexes
the shoulder (late
flexor)
Suprascapular
nerve
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Medial lip of
bicipital groove of
humerus
Crest below lesser
tubercle next to
the latissimus
dorsi muscle
attachment
Greater tubercle of
humerus
Teres minor
Axillary border of
scapula
Supraspinatus
Supraspinous
fossa of the
scapula
Infraspinous fossa
of scapula
Greater tubercle of
the humerus
Subscapular fossa
of the scapula
Coracoid process
of scapula
Lesser tubercle of
the humerus
Medial surface of
mid-humeral shaft
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Long head of
Triceps & Biceps
See elbow
Greater tubercle of
humerus
Axillary nerve
Axillary nerve
Lateral and medial
pectoral nerve
Thoracodorsal
nerve
Suprascapular
nerve
Subscapular nerve
musculocutaneous
ELBOW AND
FOREARM
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Biceps
Scapula: Long
head,
supraglenoid
tubercle, Short
head, coracoid
process
Long head:
infraglenoid
tubercle of
scapula, Lateral
head: Inferior to
greater tubercle on
posterior humerus,
Medial head:
Posterior surface
of humerus
Distal half of
humerus, anterior
surface
Radial tuberosity
of radius
Elbow flexion,
forearm supination
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Olecranon process
of ulna
Elbow extension
Radial nerve
Coronoid process
and ulnar
tuberosity of the
ulna
Styloid process of
the radius
Elbow flexion
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Elbow flexion
Radial nerve
Anterior surface of
the proximal radius
Forearm
supination
Radial nerve
Lateral aspect of
radius at its
midpoint
Forearm
pronation,
assistive in elbow
flexion
Forearm pronation
Median nerve
Triceps
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Supinator
Pronator teres
Pronator
quadratus
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge on the
humerus
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus and
adjacent ulna
Medial epicondyle
of humerus and
coranoid process
of ulna
Distal fourth of
ulna
Distal fourth of
radius
Median nerve
WRIST AND
HAND
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Flexor carpi
radialis
Medial epicondyle
of the humerus
Wrist flexion, radial
deviation
Median nerve
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Supracondylar
ridge of humerus
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Lateral epicondyle
of the humerus
Base of second
and third
metacarpals
Pisiform, and base
of fifth metacarpal
Base of second
metacarpal
Base of third
metacarpal
Base of 5th
metacarpal
Base of distal
phalanx of the
second – fifth
fingers
Sides of the
middle phalanx of
the four fingers
Wrist flexion, ulnar
deviation
Wrist extension,
radial deviation
Wrist extension
Ulnar nerve
Wrist extension,
ulnar deviation
Extends all three
joints of the fingers
Radial nerve
Flexes MP and
PIP joints of the
fingers
Median nerve
Distal phalanx of
the four fingers
Distal phalanx of
thumb
Base of the first
metacarpal
Flexes all three
joints of the fingers
Flexes all joints of
the thumb
Abducts thumb
Median and ulnar
nerves
Median nerve
Base of distal
phalanx of fifth
finger
Base of the
proximal phalanx
of thumb
Base of distal
phalanx of thumb
Extends all joints
of fifth finger
Radial nerve
Extends MP joint
of thumb
Radial nerve
Extends MP and
IP joints of the
thumb
Radial nerve
Palmar fascia
Assistive in wrist
flexion
Median nerve
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Extensor digiti
minimi
Common flexor
tendon, coronoid
process, and
radius
Upper threefourths of ulna
Radius, anterior
surface
Posterior radius,
interosseous
membrane, middle
ulna
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Posterior distal
radius
Extensor pollicis
longus
Middle posterior
ulna and
interosseous
membrane
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexor pollicis
longus
Abductor pollicis
longus
Palmaris longus
Radial nerve
Radial nerve
Radial nerve
Radial nerve
TRUNK AND
NECK
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Quadratus
lumborum
Iliac crest
Trunk lateral
bending
Twelfth thoracic
and first lumbar
nerves
Sternocleidomasto
id
Sternum and
clavicle
Twelfth rib,
transverse
processes of L2L5
Mastoid process
Accessory nerve
(cranialXI); second
and third cervical
nerves
Scalenes
Transverse
processes of the
cervical vertebrae
First and second
rib
Splenius capitis
Lower half of
nuchal ligament;
spinous processes
of C7 through T3
Spinous
processes of T3
through T6
Lateral occipital
bone; mastoid
process
Rectus abdominis
Pubis
External oblique
Lower eight ribs
laterally
Costal cartilages
of fifth, sixth, and
seventh ribs
Iliac crest and
linea alba
Internal oblique
Inguinal ligament,
iliac crest,
thoracolumbar
fascia
Tenth, eleventh,
and twelfth ribs;
abdominal
aponeurosis
Bilateral: Flexes
neck Unilateral:
Laterally bends
the neck; rotates
head to the
opposite side
Bilateral: Assists
in neck flexion,
Unilateral: Neck
lateral bending
Bilateral: Extend
head, Unilateral:
Rotate head to
same side
Bilateral: Extend
head and neck,
Unilateral: Rotate
neck to same side
Trunk flexion;
compression of
abdomen
Bilateral: Trunk
flexion;
compression of
abdomen,
Unilateral: Lateral
bending; rotation
to opposite side
Bilateral: Trunk
flexion;
compression of
abdomen,
Unilateral: Lateral
bending; rotation
to same side
Splenius cervicis
Transverse
processes of C1
through C3
Lower cervical
nerve
Middle and lower
cervical nerves
Middle and lower
cervical nerves
Seventh through
twelfth intercostals
nerves
Eighth through
twelfth
intercostals,
iliohypogastric,
and ilioinguinal
nerves
Eighth through
twelfth
intercostals,
iliohypogastric,
and ilioinguinal
nerves
Transverse
abdominis
Inguinal ligament, iliac
crest, thoracolumbar
fascia, and last six ribs
Abdominal
aponeurosis and
linea alba
Compression of
abdomen
Erector
spinae
Spinous processes,
transverse processes,
and posterior ribs from
the occiput to the
sacrum and ilium
Bilateral:
Extend,
Unilateral:
Lateral bend
Diaphragm
Xiphoid process, ribs,
lumbar vertebra
Spinous processes,
transverse
processed, and
posterior rubs from
the occiput to the
sacrum and ilium
Central tendon
Inspiration
Seventh through
twelfth intercostals,
iliohypogastric, and
ilioinguinal nerves
Spinal nerves
Phrenic nerve