From Bacteria to Plants Test Study Guide
Vocabulary to Know
Aerobe
Any organism that uses oxygen for respiration
Algae
Chlorophyll-containing, plantlike protists that produce oxygen as a result of
photosynthesis
Anaerobe
Any organism that is able to live without oxygen
Antibiotic
Chemicals produced by some bacteria that are used to limit the growth of other
bacteria
Cilia
In protists, short-threadlike structures that extend from cell membrane of a siliate &
enable organism to move quickly in any direction
Cuticle
Waxy, protective layer that covers stems, leaves & flowers of many plants and help
prevent water loss
Endospore
Thick-walled, protective structure produced by some bacteria when conditions are
unfavorable for survival
Fission
Simplest form of asexual reproduction in which two new cells are produced with
genetic material identical to each other & identical to the previous cell
Flagella
Long, then whip-like structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet
surroundings
Fronds
Leaf of a fern that grows from the rhizome
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air into forms that can be used by plants &
Bacteria
animals
Pathogen
Disease-producing organism
Protist
One- or many- celled eukaryotic organism that can be plantlike, animal-like or
funguslike
Protozoan
One-celled, animal-like protists that can live in water, soil, & living & dead organisms
Pseudopod
Temporary cytoplasmic extensions used by some protists to move about & trap food
Saprophyte
Organism that uses dead organisms as a food source & helps recycle nutrients so
they are available for use by other organisms
Toxin
Poisonous produced by some pathogens
Vaccine
Preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls
that can prevent some bacterial diseases
Concepts to Know
Short History of Who discovered?
Bacteria
Details of discovery
Three Shapes of
Bacteria
Three Special
Features of
Bacteria + Their
Purposes
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch merchant
Observed scrapings from his teeth under simple microscope
– Saw tiny swimming organisms
Cocci
Sphere-shaped
Bacilli
Rod-shaped
Spirilla
Spiral-shaped
Gelatin-like capsule
Protect from other bacteria that try to destroy it
W/ hairlike projections, help stick to surfaces
Slime layer
Stick to surfaces
Reduces water loss
Flagella
Help move in moist environments
*Asexual*
Two Forms of
Bacterial
Reproduction
Simplest form = fission; SEE DEFINITIONS
Genetic material exchange; 2 bacteria line up beside each other &
exchange DNA through a fine tube  Results in cells with different
combinations of genetic material  Bacteria that may acquire variations
that give them an advantage for survival
As Producers
Contain chlorophyll/other pigments to make their own food
Bacteria
using energy from the sun; Also use energy from chemical
Obtaining Food
reactions
As Consumers
Break down dead organisms; Live as parasites of living organisms
& absorb nutrients from host
Examples of Aerobic &
Aerobic
Humans & most bacteria
Anaerobic Organisms
Anaerobic Some bacteria, esp. those living in intestinal tract of humans
Eubacteria
Energy
Production
Four Conditions
Where
Archaebacteria
Are Found
Discuss
Methane
Producers
Bacteria That
Help
Saprophytic
Bacteria
Nitrogen-fixing
Bacteria
Purpose of
Bioremediation
Purpose of
Bioreactors
*Sexual*
Make…
Own food, using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sun
Produce as waste…
Oxygen
Hot springs or hydrothermal vents where water temp >100 deg C
Cold water or soil where water temp = 0 deg C
Very salty water, like Dead Sea
Extremely acidic conditions
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
Where are they found?
Muddy swamps, intestines of
cattle/humans
How do they work?
Use CO2 for energy & release methane gas as waste
Where are they used? Sewage treatment plants – in O2-free tank, bacteria used to
break down waste material filtered fro sewage
Digestive sys
Esp. in lg. intestine; Help you stay health; Produce vitamin K
Antibiotics
Produced by some bacteria to limit the growth of other bacteria
Use what for food &
Saprophytes are consumer bacteria that help maintain
energy?
balance; Dead organisms used for food/energy
Help recycle nutrients Once dead organisms are broken down, nutrients become
available for use by other organisms
Plants & animals must take in nitrogen to make needed
Purpose
proteins and nucleic acids; Plants must take in N from soil/air
– cannot consume N like animals  N-fixing bacteria change
N from air into forms that plants/animals can use
Peanuts & Peas
Roots of these plants develop structures (nodules) that
contain these bacteria
Use or organisms to help clean or remove environmental pollutants; Using bacteria
to break down wastes & pollutants into simpler, harmless substances
Examples
Chemical, like oil, spills
Allow bacteria to be grown in large quantities in carefully controlled conditions
Examples
Help make medicines, cleaners, adhesives
Enter your body through cut in skin or through inhalation
How Pathogens Once inside, pathogens multiply
Make You Sick
Damage normal cells
Cause illness/disease
Describe
Type of food poisoning cause by toxin-producing bacterium that can result in
Botulism
paralysis & death; Able to grow & produce toxins in sealed cans of food
When growing conditions are unfavorable for survival, botulism can produce thickRelate Botulism walled structures known as endospores to ensure that they survive. These can live
to Endospores
for 100’s of years. If endospores of botulism-causing bacteria are in canned food,
they can grow & develop into regular bacterial cells & produce toxins again.
Describe the
Unless it has been sterilized, all food contains bacteria. But heating food to
purpose of
sterilizing temperatures can change its taste. Pasteurization is a process of heating
pasteurization
food to a temperatures that kills most harmful bacteria but causes little change to
the taste of food. Examples of pasteurized food: Milk, Fruit juice, yogurt
Describe How a Once vaccines are injected, white blood cells recognize bacteria type  If same type
Vaccine Works
of bacteria enters body at later time, WBC immediately attack
Plantlike
Animal-Like
Funguslike
How Contain chlorophyll Can’t make own
Can’t make own
they & make own food
food; Must capture food; Must absorb
get food using
organisms for food food from
Classification of
photosynthesis
surroundings
Protists
Presence Have cell walls
No cell walls
Some have &
Of cell walls
others don’t
No specialized
Have specialized
Have specialized
Movement ways to move from ways to move from ways to move from
place to place
place to place
place to place
Two Forms of
Cell Division One-celled protist; One parent organism; Hereditary material in
Asexual Protist
nucleus is duplicated before the nucleus divides  Cytoplasm divides
Reproduction
Regeneration Many-celled protist; One parent organism; Parts of large organism
can break off & grow into entire new organisms by cell division
Describe offspring of Protist
Asexual Genetically identical to parent & to any other offspring
Reproduction
Sexual
Genetically different from parent & any other offspring
Found in fresh & salt water; Secrete glass-like boxes around
Diatoms
themselves; Ancient deposits mined to make insulation filters,
sparkle in road paint & crunch in toothpaste
Mostly found in salt water; Means “spinning flagellates”; Have
Plantlike
Dinoflagellates
2 flagellum – 1 circles like a belt & 1 attached at one end like a
Protists
tail – both move, causing protist to spin; Produce chemical that
Examples
causes them to glow = fire algae; Red tides along Gulf & East
coasts due to dinoflagellate blooms
Have characteristics of plants & animals; Some can produce
Euglenoids
their own food; In absence of light, must consume other
organisms for energy; Have no cell wall; Move using flagella;
Have eyespot that allow them to move toward light
Most are many celled; AKA seaweed; Live deepest in ocean;
Red Algae
Carrageenan, useful in cosmetic & food industries, gives
toothpaste, pudding & salad dressing smooth, creamy textures
Can be one or many celled; Most abundant species; Observed
Plantlike
Green Algae
in water, on damp tree trunks, wet sidewalks; Found closest to
Protists
surface of ocean
Examples
Found in cool saltwater environments; Many celled in various
Brown Algae
sizes; AKA kelp; Food source/shelter for other organisms; Algin
used to thicken foods like ice cream & marshmallows, making
rubber tires & hand lotion
Examples of Plantlike Protists in Real Life
SEE ABOVE ITALICIZED
Example, Paramecium
Micronucleus
Involved in reproduction
Animal-Like
Macronucleus
Controls feed, Exchange of O2 & CO2, Amount of H2O & salts
Protists: Ciliates
entering & leaving
Oral groove
Paramecium feed on bacteria swept into oral groove by cilia
Vacuole
Once food is inside, vacuole forms around it & food is digested
Anal pore
Wastes are removed through anal pore
Know Drawing of Paramecium (pg.37)
Animal-Like
Live where?
Freshwater
Protists:
Some live as?
Parasites that live in & harm hosts
Flagellates
Example
Proterospongia; Grow in colonies that perform different
functions
Movement In fresh & salt water; Certain types, in animals as parasites; Look like
with…
they are flowing along as they extend their pseudopods
Pseudopods
Eating
Amoeba, for example, extend cytoplasm of pseudopod on either side
with…
of food particle  Two parts of pseudopod flow together  Particle is
trapped  Vacuole forms around trapped food  Digestion in vacuole
Examples of
When some shelled protozoans die, they sink to the bottom of bodies of water&
importance of
become part of sediment, which can tell where petroleum reserves might be found.
Protozoans in
A type of flagellate lives with bacteria in the digestive tract of termites. Because
real life
termites feed mainly on wood, the protozoans + the bacteria produce wooddigesting enzymes that help break down the wood. Know Mosquito/Malaria
drawing.
Slime Molds
Funguslike
Protists
Water Molds
Downy Mildews
Form weblike structures (often brightly colored) on surface of
food supply; Have some animal-like protist characteristics;
Most found on decaying logs & dead leaves in
moist/shady/cool environments
Grow as mass of threads over plant/animal; Digestion takes
place outside of protists, then absorption; Some are parasites
to plants & others feed on dead organisms; Most appear as
fuzzy white growths on decaying matter; Cause lesions in fish –
problematic at fish farms b/c lots of organisms = faster rate of
spreading thru population
Grow as mass of threads over plant/animal; Digestion takes
place outside of protists, then absorption; Ideal growing
conditions = warm days & cold moist nights; Weaken  Kill
plants; Caused Irish potato famine in 1840s forcing many Irish
citizens to flee to areas with more stable food sources