Q1.(a)
Diagram 1 shows the neurones and parts of the body involved in a response to touching a hot
object.
Diagram 1
A neurone is a nerve cell. Neurones carry impulses around the body.
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
motor neurone.
Neurone A is a
relay neurone.
sensory neurone.
an effector.
At point Y there is a tiny gap between two neurones called
a receptor.
a synapse.
(2)
Page 1
(ii)
The hand touches a hot object. An impulse travels through the nervous system
to the muscle (point X). The muscle moves the hand away from the hot object.
What does the muscle do to move the hand away from the hot object?
Tick (
) one box.
contract
relax
stretch
(1)
(iii)
The action described in part (a) (ii) is a reflex action.
How can you tell that this action is not a conscious action?
Use information from the diagram.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
Reflex actions like this are useful.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Some students investigated the effect of caffeine on a person’s reaction time.
The students used the following steps.
Page 2
1. One student held a ruler just above a second student’s hand, as shown in Diagram
2.
Diagram 2
2. The student let go of the ruler. The second student caught it as soon as possible, as
shown in Diagram 3.
Diagram 3
3. The students repeated this experiment seven more times.
4. The student catching the ruler then drank a cup of strong coffee.
Page 3
Coffee contains caffeine.
5. Fifteen minutes after drinking the coffee the students repeated steps 1 to 3.
Table 1 and Table 2 show the students’ results.
(i)
Table 1
Table 2
Distance ruler fell
before it was caught
in cm
Distance ruler fell
before it was caught
in cm
Before drinking coffee
After drinking coffee
18
8
21
13
25
11
15
17
19
10
16
14
12
13
21
13
Mean = 18.4
Mean = 12.4
The students used the reading on the ruler as a measure of the reaction time.
What do the results show about the effect of caffeine on reaction time?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Look carefully at all the data in Table 1 and Table 2.
Using the data in Table 1 and Table 2, give one reason why a scientist may not
accept your conclusion in part (b) (i).
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Page 4
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
How could the students improve their investigation?
Suggest two ways.
1 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q2.A man hurt his head in an accident.
Doctors found that he could not remember anything that had happened on the day of the
accident.
(a)
(i)
Name the part of the brain concerned with memory.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Name one method the doctors could use to find out how much the brain was
damaged.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The doctors were worried that the man might also have injured his spine.
They touched different areas of his skin with a sharp point.
They asked him to tell them each time if he could feel the sharp point.
(i)
Explain how the information about the sharp point touching the skin reaches the
man’s brain.
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Page 5
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(6)
(ii)
The doctors found that the man could feel the sharp point when the point
touched his arms but not when the point touched his legs.
Suggest what this information could tell the doctors about the damage to the
man’s spinal cord. Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q3.
(a)
List A gives the names of four stimuli. List B gives four parts of the human body.
Draw a straight line from each stimulus in List A to the part of the body in List B which
has receptors for that stimulus.
(One has been done for you.)
Page 6
(3)
(b)
Complete the following sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.
brain
glands
motor
sensory
To make us aware of a stimulus, impulses are sent along a …………………..…
neurone
to the ...........................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4.
The diagram shows the structures involved in a reflex action.
Page 7
(a)
On the diagram, name the structures labelled W, X and Y.
(3)
(b)
The control of blood sugar level is an example of an action controlled by hormones.
Give two ways in which a reflex action is different from an action controlled by
hormones.
1 .....................................................................................................................
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2 .....................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q5.The nervous system allows humans to react to their surroundings.
(a)
Sense organs have receptors. Receptors detect changes in the environment.
Which word describes a change in the environment?
Draw a ring around one answer.
an effector
a neurone
a stimulus
(1)
Page 8
(b)
The photograph shows a baby.
Labels A, B, C, D and E show some of the baby’s sense organs.
Photo by D. Sharon Pruitt [CC-BY-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Answer each question by writing one letter, A, B, C, D or E, in each box.
(i)
Which sense organ has receptors sensitive to light?
(1)
(ii)
Which two sense organs have receptors sensitive to chemicals?
and
(2)
Page 9
(iii)
Which sense organ has receptors sensitive to changes in the baby’s position?
(1)
(c)
Information from sense organ A is passed along nerve cells.
The information is coordinated to produce a response.
Which organ in the body coordinates the information?
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6.Diagram 1 shows cells from the light-sensitive layer in the eye.
Diagram 1
(a)
On Diagram 1, add labels to name part A and part B of the light-sensitive cell.
(2)
Page 10
(b)
There is a junction between the connecting neurone and the neurone carrying the
impulse to the brain.
(i)
What name is given to the junction?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
In what form is information passed across the junction?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Diagram 2 shows a bee flying towards a man’s eye.
In the blink reflex , light from the bee reaches the light-sensitive cell in the eye.
The muscles in the eyelid shut the man’s eye before the bee hits the eye.
Describe the pathway taken by the nerve impulse in the blink reflex.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Q7.(a)
When a seed starts to grow, the young root grows downwards towards gravity.
The young shoot grows upwards, away from gravity.
(i)
Name this type of plant response to gravity.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give two reasons why it is useful for a young root to grow towards gravity.
1 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
The root grows towards gravity due to the unequal distribution of a substance in
the root.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
auxin.
This substance is
chlorophyll.
sugar.
(1)
(b)
The drawings show some apparatus and materials.
Page 12
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Describe how the students could use some or all of the apparatus and materials
shown in the drawings to investigate the growth response of maize seedlings to light
shining from one side.
You should include a description of the results you would expect.
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(6)
(Total 10 marks)
Q8.
A student investigated growth responses in plants.
The student grew a bean seed in a box filled with moist soil, as shown in Diagram A. After
the seed had started to grow, the box was turned onto its side and placed in a dark room, as
shown in Diagram B.
(a)
Complete Diagram C to show what the root and shoot will look like three days later.
Page 14
(2)
(b)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
light.
The results of the investigation show that the root is sensitive to
moisture.
gravity.
(1)
(c)
A hormone in the plant causes the growth responses.
What is the name of this hormone?
Tick (
) one box.
Auxin
Statin
Steroid
(1)
(d)
Gardeners can use some plant hormones as weed killers.
(i)
Give one different use of plant hormones by gardeners.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Page 15
(1)
(ii)
Selective weed killers only kill some plants in a garden.
Killing weeds in a garden reduces competition between plants.
Give three factors that plants compete for.
1 ............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q9.
Charles Darwin investigated tropisms in plants.
Some students did an investigation similar to Darwin’s investigation.
The students:
• grew seeds until short shoots had grown
• used black plastic to cover parts of some of the shoots
• put the shoots in light coming from one direction
• put boxes over the shoots to keep out other light.
The diagrams show how the investigation was set up.
Page 16
Two days later the students took off the black plastic covers and looked at the shoots.
The diagrams show the results.
(a)
Give two variables that the students should control in this investigation.
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Shoot A bent towards the light as it grew.
Explain how.
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(c)
What conclusions can be drawn from the results about:
(i)
the detection of the light stimulus
...............................................................................................................
Page 17
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
where in the shoot the response to the light takes place.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q10.
A student grew a plant in an upright pot.
She then put the pot in a horizontal position and left the plant in the dark for two days.
Diagram 3 shows the potted plant after two days in the dark.
Plant growing
upright
Plant put horizontal
in the dark
Plant after 2 days
in the dark
Explain fully why the plant responded in this way.
.................................................................................................................................
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(Total 4 marks)
Q11.Humans maintain an almost constant body temperature.
(a)
Describe the role of blood vessels in the control of body temperature.
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(4)
(b)
An athlete can run a marathon in 2 hours 15 minutes on a dry day in outside
temperatures up to 35 °C.
If the air is dry, his body will not overheat.
In humid conditions the same athlete can run the marathon in the same time.
However, in humid conditions, if the outside temperature goes over 18 °C then his
body will overheat.
Suggest an explanation for the athlete overheating in humid conditions.
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Page 19
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q12.The pancreas and the liver are both involved in the control of the concentration of
glucose in the blood.
The liver has two veins:
•
the hepatic portal vein taking blood from the small intestine to the liver
•
the hepatic vein taking blood from the liver back towards the heart.
Scientists measured the concentration of glucose in samples of blood taken from the
hepatic portal vein and the hepatic vein. The samples were taken 1 hour and 6 hours
after a meal.
Graph 1 shows the concentration of glucose in the two blood vessels 1 hour after the meal.
Graph 1
Blood vessel
(a)
The concentration of glucose in the blood of the two vessels is different.
Explain why.
Page 20
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...............................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Graph 2 shows the concentration of glucose in the two blood vessels 6 hours after
the meal.
Graph 2
Blood vessel
(i)
The concentration of glucose in the blood in the hepatic portal vein 1 hour after
the
meal is different from the concentration after 6 hours.
Why?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The person does not eat any more food during the next 6 hours after the meal.
However, 6 hours after the meal, the concentration of glucose in the blood in the
Page 21
hepatic vein is higher than the concentration of glucose in the blood in the
hepatic
portal vein.
Explain why.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q13.
The temperature in a sauna is much hotter than core body temperature.
A woman sits in a sauna.
The high temperature of the sauna causes the woman’s core body temperature to rise.
(a)
When the woman’s core body temperature rises, the woman’s rate of sweating
increases.
Explain why.
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The woman comes out of the sauna.
The woman’s skin looks redder than when she went into the sauna.
Describe what happened to the blood circulation in her skin to cause this change in
colour.
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Page 22
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(2)
(c)
After coming out of the sauna the woman gets into a bath of icy water.This makes the
woman shiver.
(i)
What process brings about shivering?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Shivering increases body temperature.
Explain how.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q14.
The food we eat affects how quickly the blood glucose concentration changes.
In an experiment a person ate two slices of white bread.
Her blood glucose concentration was recorded over the next 120 minutes.
The experiment was repeated:
•
first with two slices of brown bread
•
then with two slices of wholemeal bread.
The graph shows the results of the three experiments.
Page 23
(a)
Describe the effect of eating two slices of white bread on the person’s blood sugar
concentration.
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Wholemeal bread would be most suitable for a person with diabetes.
Explain why.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 24
Page 25
M1.(a)
(i)
sensory neurone
1
a synapse
1
(ii)
contract
1
(iii)
not connected to brain / coordinated only by spinal cord
1
(iv)
automatic / rapid (response)
allow no thinking / faster / less time
1
protects body from danger / from damage / from burning
1
(b)
(i)
caffeine decreases reaction time
accept caffeine speeds up / quicker reactions
1
(ii)
the two sets of results overlap (considerably)
allow use of appropriate numbers – eg 5 of the ‘after’ results
overlap with the ‘before’ results
allow ‘wide spread of results’
allow ‘it was just one person’ or ‘it was a small sample’
accept use of one pair of results only – if meaning is clear
accept use of one pair of overlapping results
1
(iii)
any two sensible suggestions: eg
•
•
•
•
•
more repetitions
perform investigation on several other people
use other (measured) amounts of coffee
use different / more time intervals
other suggested measure of reaction time – eg computer-generated
Page 26
•
light flash + time measurement
use pure caffeine or caffeine tablets
2
[10]
M2.(a)
(i)
cerebral cortex
accept cerebrum / cerebral hemisphere
1
(ii)
MRI (scan)
allow CAT / CT scan
do not accept MIR
or
electrode stimulation
allow electrical stimulation
1
(b)
(i)
sharp point stimulates (pain) receptor (in the skin)
must be in correct order
1
to send (nerve) impulse
ignore information and messages
1
via sensory neurone
1
to spinal cord
do not accept spine, ignore CNS
1
crosses synapse
allow synapse in any correct context
1
to other (relay) neurones / to brain
do not accept motor neurone
allow explanation in a flow diagram
1
Page 27
(ii)
damage must be between arms and legs / below arms
accept below the waist
1
since information from nerves in arms still reaches the brain / information
from the legs doesn’t reach the brain
1
[10]
M3.
(a)
Stimulus
Part of the body
1 mark for each correct line
if 2 lines to one box, CANCEL mark
max 3
(b)
in correct sequence:
sensory
1
brain
1
[5]
M4.
(a)
Y - spinal cord / central nervous system / CNS
do not accept spine
ignore nerve / nervous system / coordinator
ignore grey / white matter
1
Page 28
W - receptor / nerve ending
ignore sensory / neurone / stimulus
1
X - effector / muscle
allow gland
1
(b)
any two from: eg
accept reverse argument for each marking point
•
reflex action quicker
•
effect of reflex action over shorter period
•
hormone involves blood system and reflex involves neurones / nerve cells
ignore nervous system / nerves
•
reflex involves impulses and hormone involves chemicals
•
reflex action affects only one part of the body
ignore involves brain
ignore outside / inside stimuli
2
[5]
M5.
(a)
a stimulus
1
(b)
(i)
A
1
(ii)
C
either order
1
Page 29
D
1
(iii)
E
1
(c)
brain
allow spinal cord / CNS / central nervous system
do not allow spine
1
[6]
M6.(a)
A cytoplasm
in this order only
1
B (cell) membrane
do not accept (cell) wall
1
(b)
(i)
synapse
1
(ii)
(as) chemical
accept neurotransmitter or named
ignore references to how the chemical is passed
do not accept electrical
1
(c)
(from light-sensitive cell to connecting neurone) to sensory neurone
ignore references to synapses accept ‘nerve cell’ for
neuron(e) throughout penalise ‘nerve’ for neurone once only
1
Page 30
(sensory neurone) to brain / CNS
allow (sensory neurone) to relay neurone / spinal cord
1
(brain / CNS) to motor neurone
allow (relay neurone / spinal cord) to motor neurone
1
(motor neurone) to (eyelid) muscle
ignore effector
1
[8]
M7.(a)
(i)
gravitropism / geotropism
not ‘…trophism’
ignore ‘positive’ or ‘negative’
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
•
•
anchorage
takes in water
takes in ions / minerals / salts / correct named example
allow nutrients
do not accept food
2
(iii)
auxin
1
(b)
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of
Communication (QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information on page 5, and apply a best-fit
approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant content.
Page 31
Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)
There is a basic description of a simple method involving seedlings and light.
Level 2 (3 – 4 marks)
There is a description of a method involving seedlings in 1-sided light, and a
control, with a correct observation.
Level 3 (5 – 6 marks)
There is a description of a method involving groups of seedlings in 1-sided light,
and in control conditions. It includes some correct measurements or
observations.
examples of Biology points made in the response:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
use of scissors to cut tips from some shoots / cut hole in box
use of forceps for handling seedlings
use of ruler to measure lengths of shoots at start and at end
other factors controlled – eg temperature / water
use of lamp + box re. one-sided lighting
repetitions – each treatment ≥ 3 times
control in total darkness / all-round light
time taken = several hours to a few days
sample results: tip exposed to 1-sided light→bend to light, tip
removed→vertical, control→vertical
6
[10]
M8.
(a)
diagram to show root growing down
allow single lines or not attached or open ends for both marks
all branches must go down
1
diagram to show shoot growing up
all branches must go up
1
(b)
gravity
1
(c)
Auxin
1
(d)
(i)
rooting / cuttings
accept other suggestions, eg fruit set / ripening
do not accept weed killers
1
Page 32
(ii)
any three from:
•
light
ignore sun / energy
•
water / moisture
•
nutrients / ions / minerals
accept one named mineral
ignore nutrition / food
•
space / area
ignore soil / land / territory / volume
ignore reference to gases
3
[8]
M9.
(a)
any two control variables for 1 mark each:
•
age / size of shoots
•
species or type of plant / seeds
•
light intensity
accept amount of light / colour of light
•
(other) named condition eg temperature / water
2
(b)
ignore reference to phototropism
ref to auxin / hormone
1
unequal (lateral) distribution
1
more hormone on dark side
1
Page 33
causes growth on dark side
1
(c)
(i)
(detection) in tip / top / end
1
(ii)
(response) behind tip
allow at tip / end / top half
1
[8]
M10.
gravity
accept gravitropism / geotropism
1
caused redistribution of auxin / hormone to lower side of stem
1
these hormones stimulate growth of cells on the lower side of the stem only
1
so the stem grows upwards
1
[4]
M11.(a)
if body temperature too high blood vessels supplying skin (capillaries) dilate / widen
do not accept capillaries / veins dilate/constrict
1
if body temperature is too low blood vessels supplying skin (capillaries) constrict
/ narrow
do not accept idea of blood vessels moving (through skin)
1
Page 34
ignore expand
accept arteries / arterioles for ‘blood vessels’
if no reference to skin allow blood vessels dilate and blood
vessels constrict for one mark
so more / less blood flows through skin (capillaries) or nearer the surface of the
skin
must correctly relate to dilation or constriction
1
so more / less heat is lost (from the skin by radiation)
must correctly relate to dilation or constriction
1
(b)
sweat released
1
cannot evaporate because of high humidity / all the water vapour in the air
1
so less heat lost / less cooling
or
it is evaporation of sweat that cools the body
1
[7]
M12.(a)
(concentration high) in the hepatic portal vein is blood with glucose absorbed from the
intestine
1
concentration is lower in the hepatic vein because insulin
1
(has caused) glucose to be converted into glycogen
Page 35
1
or
allows glucose into liver cells
(b)
(i)
(after 6 hours) most of the glucose has been absorbed from the intestine
or from food into the blood
1
(ii)
because glucagon (made in the pancreas) causes
if biological terms incorrectly spelt they must be phonetically
accurate
do not accept glucagon made / produced by the liver
1
glycogen to be converted into glucose
1
glucose released into blood
allow the liver maintains the correct / constant level of glucose
in the blood
1
[7]
M13.
(a)
any two from
•
reference to role of thermoregulatory centre detecting rise in
temperature (of blood or skin) or / causing increase in sweating
•
more evaporation
need to refer to more at least once to gain both marks
•
more cooling / heat loss
without reference to more only award max 1 mark if both ideas
given, eg cooling alone gets no marks
2
(b)
blood vessels supplying (skin) capillaries
do not accept capillaries / veins
1
Page 36
or
arteries
or
arterioles
1
dilate / widen
allow vasodilation
do not accept idea of blood vessels moving
note: marks are awarded independently
accept shunt vessels close for 2 marks
1
(c)
(i)
muscle contraction
ignore relaxing
do not allow vasoconstriction
1
(ii)
respiration
(respiration) releases / produces heat
reference to respiration is required for this mark
1
[7]
M14.
(a)
concentration rose to 7.9
1
then fell to normal at 120 minutes
allow rose then fell for 1 mark
1
(b)
there is a lower maximum / peak in the blood sugar
concentration with wholemeal bread
Page 37
1
there is also a slower rise in blood sugar concentration
with wholemeal bread
1
because of the above the person needs to take less
insulin or is less likely to hyper
1
[5]
Page 38