Table S1. Traits of Heracleum mantegazzianum, Impatiens glandulifera and Reynoutria japonica. If several values per parameter were available from the
literature, we excluded values from greenhouses; if still several parameters were available, we used the median or the mean for even values (‘*’ represent used
parameters). ‘’ represent parameters fitted by sensitivity analyses.
Parameter
Heracleum mantegazzianum
Impatiens glandulifera
Reynoutria japonica
Family
Umbelliferae
Balsaminaceae
Polygonaceae
Life form
Biennial or perennial monocarpic herb [1]
Annual herb [2]
Perennial polycarpic herb that disperses
only vegetative in Europe [2]
Height [m]
2-5 [1]
1-2 [3]
3 [4]
Dispersal vectors
Wind [2], water [2], translocation of top
Water [2], translocation of top soil
Water [2], man (e.g. translocation of top
soil contaminated with seeds [5], animals
contaminated with seeds [6], explosive seed
soil contaminated with plant fragments,
[2]
capsule [2]
garden waste) [2], vegetative [2]
Seeds, tuberous root [2]
Seeds [2]
Vegetative by stem and leaf fragments,
Regeneration
rhizomes and rhizome fragments [2]
Natural area
Caucasus [1]
Himalayas [2]
Eastern Asia (i.e. China, Korea, Japan,
Taiwan, Vietnam) [7]
Natural habitat
Forest edges and glades, mountain streams
Mountain streams [3]
[1]
Dry infertile gravelly soils to wet nutrientrich soils [7]
Date of first Swiss record
1912 [8]
1904 [6]
1950 [8]
Source of most
Garden plant [5], bee fodder [9]
Garden plant [6], bee fodder [6]
Garden plant [7], bee and cattle fodder [7],
introductions
bank reinforcement [7]
Table S1. Continued.
Water dispersal
Mean distance [km]
1 [10]
3 [10]
3 [11]
Maximal distance [km]
10 [5, 10]
20 [10]
20 [11]
Seed release height [m]
4 [5]
2 [3]
-
Seed terminal velocity [m s-
1.92-2.66 [12]
4.24-4.72 [12]
-
Height of the surrounding
c. 80% lower (meadows, parks, banks),
c. 50% lower (banks), c. 50% higher (forest
-
vegetation [m]
c. 20% higher (forest edges and glades,
edges and glades, shrub) [2]
Wind dispersal
1
]
shrub) [1]
Demographic parameters
Seedbank persistence [yr]
5 [13], 6* [5], 7 [www.neoflora.de]
2 [3]
Fragments: <5 [notes Canton Zurich]
Years until seeds germinate
1 [5]
1 [3]
Fragments: 0 [14]
Maximal germination rate
0.1 germinate and 0.02 survive to the
0.105-0.739 germinate, while most of the
Regenerating fragments: 0.39* [18]; 0.6
first year [13], which results in an overall
seedlings survive for low germination and
from 2 nodes [19].
germination rate of 0.002; 0.27-0.9
only few survive for high germination [15],
germinate and 0.012-0.137 survive the
which results in an overall germination rate
first season [5], which results in an
of 0.105; 5000-6000 seeds m-2 [16] and 50-
overall germination rate of 0.00324-
70 adults m-2 [17] results in an overall
0.1233*; 0.8-0.85 germinate and 0.6-0.8
germination rate of 0.01; Mean: 0.0575*
survive [15], which results in an overall
germination rate of 0.48-0.68.
Table S1. Continued.
Maximal yearly juvenile
0.23 of the seedlings survive to
1.0 
1.0 [20]
survival rate
maturity [5], the yearly rate is hence
0.1 [1]
0.4 
0.4 
Demographic slope
10 
10 
50 
First flowering [yr]
2 [5]
1 [2]
1 [14]
Latest flowering [yr]
5 [5]
1 [2]
1 [14]
Maximal percentage of
1.0 [1]; We used 0.25 because in reality
1.0 [21]
Fragments: 1.0 [14]
flowering adults
adults die after flowering, which was
0.48*; 0.3-0.7 [15]
Minimal juvenile to adult
transition rate
not accounted for in the model.
Maximal number of seeds
Mean c. 20’000 [13]; Maximum c.
800 [17]; 1886 x [(2 x plant density)-0.367] [3]
9.7 stem fragments + 2000 rhizome
produced per individual in a
20’000-100’000 [5]; Mean: 50’000*
results in 348 at carrying capacity and up to
fragments m-2 / 42 individuals m-2 results
1010 for very low density stands with only 2-3
in c. 60 fragments per individual [20]
individuals per m-2; Mean: 905*
along the river, else 1.
42 [20] results in 26’250 in a 625m2-cell
year
Adult carrying capacity
2 [5] results in 1250 in a 625m2-cell;
30-40* [3] results in 25’000 in a 625m2-cell;
[adults m-2]
juvenile carrying capacity: 20 [5]
50-70 [17]; 20-80 [15]
Number of individuals after
1 [22]
1 [3]
6 [23]
5 [5]
1 [3]
5 [24]
clonal growth
Maximal age [yr]
Table S1. Continued.
Other parameters
Occurrence-probability
0.45
0.50
0. 50
0.20
0.20
0.20
threshold to translate
predictions into binary
presence-absence forecasts
(OT; best Cohen’s kappa)
Occurrence-probability
where below transition rates
drop to 0 (ZT; false negative
rate <0.05)