HIBS Referencing Guidelines
These guidelines are based on the APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing System
and are to be used at HIBS in essays and assignments. Please note: these have been sourced from
the guidelines included on the Academic page of the Kings’ College, Auckland website
(www.kingscollege.school.nz) with kind permission from the author: John Fowler.
APA Referencing Procedure
Correct referencing procedure is essential to insure:


That the intellectual work of authors is acknowledged and not plagiarised,
AND
That readers of your work can find and check the material you draw on.
Quoting within the text of the essay/assignment
All full direct quotations and any paraphrasing of the thoughts of another writer must be
acknowledged.

For each textual reference to a published authority, the source must be provided after it, in
brackets. The author’s name, and year of publication must be given, e.g.:
New World pioneers needed new words to talk about the environment.
(Bryson, 1990)

Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately
by the year of publication (in brackets), e.g.:
Bryson (1990) said that the New World pioneers needed new words to talk about…

Direct quotations (of 2 lines or less) should be incorporated into the text, within double
quotation marks, and the page number should also be stated, e.g.:
The occupation of new lands often led to new vocabulary development. “The new settles in
America obviously had to come up with new words to describe their New World, and this
necessity naturally increased as they moved inland.” (Bryson, 1990, p.154).
The Reference List- at the end of your work
The citing of the full details of the sources referenced or quoted within the essay is done in the form
of a Reference List. This list, arranged alphabetically by author (or editior) surnames, clearly
identifies all the sources(s) used which are mentioned in the text, e.g.
Bryson, Bill. (1990). Mother tongue: the English language. London: Penguin
Bryson, Bill. (1996). Notes from a small island. London: Black Swan
This alphabetical Reference List is sometimes called the Bibliography. It contains ONLY resources
quoted from or referred to- it is NOT a list of all the resources simply looked at/through.
APA Style Guide
Books
The authors name is listed first, then a comma, then the author’s initials (with full stops after each).
Then follows the date of publication (in brackets) with a full stop. Next is the Book title (in italics or
underlined) and a full stop. Capitalise only the first letter of the title (and the first letter of the
subtitle, if any) and any proper names. Include any additional information necessary for retrieving
the book (such as “3rd ed.” Or “Vol. 4” in parentheses immediately after the title. Close with a full
stop. End with PUBLICATION INFORMATION. The city of publication, then a colon (:), then the name
of the publisher, clearly and briefly. Close with a full stop.
BOOKS (in Detail)
One author
Hood, L. (1994). Minnie Dean: Her life and crimes. Auckland: Penguin.
Two authors
Vare, E.A. & Ptacek,G.(1987). Mothers of invention: From the bra to the
bomb: Forgotten women and their unforgettable ideas. New York: William
Morrow.
Three authors to 5 authors
Bauermeister, E., Larsen, A.J., & Smith, H. (1994). 500 great books by
women. New York: Penguin.
No author identified
Road atlas of New Zealand. (1989). Willoughby: Weldon.
Edited work
Britt,D.(Ed.).(1989).Modern art: Impressionism to Post-Modernism. London:
Guild.
Corporate authorship
Institute of Financial Education. (1982). Managing personal funds. Chicago:
Midwestern Publishing
Author (and editor/translator)
Specific Edition
Donne,J. (1967). The complete poetry of John Donne
(J.T.Shawcross, Ed.). Garden City: Doubleday.
Brockett,O.(1987). History of the theatre (5thed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Article or chapter within a book
Crawford, M. (1988). “Early Rome and Italy”, In J.Boardman,
J.Griffin, & O.Murray (Eds.), The Roman world (pp.9-39).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bulletin or government publication
Marris, B.P.(Ed.).(1975). Beekeeping in New Zealand
(Bulletin 267). Wellington: New Zealand Government
Printer.
Periodical and Newspaper Articles
Journal article
Bekerian, D.A.(19930. In search of the typical eyewitness. American
Psychologist, 48, 574-576. [where 48= Volume no, 574-576=page numbers]
Magazine article (signed)
Revinton, M.(1997, September 27). Watership showdown. New
Zealand Listener, 160, 23-25. [where 160=Volume no, 23-25= page
numbers]
Magazine article (unsigned)
Island of trouble. (1988, March 12). The Economist, 306, 53-54.
[where 306= Volume no, 53-54= page numbers]
Newspaper (signed)
McFadden, S. (1997, September 24), Club netball under threat. The
New Zealand Herald, p.C1. [where C1= section and page number]
Newspaper (unsigned)
Informer puts inquiry on new track. (1997, September 24).The New
Zealand Herald, pA1. [where A1=section and page number]
Electronic Media (Internet/CD-ROM/Computer software)
The basic form is:
Author/editor (if available). (Year). Title of item (edition?), [Type of medium].
Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier [Access date]
Or (for Internet items)
Author (if available). Title of item. Retrieved Month, Day, Year, from source/URL
For Journal titles from a CD-ROM the form is:
Author. (Year, month). Title of article. Journal title. [Type of medium], volume(issue), pages or page
length. Available: Supplier/Database name/Item number? [Access date].
Computer software
(1995) ECLIPSE: A language learning exercise (Version 2.2), [Computer
program]. London: Wilda Software.
CD-ROM
(1992) Oxford English dictionary: On compact disk (2nd ed.), [CD-ROM]
Available: Oxford UP [1997, September 24].
Article
Goodstein, C.(1991, September). Healers from the deep. American Health
from [CD-ROM], 60-64. Available: SIRS/SIRS RESEARCHER 1996
Internet
Distefano, V. Guidelines for better writing. Retrieved September 24, 1997,
from http://www.usa.net~vinced/home/better-writing.html
Personal Communications
NB: As personal communications (letters, memos, phone conversations, interviews, and e-mails do
not provide recoverable data; they are NOT included in the Reference List. They are cited in the text
only of your work e.g. ”The dangers of smoking were clearly outlined (J.B.Cooper, personal
communication, September 15,1997)…..”