Light and Video Microscopy
Errata and Additions
p. ix. Add “For now we see through a glass, darkly, but then face to face: Now I know in part,
but then shall I know even as also I am known.”
1 Corinthians 13:12
p.2. First column. Add “or at its zenith” so that sentence reads, “on the meridian or at its zenith,
yet….”
p. 5. Note that Mo Tzu’s philosophy emphasized self-reflection!
p. 8. First column. Replace “reduced” with “increased” so sentence reads, “…he suggested that
the focal length of the lens could be increased by combining a concave lens with the convex lens.
p. 9. Second column. Add “, gravitational energy” so sentence reads, “the various colors in a
continuous depends on the temperature (Planck, 1949), gravitational energy (Turner, 1923;
Adams, 1925; St. John, 1928; Hentschel, 1992,1993), and the relative velocity….”
H. H. Turner, Science 58, 517 (1923).
W. S Adams, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 11, 382-387 (1925).
C. E. St. John, Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory 348, 1-45 (1928).
K. Hentschel, Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 23, 593-624 (1992).
K. Hentschel, Science in Context 6, 137-194 (1993).
p. 11. First column. Add “isolated from a significant gravitational field” so sentence reads, “to
light traveling through a homogenous medium, isolated from a significant gravitational field, and
it is not true….”
p. 11. Second column. Add “Purgatorio, Canto XV” so that the sentence reads, “The Divine
Comedy; Purgatorio, Canto XV”
p. 11. Figure 2-2. Add to legend. “The visual system works on the assumption that light travels
in straight lines.”
p. 12. First Column. After the sentence that ends, “without the image actually being there.”
Replace, “Actually the image is reverse…right of the image.” with “In our reflection, the top
stays on the top, the bottom stays on the bottom, the right stays on the right and the left stays on
the left. The image only seems to us to be left-right reversed when our brain tells us that we are
at the virtual position where the reflected image is and not in our real position. The image on our
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left (e.g. arm or leg) represents the object on our left (e.g. left arm or left leg) and the image on
our right (e.g. arm or leg) represents the object on our right (e.g. right arm or right leg). The
image on our left (e.g. arm or leg) represents the object on our reflection’s right (e.g. right arm or
right leg) and the image on our right (e.g. arm or leg) represents the object on our left (e.g. left
arm or left leg). Again the brain plays a large role in interpreting the image. We see a virtual
image with our brain because our brain assumes that light travels in straight lines from the object
to our eyes. We see the image right-left reversed, because we assume that we are the image and
the image is us!
p. 14. Second column. “The magnification (-2f/2f) is one” should read “The magnification (2f/2f) is minus one”
p. 15. Table 2-1. Move “Image in a concave mirror”, “Image in a convex mirror” and “Location
Type Location Orientation Relative Size” to the left.
p. 16. In list of paintings with mirrors, include “Self Portrait” by Girolamo Francesco Maria
Mazzola (also known as Francesco Mazzola or, more commonly, as Parmigianino ("the little one
from Parma") or Parmigiano (note that he paints the hand in which he paints the world very
large; “Vanity” by Hans Memling; “Joking Couple” by Hans von Aachen; “Venus in front of the
Mirror” by Peter Paul Rubens; Venus in front of the Mirror” by Titian; “Nude Standing before a
Mirror” by Henri Toulouse Lautrec; “Girl in Mirror” and “Triple Self Portrait” by Norman
Rockwell.
p. 18 First column.
vincident2/vtransmission2 should read vtransmission2/ vincident2
According to Newton, the force exerted on light is proportional to the density of the
medium. This glass exerts more force on light than air does. The media cannot exert a force on
the component of the light velocity parallel to the interface. In order for the sine of the angle of
incidence to be greater than the sine of the angle of transmission, the force would have to cause
an acceleration of the component of the light perpendicular to the interface (pperpendicular-transmitted).
(vparallel-incident)2 + (vperpendicular-incident)2 = (vincident)2
(pparallel-transmitted)2 + (vperpendicular-transmitted)2 = (vtransmitted)2
If (vparallel-incident)2 = (vparallel-transmitted)2
(vincident)2 - (vperpendicular-incident)2 = (vtransmitted)2 - (vperpendicular-transmitted)2
(vincident)2 - (vtransmitted)2 = (vperpendicular-incident)2 - (vperpendicular-transmitted)2
2
In order to bend toward the normal,
(vperpendicular-incident)2 < (vperpendicular-transmitted)2
Then
(vincident)2 < (vtransmitted)2
nisin θi = ntsin θt
When ni = 1, and when sin θi /sin θt > 1, then nt > 1 and if vt > c then nt would be defined
as vt/c.
In order to explain reflection, the glass interface would have to repel component of the light
velocity perpendicular to the interface. But how could the glass repel reflected light and attract
transmitted light?
p. 25. Figure 2-26. Label ray 1 and ray 2.
p. 28. Column 1, Put brackets on first equation
p. 68. First column change “close distance will appears” tp “close distance will appear”
p. 68, Second column, insert “microorganisms (Gest, 2004),” after “Flemming, 1880),”
Gest, H. The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek, fellows of the Royal Society. Notes. Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 58: 187-201.
p. 68. Second column, Insert “Brush, 1968 Nye, 1972 Bigg, 2008, Pearl et al., 2010 in
chronological order in the list of references following Brownian Movement (Deutsch, 1991…”
Brush, S. G. 1968. A history of random processes I. Brownian motion from
Brown to Perrin. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 5: 1-36.
Nye, M.-J. 1972. Molecular Reality: A Perspective on the Work of Jean Perrin.
MacDonald, London.
Bigg, C. 2008. Evident atoms: Visuality in Jean Perrin’s Brownian motion
research. Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 39: 312-322.
Pearl, P., B. Collett, K. Bart, D. Bilderback, D. Newman and S. Samuels. 20120.
What Brown saw and you can too. Amer. J. Phys. 78: 1278-1289.
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p. 68. Second column, Following “seeing is believing.”, insert Today, individual atoms can be
visualized and manipulated using scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) and atomic force
microscopes (AFM, chapter 12).
p. 69. first column. Insert “2009” after “(Ford, 1983, 1985)” so it reads, “(Ford, 1983,1985,
2009)”
Ford, B. J. 2009. Did physics matter to the pioneers of microscopy? Pp. 27-87. In:
Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics volume 158, Elsevier.
P 69. Second column. After “(Kepler, 1604; Descartes, 1637;” add “Anonymous, 1668;”
Anonymous (Francis Smethwick). 1668. An account of the invention of grinding optick
and burning-glasses, of a figure not-spherical, produced before the Royal Society. Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soc. Lond. 3: 631-632.
p. 70. First column “6563 nm” should read “656.3 nm”
p. 74. First column “principle axis” should read “principal axis”.
_________________________________________DONE TO HERE____________________
p. 71. Figure 4-5. The peripheral rays should be bent less sharply than the paraxial rays so that
the image made by the peripheral rays is higher than the image made by the paraxial rays.
p. 75. Figure 4-8. Eliminate arrow on retina on left (illuminating rays) side of figure.
p. 114. First column, insert “whose personal motto was, “Don’t do anything that someone else
can do. Don’t undertake a project unless it is manifestly important and nearly impossible.” after
Edwin Land. Add reference (Chakravarty, 1987).
Chakravarty, S. N. 1987. The vindication of Edwin Land. Forbes 139 (May 4, 1987): 8384.
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