Table S1. Primers used for gene cloning and qPCR in this study. Name Sequence (5’-3’) a Ht1-FEH I-F 5' GATGGTAAAGGAGATGGC 3' Ht1-FEH I-R Ht1-FEH II-F Ht1-FEH II-R 5' TGAAGCAGGTGTCAAAAC 3' 5' CTTAAAACTCACGGATACC 3' 5' AAAGCAACAAAGAATGACC 3' Pic-Ht1-FEH I-F Pic-Ht1-FEH I-R Pic-Ht1-FEH II-F Pic-Ht1-FEH II-R a Remark Amplification of full-length sequences 5' CCGCTCGAGAAAAGATCAGAAGATTTGCAGCCTT 3' Amplification of the entire 5' GCCGTCTAGAAAATCCATAGGAACTATTTGAG 3' Ht1-FEH-ORF for 5' CCGCTCGAGAAAAGAACTGGTCGGAGTATGGTA 3' expression 5' GCCGTCTAGAAAAGTTGCACTTTTTACG 3' qPCR Ht1-FEH I-F 5' ACCGATCAGTTTCTCCTTGCTACC 3' qPCR Ht1-FEH I-R 5' CCATGCCCATAACACCCTTC 3' qPCR Ht1-FEH II-F 5' ACCCAATAATAACCCCACCCG 3' qPCR Ht1-FEH II-R qPCR Ht Actin-F qPCR Ht Actin-R 5' CGTACCGAGTCCAGGTTACAA 3' 5' ATGTATGTAGCCATCCAGG 3' 5' TGTTAGGTCACGCCCAG 3' Primers for gene expression analysis Restriction sites are underlined and the Kex2 cleavage site is marked in bold. F and R refer to forward and reverse primers, respectively. 1 Table S2. LC-MS/MS analysis of peptides after tryptic digestion of Ht1-FEH I obtained from SDS-PAGE. Sequences(from N to C terminus) a SLVDHSIVESFGGEGLAcITAR SSIAQGVDKSTYGAFLDLDPLHDK NVSTSGSYGPFGVLVFASK RVLWAWVNEGDSPSDAFKK GGSLLEVPGISGSQADIEVVFSLSNPSDAELINSDLSDPQHLcEQK ETNMWEcPDFYPVSNIGK RVLWAWVNEGDSPSDAFK VLWAWVNEGDSPSDAFK VLWAWVNEGDSPSDAFKK GQATALLYYSTDGFNWTR WSGNPVLTPVnDINTSQFR WSGNPVLTPVNDINTSQFR VLWAWVnEGDSPSDAFK RVLWAWVnEGDSPSDAFK KQLVQWPVEEIK KQLVQWPVEEIKK STYGAFLDLDPLHDK nVSTSGSYGPFGVLVFASK EPYDIGGcFTGSSTILHGSKPIILYTAQDADGAQVQNLALPK ETnmWEcPDFYPVSNIGK GQATALLYYSTDGFnWTR ETnMWEcPDFYPVSNIGK VFKGPNKFQVLMcSDQSR FQVLmcSDQSR SVTmLSLNAWNMNK ETNmWEcPDFYPVSNIGK WSGNPVLTPVNDInTSQFRDPSTAWK FQVLMcSDQSR GWSGLQSFPR WSGNPVLTPVNDINTSQFRDPSTAWK GPnKFQVLMcSDQSR SVTmLSLNAWNmNK FQVLMcSDqSR NLTEQTAVFFR SVTMLSLNAWnMNK STYGAFLDLDPLHDKISLR SVTMLSLNAWNMNK QLVQWPVEEIK VLWAWVnEGDSPSDAFKK VFKGPNKFQVLmcSDQSR EPYDIGGcFTGSSTILHGSKPIILYTAqDADGAQVQNLALPK nLTEQTAVFFR SVTmLSLnAWNMNK QLVQWPVEEIKK SDPLLKDWIK TAFHFQPLK RVLWAWVnEGDSPSDAFKK GGSLLEVPGISGSQADIEVVFSLSNPSDAELINSDLSDPQHLcEqK ILIGSEIIK SSIAQGVDK SIWLSDTRK SVTmLSLnAWNmNK EmAGWVLSFcILLVVnGVGVHASEDLQPYRTAFHFqPLK DGIDTSFqGNNTMHVLK DGIDTSFQGNNTmHVLK LYVFnnGSK LAIHEHAKLYVFNNGSK SIWLSDTR VSFnSHEYYVIGmYDPqTDQFLLATNDFSVSNTQLQYDYGR a PSMs b Xcorr c 34 4 2 2 2 4 4 35 3 2 12 5 1 2 2 7 15 2 24 8 4 6 2 8 3 5 8 5 12 2 3 7 4 2 9 3 4 2 1 1 26 2 6 9 2 2 1 5 17 1 1 5 2 6 1 1 1 2 1 6.54 6.01 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.70 5.38 5.37 5.13 5.07 4.99 4.59 4.54 4.44 4.43 4.42 4.19 4.09 4.03 3.96 3.93 3.91 3.79 3.78 3.72 3.70 3.65 3.56 3.47 3.42 3.39 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.11 3.08 2.99 2.81 2.80 2.71 2.66 2.66 2.61 2.58 2.57 2.54 2.42 2.37 2.22 2.13 2.06 1.92 1.83 1.73 1.63 1.56 1.40 1.36 1.33 Charge 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 3 3 2 2 4 5 2 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 4 2 4 d MH+ [Da] e 2318.15239 2577.28708 1916.97954 2205.10544 4852.36484 2186.95537 2077.02170 1920.91582 2049.01348 2063.98564 2146.06499 2145.07109 1921.90007 2078.00150 1496.84856 1624.94181 1691.82817 1917.95439 4446.24038 2203.93804 2064.96587 2187.93974 2141.06229 1386.61540 1624.78691 2202.95317 2931.43210 1370.62187 1134.56633 2930.44461 1767.81681 1640.77860 1371.60369 1325.68402 1609.76665 2161.13051 1608.78850 1368.75652 2049.99643 2157.06264 4447.23940 1326.67034 1625.76688 1496.85093 1214.67937 1088.58904 2206.09340 4853.35584 985.62950 904.47246 1105.60271 1641.76297 4447.23940 1877.86924 1892.87748 1043.50273 1941.03469 977.50615 4844.18862 The matched sequences are listed according to the predicted amino acid sequences and the amino acids modified are in lowercase letters. b The total number of identified peptide sequences (PSMs = peptide spectrum matches) for the protein including those redundantly identified. c and d All peptide Xcorr values are above the specified score threshold (the minimum score is 1.3 for a charge state of 2; the minimum score is 1.305 for a charge state of 3; and the minimum score is 1.31 for 2 a charge state of 4). e MH+ [Da] (calculated m/z of the peptide with z = 1). 3 Table S3. LC-MS/MS analysis of peptides after tryptic digestion of Ht1-FEH II obtained from SDS-PAGE. Sequences (from N to C terminus) a PSMs b Xcorr c 1 4 3 9 2 3 5 2 2 3 1 4 4 3 3 1 1 6 2 3 6 2 1 12 1 2 6 4 4 2 1 3 1 3 3 4 1 1 1 4 18 2 2 1 1 2 1 5.44 5.37 5.18 4.96 4.58 4.35 4.33 4.11 4.01 4.00 4.00 3.87 3.79 3.75 3.69 3.52 3.51 3.42 3.37 3.37 3.29 3.19 3.15 3.11 3.08 2.99 2.93 2.90 2.89 2.86 2.84 2.75 2.75 2.67 2.65 2.63 2.62 2.61 2.55 2.55 2.47 2.37 2.27 2.17 2.08 1.97 1.91 EAEVVDTSLADPQALcTDK QLIQWPVEEIETLR IVVGGDRDNnGmAFLYQSPDFVTWTR NLIDHSIIESFGAGGK DNNGMAFLYQSPDFVTWTR IVVGGDRDnNGMAFLYQSPDFVTWTR VLWAWVPEKDSEEDDIEK ENFLPQNGLSLSGSTLDLR RVLWAWVPEKDSEEDDIEK ENFLPqnGLSLSGSTLDLR DNNGmAFLYQSPDFVTWTR GVFGPFGVLAmASK nLIDHSIIESFGAGGK GVFGPFGVLAMASK DNnGmAFLYQSPDFVTWTR LEDLKEAEVVDTSLADPQALcTDK GWAGLqTFPR GWAGLQTFPR RVLWAWVPEK DPSTAWLGPDGLWR DNnGMAFLYQSPDFVTWTR QLIqWPVEEIETLR SGKQLIQWPVEEIETLR ENFLPQnGLSLSGSTLDLR IVVGGDRDNNGMAFLYQSPDFVTWTR DLKEQTAIFFR TSFGAFVDIDPR SMVDGILLPSQK STHNPIITPPEGVK ISQMSAWSMK EWVKSTHNPIITPPEGVK DWYTLGTYSPDR GASSKGVFGPFGVLAMASK YSVLMcSDLSR SmVDGILLPSQK YDYGNFYASK YSVLmcSDLSR QLIQWPVEEIETLRENEVK DWYTLGTYSPDREnFLPqnGLSLSGSTLDLR SGSVVEIEGVTASQADVTISFK DWYTLGTYSPDRENFLPqNGLSLSGSTLDLR VLWAWVPEK ISQmSAWSMK QVQDLAWPK DWYTLGTYSPDRENFLPQNGLSLSGSTLDLR QLIqWPVEEIETLREnEVK SMVDGILLPSQKNEQPYR a Charge 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 d MH+ [Da] e 2061.96660 1753.95151 2975.38950 1657.85515 2262.02542 2959.39817 2188.04741 2061.06157 2344.14420 2063.03447 2278.02519 1396.72905 1658.84031 1380.73589 2279.00688 2660.29667 1133.57585 1132.59014 1283.72733 1570.76511 2263.00884 1754.94866 2026.10080 2062.04679 2958.41764 1367.73247 1324.65396 1287.69927 1489.80144 1168.55205 2032.08670 1473.66655 1810.94547 1330.61382 1303.69194 1227.53276 1346.60808 2353.24053 3518.68906 2224.14482 3516.71262 1127.62651 1184.54582 1084.58000 3515.70151 2355.22062 2075.05533 The matched sequences are listed according to the predicted amino acid sequences and the amino acids modified are in lowercase letters. b The total number of identified peptide sequences (PSMs = peptide spectrum matches) for the protein including those redundantly identified. c and d All peptide Xcorr values are above the specified score threshold (the minimum score is 1.3 for a charge state of 2; the minimum score is 1.305 for a charge state of 3). e MH+ [Da] (calculated m/z of the peptide with z = 1). 4 (B) (A) 50 500 CK Fru 100 mM NaCl Fru 15% PEG6000 Fru 40 -1 umol g DW -1 umol g DW 400 CK Glc 100 mM NaCl Glc 15% PEG6000 Glc 300 30 200 20 100 10 0 0.5 1 2 3 5 Time (days) (C) 0 7 1 2 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 Time (days) (D) 180 120 CK Suc 100 mM NaCl Suc 15% PEG6000 Suc 100 -1 -1 umol g DW 150 umol g DW 0.5 120 CK 1-K 100 mM NaCl 1-K 15% PEG6000 1-K 80 60 90 40 60 0 0.5 1 2 3 5 7 0 0.5 (E) 125 1 2 Time (days) Time (days) (F) 100 CK Nys 100 mM NaCl Nys 15% PEG6000 Nys 80 CK 1F-F 100 mM NaCl 1F-F 15% PEG6000 1F-F -1 umol g DW -1 umol g DW 100 75 60 40 50 20 25 0 0.5 1 2 3 5 7 0 0.5 Time (days) 1 2 Time (days) Fig. S1. Sugar contents in the tubers of Jerusalem artichoke exposed to 100 mM NaCl or 15% PEG6000 conditions during tuber sprouting. Contents of frutose (A), glucose (B), sucrose (C), 1-kestose (D), nystose (E), and 1F-fructofuranosylnystose (F) were analyzed by HPLC. Samples not subjected to any treatment were used as the control (CK). Tuber samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment, and correspond to those shown in Fig. 8. Values are determined as µmol g-1DW and represented as means ±SE of three biological samples. 5