Name: ____________________________
Period: ________
The Scientific Method and Nature of Life (Chapter 1)
Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific Investigations.
1. List and describe the steps of the Scientific Method.
2. Why do many experiments make use of a control group?
3. What are the characteristics of a good experiment?
4. What is the difference between a manipulated and responding variable?
Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions.
5. You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills
open. The data is below. Graph this data.
Breathing rate Temperature
Degrees C
5
10
20
30
35
Breaths per minute
19
25
30
34
37
6. What is the manipulate variable?
The responding variable?
7. What is the best type of graph for this data? Why?
8. What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temperature?
9. What would be a good control for this experiment?
10. How do you think the breathing rate was measured?
11. How could you increase the reliability of this experiment?
12. How could you increase the validity of this experiment?
Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic and evidence to:
explain observations, make inferences and predictions, and explain the relationship between evidence and
explanation.
An experiment was done that measured the Effects of Nitrates on the Growth of Algae. Growth of algae was
determined by how well the water transmitted light. The less the light transmission than the greater the algae
growth blocking the transmission of light.
13. Looking at the graph what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in the water?
14. What other data would you like to have?
15. What would you predict would happen if this same
data was gathered at the end of week 8?
16. Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth?
Analyze the matter-energy relationships of living and non-living things:
17. What are the differences between living and non-living things: List
the 8 characteristics of life:
18. What are the ways that living things get energy to live?
19. What are some of the ways that living things use energy?
20. What are some ways that cells maintain homeostasis?
21. How do biological materials respond to acids and bases? What is a buffer? (Chapter 2)
Feedback Mechanisms
22. What is a feedback mechanism?
23. When a person’s body temperature rises, he will begin to sweat in order to cool down. Is this positive or negative
feedback? Explain your answer.
24. The sun shines on artic ice causing it to melt. The melted area is darker than the surrounding ice and can absorb more
heat. This causes the ice to melt faster. Is this positive or negative feedback? Explain your answer.
Ecology (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6)
Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems
(techniques of field ecology, abiotic and biotic factors, carrying capacity)
1. How do organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes relate to each other? (Chapter 3)
2. What is an organism’s habitat? What is its niche? (Chapter 4)
3. In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships. (Chapter 4)
Relationshiip
Mutualism
Definition
Example
Parasitism
Commensulism
Predator-Prey Relationships (Chapter 5)
4. In the graph below, which organism is the prey?
Which is the predator?
5. Which population increases (or falls) first and why?
6. Which population increases (or falls) second and why?
7. Why are predator/prey relationships important in an ecosystem? (Consider population dynamics in your answer.)
8. What is carrying capacity?
9. What are density dependent limiting factors? What are density independent limiting factors?
Biotic and Abiotic Factors (Chapter 4)
10. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment.
11. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment.
12. Give an example of how biotic & abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect carrying capacity.
Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time (Chapter 5)
13. What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to
the right?
14. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?
15. During what month were rabbits in exponential
growth?
16. If 60 rabbits live over 30 square meters, what is the population density
of the rabbits?
17. If 3 foxes also lived in the same 30 square meters as the rabbits, what is the population density of the foxes?
Analyze the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in the ecosystem (relationship of the carbon cycle to photosynthesis and
respiration and trophic levels – direction and efficiency of energy transfer).
Carbon Cycle Diagram (Chapter 3)
18. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
19. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere?
20. How does photosynthesis and cell respiration relate to Carbon cycle?
21. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
22. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?
23. How do bacteria play a role in the Carbon Cycle?
24. How does nitrogen move from the atmosphere to plants?
25. How does nitrogen move from plants to animals?
26. How does nitrogen move from plants and animals back into the abiotic environment?
27. What is the importance of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
Food Webs (Chapter 3)
28. What are the producers in this food web?
29. What are the primary consumers (herbivores)
in this food web?
30. What are the secondary consumers in this food
web?
31. What are the highest level consumers in this
food web?
32. How does energy move through a food web?
33. How does matter move through a food web?
34. What is a food chain? Give an example of one
from this food web.
35. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leaves, insects, birds, redfox, bear
36. Where is the most energy in this pyramid?
37. Where is the least energy in this pyramid?
38. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?
39. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web?
40. What is a biome? What are the two limiting factors in a biome?
Cells (Chapter 7)
Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell specialization, and
communication among cells within an organism.
1. What are the three parts of cell theory?
Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish essential life functions
including…
2. Compare the following two types of cells.
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Membrane-bound organelles
Ribosomes
Types of chromosomes
Size
The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane.
3. What is the function of the cell membrane?
4. What are some of the functions of these
proteins and other molecules?
5. Put the following in order from smallest to largest:
Organ systems
Cells
Organs
Tissues
6. Fill out the following table using the diagrams below.
Cell Part and Letter
Nucleus
Structure Description
Function
Letter/Number
Plasma Membrane
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
7. Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)?
8. Which structures are found only in the plant cell?
9. Which structures are found only in the animal cell?
Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement of materials
into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.
Explain what has happened in the diagram to the right.
10. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?
11. How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell membrane?
12. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)?
13. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?
14. In osmosis, water moves from an area of
to an area of
concentration. (higher/lower)
15. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?
16. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of
to an area of
concentration. (higher/lower)
17. Which way water will move in each of the following situations?
a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%.
b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.
18. What is homeostasis?
19. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Consider the cell membrane, pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance
20. Comparison of active and passive transport
PASSIVE TRANPORT
Requires energy?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Low to high concentration or high
to low concentration?
Examples
Enzymes (Chapter 2)
Investigate & describe the structure & function of enzymes & explain their importance in biological systems.
21. What is the function of enzymes in cells? (Or, what is a catalyst?)
22. What does it mean to denature an enzyme? What can denature an enzyme?
23. Are enzyme proteins, carbohydrates, fats, or nucleic acids? Describe their structure.
24. Draw a diagram showing how an enzyme works. Label the diagram.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Chapters 8 and 9)
Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and photosynthesis.
1. Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also
use arrows on the lines attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.
2. How many phosphates? ATP? ______________ ADP?
3. What cellular process produces ATP?
4. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples
5. What are the reactants and products for each of these?
Process
Reactant
Photosynthesis
Product
Example?
Cellular Respiration
(Aerobic)
Cellular Respiration
(Anaerobic)
6. Which reaction makes the most ATP? _
7. How do factors such as pH, temperature, light and food availability affect these reactions?
8. Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide,)
A)
B)
+
9. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis?
+
(A or B)
10. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? (A or B?)
11. Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy? _______________________
12. Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)? __________________________
13. Which reaction releases the most energy?
14. Which reaction requires chlorophyll?
15. Which reaction requires light?
16. Which organisms carry out process A? _____________________________
17. Which organisms carry out process B? ____________________________
18. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes?
19. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes?
20. Compare and contrast: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation. (# ATP, where it occurs)
DNA and RNA (Chapter 12)
Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and translation), and
gene regulation.
1. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what needs to be added to it to make it a double helix? Give
the complementary nucleotide sequence. _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
2. Describe the structure of DNA.
What are the black pentagons? ____________________
What are the nitrogen bases? ___________
What weak bonds hold the complementary bases together? ___________________________
What strong bonds holds together the backbone (sugar-phosphate bonds) ____________________
3. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence
of the mRNA be?
4. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of
mRNA?
5. What is a codon?
6. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table.
RNA
Sugars
Bases
Strands
Where In Cell
Function
DNA
7. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
a)
b)
c)
8. Describe the process of DNA replication.
9. How many pieces of DNA are made and what do the
replicated strands look like (i.e. where are the new and
old strands)?
10. Describe the process of protein synthesis: What is
transcription?
11. What is translation?
12. What happens to DNA when a mutation
occurs?
13. How does this affect the mRNA?
14. How can this affect translation?
15. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?
Cell Growth and Division (Chapter 10 and 11-4)
Look at the diagram of the cell cycle.
1. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?
2. What do GI and G2 represent?
3. What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? What does the cell do during this time?
4. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? (Y/N?)
5. What is cancer? What are some causes of cancer?
Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.
6. Complete the following Chart of Mitosis and Meiosis.
MITOSIS
Type of reproduction
(Asexual or sexual)
Chromosome number of mother
cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
Chromosome number of daughter
cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
Number of cell divisions
MEIOSIS
Number of cells produced
When does replication happen?
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Crossing over
Random assortment of
Chromosomes
Gene mutations
Nondisjunction
Fertilization
7. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. Then
Name them.
1st:
called
2nd: ______________called______________________
3rd: ______________called ______________________
4th: _____________ called ______________________
5th: _____________ called _________________
8. How many chromosomes do humans have in their…
9. What does Diploid mean?
Body cells?
Sex cells?
10. What does Haploid mean?
11. When does crossing over occur during Meiosis?
12. What is the major focus of Meiosis I?
13. What is the major focus of Meiosis II? _________________________________________________________________________
Genetics (Chapter 11 and 14)
Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance: (dominant, recessive and intermediate traits, multiple alleles, polygenic traits,
sex-linked traits, independent assortment, test cross, pedigrees, and Punnett squares)
1. What does it mean when a trait is dominant?
Letters?
2. What does it mean when a trait is recessive?
Letters?
3. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the parents genotypes.
4. Give the phenotype for the parents.
5. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
6. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
7. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
8. What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain.
9. What does it mean if a trait is codominant?
10. Some genes produce incompletely dominant phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR)
with a pure breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
Blood type (Page 344)
11. If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the
genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are IA, IB, and i)
12. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?
13. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?
14. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood?
15. What does it mean to have multiple alleles?
Polygenic traits (Page 395)
16. What does polygenic traits mean? Many genes (genotypes) control one particular phenotypic trait.
17. Using 3 genes (A,a and B,b and C,c) explain hair color in terms of these genes. How many phenotypes are possible?
Sex Chromosomes (Pages 350 & 351)
18. What are the sex chromosomes in males?
In Females?
19. Colorblindness & hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome location (#) are these genes found?
20. Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male. XCXc x XCY
21. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia?
22. What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia?
23. What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia?
24. Double check your learning, solve the following genetics problem:
A brown mink crossed with a silver/blue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among
themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silver/blue animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and
phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.
Evolution (Chapters 15, 16, 17)
Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including: development of the theory, the origin
and history of life, fossil and biochemical evidence, mechanisms of evolution, and applications (pesticide and antibiotic
resistance).
1. In the following chart, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of evolution.
Discussion of importance to evolutionary theory
Understanding of geology
(Changes in the earth)
Anatomical comparisons
Patterns in fossil evidence
Biochemical comparisons
(DNA and proteins)
The role of variations
The role of sexual reproduction
The importance of the
Environment
2. What is a vestigial structure? Name a few and explain why you think they are vestigial.
3. Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
a) Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?
b) Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?
c) Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?
d) Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their
genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?
e) The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of
selected genes increase?
f) What is Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? What is Artificial Selection?
4. What happens when pesticides and antibiotics are used and how does it relate to evolution?
Classification (Chapter 18)
Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. Historical development and changing
nature of classification systems, similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, similarities and
differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms.
1. In the times of Linnaeus, he used now we mostly used _________________________________ to classify organisms. In the time
of technology, now we mostly use ______________________ to classify organisms.
2. Why is the current classification system continually undergoing change?
3. What is the current seven-level classification system?
4. What is binomial nomenclature?
5. How do you write a scientific name?
6. DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology are used to classify organisms. They try to determine a
“common _________________________.”
7. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms.
According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely
related?
8. Which organism is most closely related to the ray finned fish?
7. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms.
Archaea
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Eukaryotic or
prokaryotic
Multicellular or
single-celled
Sexual or Asexual
reproductions
Autotrophic or
heterotrophic
Aerobic or
Anaerobic
Cell walls or no cell
walls
Plantae
Animalia