Translation of the presentation slides
Entry of Team Pindűr Panúrok
Sun 1
Basic Details
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Diameter: 1392000 km
Surface temperature: 5800°C
Core temperature: 15 million °C
Mass: 33000 times that of Earth
Rotational period at the equator: 26,9 days
Rotational period at the poles: 32 days
Sun 2
Embedded video about the sizes of planets and stars
Mercury 1
Basic Details
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Distance from the sun: 57 909 176 km
Diameter: 4879 lm
Maximum temperature on the surface: 430°C
Minimum temperature on the surface: -170°C
One year on Mercury: 88 days on Earth
One day on Mercury: 58 days on Earth
Mercury 2
Atmosphere
o Traces of Helium
o Most of the atmosphere escapes, because Mercury has low gravitaty, and the
solar wind is strong, because Mercury is too close to the Sun
Mercury 3
Surface and the core
o The core contains iron and nickel
o On the crust there are lots of craters, they are from the early ages of the Solar
system when meteors crashed into the planet.
Mercury 4
Mariner-10
o It started its trip at the
of November in 1973. Its destinations were
Mercury and Venus.
o At 29th of March in 1974, it got close to Mercury for the first time
o It stayed until 1975, and it got close three time to the planet
o During this time, it mapped the planet 45%
3rd
Mercury 5
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At March in 1973 scientists determinded the Mercury-Earth distance with great
precision. “Élet és Tudomány” (an old Hungarian science magazine) reported about
this.
Mercury 6
MESSENGER
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Mercury’s first satellite.
It started its trip at 3rd of March in 2004
At 14th of January in 2008 it arrived to Mercury
It mapped the 80% of the planet
At 18th of March in 2011 it stood ecliptic way
At 17th of March in 2012 NASA extended its mission for one year.
Mercury 7
Recommendatory
o This is an really great book, written by Isaac Asimov. It takes place Mercury.
Read it!
Venus 1
Basic informations
 Average distance from the Sun: 108210000km
 Diameter: 12 104 km
 Surface temperature: 500 ° C
 Rotation period: 243,2 days
 One day on Venus: 118 (Earth) days
Venus 2
Name
 It was named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love
 It is the only planet in the Solar System, which was named after a woman
 It helped people in orientation, so it was popular
 People enjoyed giving different names to Venus:
 In the morning -> Morning Star, In the evening-> Evening Star
 This indent is about a phrase that exists only in the Hungarian language, thus
impossible to translate
 Signal (in the left with a small picture)
Venus 3
Atmosphere
 Its surface is covered by a 25 km thick cloud layer which consist of dense sulfuric acid
 Sunlight does not penetrate it
 Atmosphere contains:
o 96% of CO
o 3,2% of nitrogen
o 0,8% of other substances
 Air pressure is 92 times higher than that of the Earth
Venus 4
Surface
 There are volcanic lowlands on the surface. Because of the massive eruptions deep
hollows have been formed -> they look like they would have been carved by rivers
 This is the hottest planet, the surface temperature is 480 °C, which hardly changes
due to the thick meteoric cloud layer
 Greenhouse effect has been developed on the planet due to the cloud layer situated
higher
 Its surface is calm, there aren’t any clouds at low height, therefore the mountains
which average height is 10 km can be seen very well
Venus 5
Magnetic field
 Weaker and smaller than than those of the Earth
 Too weak to protect the atmosphere from the cosmic rays and the solar wind-related
damage
 It doesn’t have an inner magnetic field, altough it is the same size as Earth
Venus 6
Observations
 First spacecraft to Venus: Ferbuary 12, 1961. -> Venera-1., the Soviet Venera
program’s first spacecraft. On the seventh day of the flight the connection has been
lost.
 Venera-9: October 20, 1975. The lander operated for 53 minutes and took the first
images of the surface of Venus.
 Venera-13: March 1, 1982. The lander radiated measurements of the surface of
Venus for 127 minutes and sent the first color photos.
 Venus Express: April 11, 2006. It studied the atmosphere and clouds in detail and
mapped the properties of the surface of the planet
Venus 7
The transit of Venus
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The last transit of Venus was on June 06, 2012. and the next one will be 105
years later
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Venus crossed above the Sun, it took 6 and a half hours
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We saw more than 2 hours of the transit in Hungary
Earth 1
Basic informations
 Average distance from the Sun: 152 million km
 Diameter: 12756 km
 Minimum surface temperature: -70 °C
 Maximum surface temperature: +55 °C
 Rotational period: 23 hours and 56 minutes
 An Earth year: 365,25 days
 The length of one day: 24 hours
Earth 2
Life on Earth
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Ca. 3,5 billion years ago a process called life has started on Earth. To our knowledge
this is exceptional throughout the universe it occurs exclusively on Earth.
 Earth is home to millions of species, including human beings. There is a search for
extraterrestrial life but so far no clear evidence has been found for it
Earth 3
Shape
Determined by two physical effects: 1. Gravitation, 2. Centrifugal force
 It’s very close to a rotational ellipsoid shape
 The theoretical shape of the Earth is geoid, so we use this
 It is often simplified and called globe
Earth 4
Atmosphere and compositions
 The gas shell surrounding the surface of the planet is held in place by gravity
 The border of space is called Kármán-line, which is an imaginary line situated at a
height of 100 km
 The atmosphere is always on the move, which is called wind
 The atmosphere contains:
 78,08% nitrogen
 20,95% oxygen
 0,93% argon
 0,038% carbon dioxide
It may contain traces of hydrogen, helium and rare gases
Earth 5
Surface
 It’s also called the „Blue planet”
 71% of it is water
 and 29% of it is land
 The three oceans are called: Atlantic, Pacific and Indian ocean
 Land: consists of continents and islands
 Continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, Antarctica
 The highest point is Mount Everest, it’s 8848 m high
 The surface of Earth is constantly changing because of the volcanic activity, plate
tectonics and erosion
Earth 6
Internal structure
 The internal part of Earth has a belt structure
 The outmost layer is the crust, this is a rock layer. It contains solid, magmatic,
metamorphic or sedimentary rock. It has an average thick of 30-40km. It has two
parts:
 Oceanic -> It has thinner material, it’s composed of basalt
 Continental -> 15-20 km long, it’s composed of basalt and granite
Earth 7
Internal structure II
 The second layer is the mantle. It’s 2900 km wide and it is sometimes solid. It
combines the core and the Earth's crustal. It's parts are:
 Lower mantle: 660-2900 km. We haven’t got much informations about it.
 Buffer mantle: Also known as mesosphere, and spreads until 60 km. It sharply
separates the upper and the lower mantle.
 Upper mantle: The top layer is solid, the lowermost is plastic.
 The innermost layer is the Earth’s core which is globular. It has 2 parts, the external
and the internal core. The inner core streches roughly up to 1220 km of Earth radius
and the outer goes up to 2300 km. The external core is liquid, the internal is solid.
They contain iron and nickel.
Earth 8
This is a video of Earth's natural beauty.
Moon 1
Basic data
 Average distance from Earth: 384402 km
 Diameter: 3476 km (about a quarter of the diameter of the Earth)
 Weight: 7347673*10^22 kg
 Min. surface temperature: 40 k
 Max. surface temperature: 396 K
 Rotational period: 29,53 days
Moon 2
Announcements
 It is the fifth biggest moon of the Solar System
 The gravitational acceleration is 1/6 than on Earth. It is proportional to our weight,
that’s why it is easy to jump on the Moon despite of the heavy astronaut suit
 It doesn’t have an atmosphere, so the sky is dark all day
 Only one side of it is visible from Earth
 Long ago the moon was considered a divinity
 The first spacecraft reached the surface in 1959. (it crashed)
Moon 3
Exploraions
 January, 1959., Luna-1-> Passed the Moon
 September, 1959., Luna-2 -> Crashed into it
 July,1964., Ranger-7 -> Before the crash it took high-resolution images
 February, 1966., Luna-9 -> Landed on the Moon
 April, 1966. , Luna 10 -> Luna became the first artificial moon of the Moon
Moon 4
Moon landing
 Apollo program
 20., July, 1969. -> Apollo-11 landed
 Neil Armstrong was the first human landing on the Moon
 His famous phrase: „That's one small step for a man, a giant leap for mankind”
 Neil Armstrong died on August 25, 2012.
Mars 1
Basic Details
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Diameter: 6794 km
Distance from the sun: 227900000km
Circulation time: 684 days on the Earth
Maximum temperature on the surface: -120°C
Minimum temperature on the surface: 25°C
One day on Mars: 24,66 days on the Earth
Mars 2
Origin of its name
 In ancient Rome Mars was the god of war and manhood. The planet got this
name for its red colour, because red was the symbol of war and militancy.
 The symbol for males and Mars is the same. It’s not a coincidence.
 In an old legend, Mars was always on the sky, when the people fought great
wars. It was the same in the famous battle in Thermopylae. This was fought by
the Persians and the Greeks in B. C. 448.
 They thought Mars watched the huge massacres.
Mars 3
The surface
 The planet’s surface is very varied, so this is an interesting place for the
planetary scientist.
 Usually we divide it into two parts.
 The southern highlands are covered by craters.
 The other part is the northern lowlands
 Mars isn’t red accidentally. In the sand and the dust are lots of iron-oxide,
which means lots of rust.
Mars 4
Olympus Mons
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This is the biggest mountain in the Solar System
It is 25km high from the Mars’s surface
It is 540 meter wide at its feet
The mount is in a 2 km deep cove
The last eruption was 10-20 million years ago
Mars 5
Mariner-valley system
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The biggest canyon system in the Solar System
It’s a system of independent canyons
Greatest depth is 7km
Approximately 3800 km long
The scientist think that erupting magma ripped the crust
Mars 6
2.) Humanity sent the most satellites to Mars. We will go through the most important
missions. (The dates mean date of arrival)
Mars 7
Mariner-4
 It took the first photo of Mars in 1965.
 They were the first photos of another planet made by a probe
 It’s just a flyby
Mars 8
Mariner-9
 It arrived in 1971
 It was the Mars’s first satellite
 It made the first global picture
Mars 9
Viking program
 NASA launched two missions during the Viking-program
 Both of contained a rover and an orbiter
 The rover searched for traces of life.
 They did three biology researches. Two were negative, and one wasn’t
unequivocal
Mars 10
Mars Pathfinder
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1996
The first rolling vehicle on Mars was the Sojourner
It worked for 83 days
It landed with the help of a tetrahedron balloon
Mars 11
Mars Global Surveyor
 1997
 It worked from 1997 to 2006, which is interesting because the NASA planned
the mission for two years
 In its picture scientist discovered water traces.
Mars 12
Phoenix
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2008
It took samples from the ground
It found water ice in the ground
The water ice is evidence of water on Mars today
Mars 13
Spirit
 It was sent as part of the Mars Exploration rover program
 It arrived in 2004
 Originally the NASA planned the mission to be 90 days long, but the Spirit
stopped in 2010
 It searched for water
 It landed in the Gusev Crater, and it went to the Columbia Mountains.
Mars 14
Opportunity
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Twin sibling of Spirit
2004
It is still working today
It landed in the Eagle Crater, and it went to the Endurance Crater
Mars 15
Mars Science Laboratory
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2012
Name of the rover is Curiosity
It searches for traces of life
It does geological searches
It has an robotic arm, which helps in the laboratory work
It has 17 cameras
Jupiter 1
Basic informations
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Average distance from the Sun: 778,3 million km
Diameter: 142800 km
Surface temperature: -140° C
Rotational period: 9,8 hrs
Jupiterian day lenght: 9,92 hrs
Orbital period: 11,86 earth years
Jupiter 1
Origin of name
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Jupiter was known by astronomers in the ancient era, it was given mythological and
religional substance in many cultures
It is named after Iuppiter, the supreme god of Roman religion
The sign of the planet indicates the lighning in his hand
Jupiter 3
Structure
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This is the fastest rotating planet in the Solar System. A day on Jupiter is just 9,92
hours on Earth
Because of this, the planet apparently is very splay
The deeper mantle contanis a great amont of electricity, this feeds the magnetic field
of this planet, which is the strongest in the Solar System
In the center of the planet, temperature is 20000°C
Jupiter 4
Atmosphere
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Moving upwards, the atmosphere thickens
The outer atmosphere is stormy, it is built up by 3 layers of clouds, these are made of
o ammonia ice
o ammonia-hydrosulphide ice
o water ice
The atmosphere consists mostly of
o 90% Hidrogen
o 10% Helium
Jupiter 5
Surface
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It’s a colorful planet, there are very distictive stripes on it
these are formed due to the fast rotation
on the surface, swirling stroms rage
above the clouds a system of ring exsist (though hardly visible)
does not have a solid surface
the gases can warm up due to the huge pressure, and they make lighter stripes called
„zones”
Jupiter 6
Great Red Spot
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This mysterious spot is a huge anticyclone
it has been raging on the surface for 300 years
it’s diameter is bigger than Earth itself
stable, steady
can be observed by telescopes from Earth
Jupiter 7
Moons
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Currently it has 64 known moons, but the discovery of more can be expected
Most of the moons are little hunks of rock, some of them doesn’t have a name yet
Theye are a few kilometers large asteroids
the 4 biggest and most famous moons are the Galilei moons
They were discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610
Jupiter 8
The Galilei moons, Io
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Year of discovery: 1610
Diameter 3643 km
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Prometheus is a distinctive volcano on it
There are several volcanoes, lava rivers, melt sulphur and a few craters
Jupiter 9
The Galilei moons, Europa
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Year of discovery: 1610
Diameter 3121,6km
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The surface is covered in water ice
A moon made of rocks, with a few craters, below the surface there is probably liquid water
Jupiter 10
The Galilei moons, Ganymede
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Year of discovery: 1610
Diameter 5262 km
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The bigges moon in the Solar System
The surface is covered in craters
It has it’s own magnetic field
Jupiter 11
The Galilei moons, Callisto
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Year of discovery: 1610
Diameter 4820,6 km
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Lots of impact craters and ice on the surface
2 great impact craters: Valhalla, Asgard
Saturn 1
Basic information
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Average distance from the Sun: 14270 million km
Diameter: 120600 km
Surface temperature: -180° C
Rotational period: 9,8 hrs
Jupiterian day lenght: 10,2hrs
Orbital period: 29,46 earth years
Saturn 2
Atmosphere
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Contains
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93% Hidrogen
5% Helium
0,2% Methane
0,1% water
0,01% Ammonia
0,0005% Ethane
Saturn 3
Origin of name
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Roman god
Father of Jupiter
Youngest of the Titans
The symbol of the planet is the sickle of the god Saturn
Saturn 4
History of the rings
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First to discover was Galilei, but he coudn’t interpret what he saw
Huygens was the first with the idea of Saturn having rings
Cassin was the one to discover that the rings are not a whole, there are space
between them
Maxwell suggested that the rings may not be solid objects, instead they are made of
tiny particles
Saturn 5
The rings
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As we know now, the rings have spaces between them
o All rings are indicated with a letter, these were given to them in the order of
their discovery
They are made of rubble and pieces of ice
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That is why they look so bright, the ice reflects the sunrays
Saturn 6
Cassini-Huygens
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Cassini is the probe, Huygens is the lander
Joint project of NASA, ESA and ASI
It arrived to Saturn in June, 2004
Objectives of Cassini
o 3D mapping of the rings
o Examination of the moons
o Observing the rotation of Saturn
Objectives of Huygens
o Mapping of Titan
Saturn 7
Titan
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3rd largest moon of the Solar System
Discovered in 1655 (very early)
The only moon having an atmosphere
There is possibility of life
It was announced in 2008, that lakes of Ethane and Methane are on the surface (even
very big ones)
The only moon where we sent a probe apart from our Moon: the Huygens
Saturn 8
Mimas
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7th moon of Saturn
Its curiosity is the Herchel crater, which formed upon an impact , and is one third of
the moon is diameter
o Because of this, it eeriely resembles the Death Star
Uranus 1
Basic data
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Distance form Sun: 2873 millon km
Diameter: 52450 km
Surface temperature: -210C
Orbital period: 84 earth yrs
Rotational period: 17,2 hrs
Uranus 2
Origin of name
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leader of the eldest generation of gods in Roman mythology
husband of Gaia (mother earth)
acconding to this, Jupiter is son of Saturn, Uranus is father of Saturn,and grandfather
of Jupiter
Uranus 3
Interesting facts I
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It’s argument of periapsis is huge, so it looks like it’s rotated on a horizontal string
(opposing to the other planets, that are rotated on a nearly vertical string)
Uranus 4
Interesting facts II
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It’s diameter is about 4 times that of Earth, and it’s mass is more than 15 times that
of Earth
It’s inner, solid core is approxtimately Earth size
Uranus 5
Interesting facts III
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Uranus is the 3rd biggest planet in the solar system
but only the 4th most massive
his rings were only discovered in 1977, because it is very dark, in fact it contains the
darkest material ever discovered in the Solar System
Uranus 6
Discovery
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Because Saturn is the last planet that is visible to the naked eye, it was only
discovered in 1781
William Herschel, english astronomer was the discoverer
He originally wanted to name the planed „George”, a tribute for George III., the king
of Britain at the time
Uranus 7
Moons
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Uranus has 27 moons
Their naming is unique, rather than mythological figures, their names are all from
works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope
The largest moon is called Titania, the second largest is Oberon
The two were discovered by William Herschel in 1787
Neptune 1
Basic data
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Distance form Sun: 4496 millon km
Diameter: 492000 km
Surface temperature: -220C
Orbital period:164,8 earth yrs
Rotational period: 16,2 hrs
Neptune 2
Origin of name
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Because of the blue color, it is named after Neptune, the Roman god of seas
It’s symbol shows the trident of the god
Neptune 3
Structure
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it’s type is a gas giant
there are dark patches on the surface of the clouds, which are storms
It’s the most dense gas planet
it’s blue color is caused by the 1% of methane in the atmosphere, which absorbs red
light
It’s Great Spot is similar to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot
Neptune 4
Atmosphere
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blue color ->The 1% of methane absorbs the red light
Composition of atmosphere:
80% hydrogen
19% helium
1% methane
There are powerful winds blowing, up to 2160 km/h in speed, in several directions
Neptune 5
Rings
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Surprisingly there are 4 of them, very pale
Voyager-2 discovered them
3 of them are named after scientists working on their discovery (Galle , Adams,
Leverrier)
The widest is only 50km
The two moons, Galate and Desponia herds these rings togeher
Neptune 6
Moons
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13 moons are discovered so far
Tirton – 1846
Nereida -1949
Larissa -1981
Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Proteus -1989
Halimede, Sao, Laomedeia, Neso -2002
Psamathe -2003
The best known one is Triton
Neptune 7
Moons II
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The two moons, Galate and Desponia herds the rings togeher
In the ring system, two more moons are orbiting, Naiad and Thalassa
After the rings come Larissa and Protheus
The biggest moon is Triton
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4 of the moons are orbiting in a retrograde motion (a motion that is going in the
opposite direction than most objects in the Solar System) these are Neso, Halimede,
Psamethe and Triton
Neptune 8
Triton
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The 7th, biggest and most famous moon of Neptune
Discovered by William Lassel in 1847
Orbits in retrograde order
Neptune 9
Basic facts about Triton
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Distance from Neptune: 354760 km
Diameter: 2706 km
Mass: 2,14x10^22 kg
Surface temperature: -240C
There is nitrogen (in frozen state) and a bit of methane in its atmosphere
Ceres
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Discovery: January 1,1930
Distance form Sun: 414,7 millon km
Diameter:960 km
Average temperature: -87C
Moons: none
Ceres is the only dwarf planet that is not in the Kiuper belt, buti n the main asteroid
belt between Mars and Jupiter
Pluto
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Discovery: february 18th of 1930
Distance form Sun: 5906,4 millon km
Diameter: 52450 km
Average temperature: -223C
Rotational period: 6 earth days
Moons: Charon, Nix, Hydra, P4, P5
the smallest planet until 2004
There aren’t many pictures about it, in 2015 the probe New Horizons will examine it
more closely
Haumea
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Discovery: december 28th of 2004
Distance form Sun: 6500 millon km
Diameter: 1500 km
Moons: Hi’aka and Namaka
It is named after the godess of fertility ont he Easter Islands
Makemake
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Discovery: march 31th of 2005
Distance form Sun: 6784 millon km
Diameter: 1790 km
Average temperature: -210C
Moons: doesn’t have any
It’s nickname was Easter Bunny, because it was discovered on the day of Easter
It is named after a godess of the Easter Islands
Eris
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Discovery: january 5th of 2005
Distance form Sun: 10190 millon km
Diameter: 2400 km
Average temperature: -225C
Moons: Dysomnia
When Eris was discovered, the expression of „dwarf planet” had to be implemented.
Soon after that, Pluto became a dwarf planet