Table S2. Tasks used in the study.
Domain
Task
Brief description
Index
Perception
Change blindness
For each trial, two pictures were presented alternately with
a brief blank screen after each one. Subjects had to decide
whether the two pictures are the same. Half of the trials
were the same and the other half had minute differences.
For each trial, a piano tone was presented twice and
subjects had to name the pitch
Subjects were shown a line drawing and then asked to
choose the matching drawing from a set of four presented
on the following plate. Five categories of visual
perception were measured: spatial relationship, visual
closure, visual discrimination, visual memory, and figure
ground.
A 3D picture was presented as target, subjects had to pick
2 out of 4 that matched the target by rotation
Two subscales: Picture recall (Subjects were showed
pictures of 20 simple objects for 30 seconds and then
asked to recall as many as possible) and picture
recognition (Subjects were showed pictures of 8 simple
objects for 30 seconds and then asked to pick them out
from 28 pictures).
In the 2-back working memory task, subjects judged
whether the current item was the same (or related) to the
Discrimination
index as calculated
in signal detection
theory
Percentage of
correct trials
Total score
Auditory
discrimination
Motor-Free Visual
Perception Test
(MVPT-3)
Mental rotation
Memory
Wechsler Memory
Scale –3rd Edition
(WMS-III)
Working memory
# of
subjects
476
Reference
465
Zatorre, 2003
460
Colarusso, 2004
Number of correctly
finished items
Number of items
correctly recalled or
recognized
478
Peters, 1995
465
Wechsler, 1945
Overall accuracy
460
Xue, 2004
Rensink, 1997
Cambridge Face
Memory Test
False memory
Executive
function
Attention network
test
Stroop test
Wisconsin card
sorting task
Stop-signal test
one presented two trials earlier. Three sessions involved
morphological, phonological, and semantic judgment.
Look at 6 faces for 20 seconds as learning, then in testing
stage subjects have to
pick out the ones present from 3 faces, with the other 2
never presented before
Subjects saw 50 picture slides depicting a story. After 30
minutes of filler tasks, subjects were asked to read
narrations of the story, with 38 accurate and 12 inaccurate
descriptions. After 10 minutes of filler tasks, subjects took
the recognition test and then the source monitoring test.
Subjects saw several small arrows on the computer screen
and had to judge the direction of the arrow in the middle
(left or right). The 6 peripheral arrows can either in the
same or inverse direction to the middle one. There were
also cues to alert subjects or point to the position where
arrows will be presented
Four Chinese color words were used: red, green, blue, and
yellow. Each character was presented in the color either
congruent or incongruent with its meaning. Subjects were
asked to respond to the print color and ignore the meaning
of the word.
Subjects had to select one from four cards that fits a rule.
Rules included color, form, and amount of items on the
cards, and rules changed during the experiment
Subjects had to press a key when a letter appears on the
Accuracy
478
Duchaine, 2006
Overall false
memory and robust
false memory test
372
Loftus, 2003
Alert, orientation,
conflict
451
Fan, 2002
Stroop effect, e.g.,
457
RT Difference
between
incongruent and
congruent conditions
Preserved error
457
Adopted from
Stroop, 1935
SSRT, the average
Aron, 2006
411
Berg, 1948
screen as soon as possible, except when a tone followed
the letter.
Reversal Learning
IQ
Raven's Advanced
Progressive
Matrices
Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Test
Emotion
Brief Fear of
Negative
Evaluation scale
Beck Depression
Inventory-second
edition
Beck Anxiety
Inventory
Dissociative
Experiences Scale
Two figures were presented simultaneously side-by-side,
and one of them was designated as the target. Subjects had
to learn which one was the “target” according to feedback,
but the feedback was wrong some of the times and the
rules changed after a few items.
Subjects were given 30 minutes to complete as many
items as possible. In each test item, subjects were asked to
select from several alternatives the missing segment that
would complete a larger pattern.
Six subscales: Verbal section included general knowledge,
similarities, digit span; Performance section included
picture completion, symbol digit coding, block design
A scale that assesses subjects’ fear of negative evaluations
by others
response time minus
the time for
inhibition signal
Persistent error
478
Cools, 2002
Number of items
correctly finished
478
Raven, 1956
Verbal IQ,
Performance IQ
465
Total score
478
Wechsler, 1955
Gong, 1992 for
Chinese version
Leary, 1983
Self-reports of depressive symptoms
Total score
478
Beck, 1996
Self-reports of general anxiety
Total score
478
Beck, 1990
A self-report questionnaire designed to identify patients
with dissociative psychopathology and to provide a means
of quantifying dissociative experiences.
Total score
469
Bernstein, 1986
Facial emotion
recognition
Personality
Interpersonal
Coping
Emotion regulation
questionnaire
Temperament and
Character
Inventory-Revised
Highly Sensitive
Person Scale
Internal Self
Awareness (ISA)
EAS temperament
survey (Tempo)
The BIS/BAS
Scales
Work Preference
Inventory
Aggression
Questionnaire
Temper scale
Social Support
Rating Scale
The Brief COPE
Faces displaying emotions were presented and subjects
had to name the emotion as happiness, surprise, anger,
sadness, fear, and disgust
Self-assessment of abilities to regulate emotions
Overall accuracy
478
Total score
478
Wang, 1999
Matsumoto,
1988
Gross, 2003
7 aspects of personality: Novelty Seeking, Harm
Avoidance, Reward Dependence, Persistence,
Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, Self-Transcendence
Sensitivity to stimuli in daily life
7 subscales scores
478
Cloninger, 1993
Total score
478
Aron, 1997
Self awareness of one’s emotions, feelings, and thoughts
Total score
478
Scheier, 1985
Activity items of EAS
Total score
478
Buss, 1984
Behavior inhibition/approach systems of personality
BIS and BAS score
478
Carver,1994
Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
score
Total score
478
Amabile, 1994
478
Buss, 2000
Total score
478
Total score
469
Xiao ,1994
3 principal
478
Carver, 1997
Self-reports of physical aggression, verbal aggression ,
anger, hostility, and indirect aggression
Questions about temper toward other people (revised short
form of the Aggression Questionnaire, see above)
Asks subjective and objective support and how these
support helps
Coping style when confront difficult or stressful events in
Problem
behavior
Mathematical
cognition
scale
daily life
The Leyton
Obsessional
Inventory
Alcohol use
disorders
identification test
(AUDIT)
Comparison of
colored dots
The frequency of obsessional behaviors
Numerosity
comparison
Number
comparison
Numerosity
estimation
Number
paired-associates
This scale asks ten questions about alcohol consumption,
alcohol dependence, alcohol-related problems, and uses
the total score to identify persons with hazardous and
harmful patterns of alcohol consumption.
Dot arrays including both blue and red dots were
presented on the screen for 200 ms. Subjects were asked
to judge which color had more dots and press a key to
respond.
Two sets of (5-12) dots were presented side by side.
Subjects had to judge which set contained more dots. Dots
differed both in amount and in size, and subjects had to
ignore the size of individual dots.
Subjects had to compare the magnitude of two single-digit
numbers, while ignoring their differences in physical size
A cluster of (11-99) dots was presented for 1 second and
subjects had to estimate the number of dots. Feedback of
correct number was provided after each response.
An artificial numerical operation was defined. Subjects
had to memorize their pairs and numbers and their
components:
support, active,
negative
Total score
478
Berg, 1988
Total score
462
Saunders, 1993
Average response
time for correct
answers
416
Halberda, 2008
Average response
time for correct
answers
416
Ginsburg, 1990
Average response
time for correct
answer
Deviation from the
actual numbers of
dots
Percentage of
memorized number
416
Zhou, 2007
416
Krueger 1982
414
Delazer et al.,
2005
learning
Parity judgment
task
associated product.
Subjects had to judge if a given number is odd or even
Calculation
Addition and subtraction of two two-digit numbers,
multiplication of a 2-digit number by a 1-digit number,
division of a 3-digit number by a 1-digit number. Subjects
chose the correct answer from 4 candidates.
Two numbers were presented aurally and subjects had to
indicate which one was larger in magnitude.
Comparison of
aurally presented
numbers
Number series
completion
Language
abilities
Visual-auditory
learning, from
Woodcock Reading
Mastery test
Revised, Forms G.
Fast naming,
adopted from
Comprehensive
Test of
Phonological
Processing
pairs
Average response
time for correct
answers
Number of items
correctly completed
in a give time [10
minutes]
Average response
time for correct
answers
Subjects have to find out the pattern of a series of numbers Items finished
and deduce the next, and chose one from two candidates
correctly in a give
time
This task consists of several sessions. In each session,
Number of correct
subjects were asked to learn a few symbol-word pairs.
responses
Afterwards, they were asked to read out some sentences
written in symbols using corresponding words they just
learned.
Subjects were asked to name colors (72 in total) and
RT for correct trials
objects (72 in total) as quickly as they could.
416
Dehaene, 1993
416
Wei, 2011
416
Developed for
this study
416
Smith, 2001
359
Woodcock, 1987
347
Wagner, 1999
Others
Fast reading
Subjects were asked to read Chinese characters (104 in
total) as quickly as they could.
Chinese word
recognition
Subjects were asked to read aloud very low-frequency
Chinese characters (50 in total).
English Word
reading, from Test
Of Word Reading
Efficiency
Iowa gambling task
Subjects were asked to read English words (208 in total)
and pseudo-words (208 in total) as quickly as they could.
Reaction times
In this risk-taking task, subjects had to learn to bet on
winning decks of cards and avoid losing decks.
Donders subtractive reaction time experiment
Number of
characters read in 40
seconds
Number of
characters
recognized
Number of
words/non-words
read in a given time
363
Developed for
this study
363
Developed for
this study
362
Torgesen,1999
Total score
454
Bechara,1994
Simple/choice/discri
mination RT
454
Adapted from
Donders’
experiment
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