Running Header: THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS
The Unethical Practices in Factory Farms
Melissa Toman
First Colonial High School
1

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 2
Abstract
In hopes of educating the public on an issue that is not well known, this paper highlights the unethical practices in factory farms relating to the raising and slaughtering methods of cows, pigs, and chickens. By identifying the laws associated with factory farms, this paper demonstrates how companies have continued to get away with violations and inhumane practices and elude sanctions and fines from the government. Articles concerning living conditions are included as well as cases where businesses have been charged with violating the Humane Slaughter Act, the primary law concerning factory farms, and their standards for practice. In order to show the inefficiency of the regulation of factory farms in the United States, foreign laws are analyzed and assessed for their success.

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 3
The Unethical Practices in Factory Farms
One of the most important ethical issues that has plagued the United States for decades is also one of the most ignored. People choose to avoid recognizing or discussing the horrors of factory farms because it is a disturbing topic. Approximately 10 billion animals, not including fish, are raised and slaughtered annually in the United States for consumption (Farmed, n.d.). Making up nearly 99% of the producers of meat, factory farms are large businesses that operate an assembly line-like business or raising and slaughtering animals. The unethical practices in factory farms relating to the raising and slaughtering of animals raised for consumption such as cows, pigs, and chickens, have gone unpunished due to the outdated laws in place regarding the humane treatment of animals.
Factory Farms
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, a factory farm, or Confined Animal Feeding Operation, is an agricultural operation[] where animals are kept and raised in confined situations. AFOs congregate animals, feed, manure and urine, dead animals, and production operations on a small land area. Feed is brought to the animals rather than the animals grazing or otherwise seeking feed in pastures, fields, or on rangeland (Detailed Discussion, n.d.).
In these facilities, animals are restricted from their “natural behaviors such as grazing, rooting, scratching, foraging, mud wallowing, running, and nesting” (Detailed
Discussion, n.d.). The crowded facilities lead to trampling, suffocation, and injuries.
Similar to an assembly line work ethic, the animals are treated more as products than

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 4 living things. These factory farms raise animals at a fast pace, trying to get them to produce offspring, and generating produce and output such as milk and eggs at triple the rate of natural production. They then must prepare and transfer animals quickly to slaughterhouses to be distributed to grocery stores and restaurants within timeframes regulated by the FDA for safe consumption. The regulation of factory farms falls under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Detailed Discussion, n.d.).
When it comes to advertising meat products, the news media has an obligation to present the social issues surrounding the treatment of animals “fairly for public debate”.
This means that the media has to present both the benefits and drawbacks of factory farms (Sinilong, 2013). Despite this, factory farms are often portrayed as large grass fields with animals roaming around freely. This image is misleading to the public, for these animals are confined in large buildings where they are kept in crates and stalls all their lives.
Laws
There are no federal laws pertaining to the raising methods of animals in factory farms. However, there are two laws that are in place to regulate slaughtering methods.
The problem with these laws is that they are outdated, under-regulated, and abused.
Although every state in the United States has an animal anti-cruelty law, thirty states specifically exclude farm animals and/or make exceptions for “common,” “normal,” or
“customary” animal husbandry practices; eighteen states also exclude animals slaughtered for food. Prosecuting animal cruelty cases under the remaining states’ statutes is often difficult because many states require a “willful” or “malicious” state of mind, which is difficult to prove. When farm animals are involved, only cases of extreme

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 5 neglect appear to warrant prosecution (Legal protection for chickens, n.d.). Most lawsuits filed against factory farms come from animal rights organizations that uncover their operations.
Humane Methods of Slaughter Act
First introduced in 1958 after humane organizations began lobbying to urge the federal government to enact humane slaughter legislation, the first Humane Slaughter Act was enacted, stating that the policy of the United States provides “that the slaughtering of livestock and the handling of live animals in connection with slaughter shall be carried out only by humane methods” (Moretti, 1984). The act requires that in cases of cattle, calves, horses, mules, sheep, swine, and other livestock, “animals are to be rendered insensible to pain by a single blow of gunshot or an electrical, chemical, or other means that is rapid and effective before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut” (Moretti,
1984). This act does not apply to poultry, which comprise 90% of the total volume of animals slaughtered, because the original law enactors believed that the Poultry Products
Inspection Act (PPIA) would promote the humane slaughter of chickens, as it is focused primarily on poultry (Farmed, n.d.). The PPIA, however, does not contain specific requirements to treat poultry humanely. Punishments from violating this law can range from fines to imprisonment, though they vary by state.
The 28-Hour Law
Regarding the transporting of animals across state lines for slaughter, the 28-Hour
Law requires that the animals be unloaded for five hours for rest, water, and food if being transported for more than 28 consecutive hours (Full Statute, n.d.). This is one of the few times that these animals actually get exposure to fresh air and sunlight in their short

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 6 lifetimes. Even while being transported, they are crammed tightly in crates, much like their situations in the actual factory farms. Once again, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture claims that this law does not apply to birds (Farmed, n.d.). Due to lack of regulations, this law is often ignored.
Individual States
Many states have adapted their own laws that are similar to the Humane Slaughter
Act. For example, California passed the Standards for Confining Animals, also called
Proposition 2 (California, n.d.). This law created a new state statute that prohibits the confinement of farm animals in a manner that does not allow them to “turn around freely, lie down, stand up, and fully extend their limbs” (California, n.d.). This law applies to cows, pigs, and chickens. In 2002, Florida passed the Animal Cruelty Amendment:
Limiting Cruel and Inhumane Confinement of Pigs during Pregnancy. This law requires that pregnant sows be able to turn around freely in their enclosures. This was the first time in American history that a farming practice was banned solely on account of its inherent cruelty (Detailed, n.d.). Several states have also adopted laws that prohibit factory farms from selling nonambulatory animals, or animals that cannot walk or stand without assistance (Detailed, n.d.).
Cows
In factory farms, cows are either raised for meat or dairy. Cows raised for meat are the only animals in factory farms that are raised outdoors in certain farms, due to their nature. When forced to live indoors, they may become sick, depressed, attack one another, or eat their young. Scientists found a “solution” to this problem by giving them

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 7 antibiotics and confining them in 2ft by 7ft crates so that they cannot bite each others’ tails or crush their young by lying down (Solotaroff, 2013).
Raising
Since female cows produce milk, they are valued more than males. When female calves are sent to the milking herd, they replace the older dairy cows. Half of the male calves are sent to veal farms, where they are kept in complete darkness, fed a diet of irondeficient milk substitute, and are often left to starve so that their flesh is palatable pale and tender (Sinilong, 2013). The other half is killed. Through genetic manipulation and intensive production technologies such as rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone), female cows are able to produce up to ten times as much milk as they would naturally.
This high milk yield can lead to significant levels of mastitis, a painful udder disease
(Animal, n.d.). The females are “artificially re-impregnated while they are still lactating from their previous birthing so that their bodies can still produce milk” during their current pregnancy (Cows, n.d.). They are also given Bovine Growth Hormones to make them produce more milk. Beef cows are forced to live in outdoor feeding lots, regardless of extreme weather conditions. Cows raised for milk are often forced to stand on hard surfaces - something their hooves are not designed for. This contributes to lameness, a condition where cows’ feet become inflamed, making it painful to walk (Cows, n.d.).
Slaughtering and Torture
Factory farms face the issue of “Downer” cows. Downer cows are cows that are unable to stand on their own due to injuries or illnesses. As of March 2009, these types of cows have been banned by the federal government from being slaughtered for consumption because are three times likelier to harbor a potentially deadly strain of E.

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 8 coli, and are at higher risk of carrying salmonella bacteria and transmitting bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also known as mad cow disease (Solotaroff, 2013). Before a cow can be classified as one, workers will try anything to get the cow to stay on its feet
(Animal, n.d.). They are often stabbed, beaten, and kicked in order to make them move around on their frail legs, and if all else fails they are hoisted with a forklift onto a flatbed to be sent immediately to the slaughterhouse. In 2007, the Humane Society caught
Westland/Hallmark dumping 37 million pounds of downed-cow beef into the national
“low cost or free” school-lunch program. Not only was the public being served this potentially dangerous meat, but the Department of Agriculture had approved it. The scandal shut the business down and started riots in South Korea, where protesters fought a pending deal to reverse a five-year ban on American beef out of fear of mad cow disease (Solotaroff, 2013).
In 2011, Mercy For Animals, an animal rights organization, secretly shot at E6
Cattle Co. in Texas, uncovering cruel practices such as bashing in the skulls of calves with hammers and pickaxes, dragging them by their ears, standing on their necks, and neglecting them to die without proper veterinary care (Runkle, 2011). The owner and five employees, whom were all fired following the release of the video, were charged with
Class A Misdemeanor charges for Cruelty to Livestock. A Class A Misdemeanor is punishable by fine up to $4,000 or one year in jail. The owner ended up being forced to pay $4,000 in fines and served one-year probation. The five employees faced felony animal abuse charges; however, they are believed to have fled the country (Fisher, 2011).
Pigs

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 9
Approximately 100 million pigs are raised and slaughtered in the U.S. every year
(Factory, n.d.). Although the Humane Slaughter Act requires that pigs be rendered insensible to pain, they are often slaughtered fully conscious due to improper procedures.
Raising
When pigs are born they have their tails clipped without receiving any pain numbing substance to minimize biting, a behavior that occurs when pigs are kept in small, stressful environments. If they live past two to three weeks, they are taken away from their mothers and put into crowded crates. Female pigs are kept in two-foot wide gestation crates when being forced to reproduce. They can produce up to 20 piglets in a year. In these crates, there is only enough room for the females to stand up and lay down.
After they give birth, they are moved to farrowing crates, which provide a small, additional space for the piglets to nurse. This cycle repeats for three or four years before the female is slaughtered (Pigs, n.d.).
Due to the lack of movement, the pigs become obese and develop crippling leg disorders. They also face respiratory difficulties due to the dusty warehouses they are kept in. Pigs are very intelligent, social animals. The boredom and frustration they suffer in their crates have been blamed for abnormal, neurotic behaviors such as biting at the bars or chewing with an empty mouth (Farm, n.d.). They can also die from porcine stress syndrome (Detailed, n.d.).
Slaughtering and Torture
Due to the large number of pigs sent to the slaughterhouse at a time, improper stunnings occur before they are killed. If the electric shock doesn’t kill them, they are moved to a second station where they are boiled alive while fully conscious. Often times,

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 10 if a piglet is too small or has a disfigurement, they are killed by a process called
“thumping”, where their heads are slammed against the floor until they are unconscious and then are thrown off to die. When being transported to slaughterhouses, pigs will often refuse getting into trailers. Workers will then use electric prods to get them to move.
There are no federal laws regulating the voltage or use of electric prods on pigs.
In 2012, nine employees, including two managers, at Wyoming Premium Farms were charged with animal cruelty. The Humane Society of the United States had conducted an undercover investigation and found the employees kicking, punching, and swinging pigs and piglets. The assistant manager was charged with seven counts of animal cruelty, while the other eight’s charges totaled 23 charges total. An animal cruelty conviction in Wyoming carries a maximum penalty of up to two years in prison and/or a
$5,000 fine (Nine, 2012). All lost their positions at the farm and five paid modest fines and were placed on probation for six months. The Humane Society sent a member undercover to the farm who witnessed the abuse. One of the workers charged, who would abuse newborn pigs by flinging them around by their legs, stab sows with pens, and rip the ears off of pigs, pleaded not guilty. He eventually pleaded out to two counts of animal cruelty and received a small fine and a short jail stint (Solotaroff, 2013).
Chickens
The most abused animal in factory farms is the chicken due to lack of laws pertaining to their treatment. Poultry are usually excluded from regulations regarding the raising and slaughtering of farm animals. There are no regulations pertaining to the breeding, rearing, sale, transportation, or slaughter of chickens (Legal Protection for

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 11
Chickens). Chickens are either classified as broilers, chickens raised for meat production, or laying hens.
Raising
Broiler chickens are confined in large sheds called growler houses. Growler houses can contain thousands of birds and are only required by the National Chicken
Council Guidelines to provide 0.6 to 0.7 square feet per bird (Animals, n.d.). Some chickens are kept in small crates, holding up to six chickens in cages approximately the size of a sheet of paper (12-inch by 18-inch), giving them about one-half square foot of space each. Cages are stacked on top of each other. The feces from chickens above them fall on them and cause them to develop litter burn. Their limbs get stuck between the cage wires, causing injuries and sometimes death due to dehydration from not moving.
Due to the fact that they don’t have enough room to move their wings, they become immobilized for life. Laying hens are faced with a similar living situation, losing feathers due to constantly rubbing against wires. Artificial lights are used to prevent the birds from sleeping more than a few hours a day (Animals, n.d.). Chickens also receive growth hormones that cause them to grow at a very quick rate. Often times their hearts and organs cannot keep up with the growth and they end up dying from heart attacks and organ failures.
Slaughtering and Torture
Very similar to cows and pigs, chickens often receive no pain numbing substances before being slaughtered. They are grabbed by their necks and wings and thrown into cages, often causing broken limbs. Because they often peck due to frustration, they are painfully debeaked with a hot cauterizing blade (Bauston, 1998). When egg production

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 12 declines, hens are forced into a process called “forced molting” where they are starved and denied water to shock the hens into losing their feathers so those that survive can start a new laying cycle (Sinilong, 2013). “Electrical stunning is the most universally utilized method for immobilizing poultry prior to slaughter. The problem with this method is that it may only physically immobilize the bird rather than preventing the perception of pain” (Animals, n.d.). Chickens are also hung upside down because they do not have muscular diaphragms, causing their abdominal organs to press on their hearts.
From November 30 to December 9, 2005 an undercover investigator from
Compassion Over Killing worked at Esbenshade Farms, one of the nation’s top egg producers. While he was there he recorded practices such as overcrowding, untreated illnesses and injuries, tangles limbs in the wires of cares, unable access to food or water, injured or dying birds removed from cages and left in aisles without food or water, birds dead in cages from immobilization, and hens living amongst decomposing birds
(Esbenshade, n.d.). The company was charged with 35 counts of criminal animal cruelty.
On June 1, 2007, Esbenshade was acquitted of all charges due to lack of legal protection for chickens (Esbenshade, n.d.).
Ag-Gag Laws
Ag-Gag or “anti-whistleblower” laws are legislation designed specifically to hinder undercover investigations by, among other things, “criminalizing unauthorized video recordings on farm operations” (Exposing, n.d.). Due to public pressure and lobbying, these bills have appeared in 30 states since the 1990’s, with eight of them passing. In just 2013, 11 states had Ag-Gag bills introduced to them; all of them failed however. Ag-Gag laws were put in place due to undercover video recording of their

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 13 practices, much of which were inhumane. They are put in place to cause fear of prosecution (Taking, n.d.). Ag-Gag laws made it illegal to take a farm job undercover, apply for a farm job without disclosing a background as a journalist or animal right activist, and to hold evidence of animal abuse past 24-28 hours before turning it over to the authorities. This can be very difficult considering it can take months to build a case against these companies. In Utah, for example, it is a class-B misdemeanor to film or photograph farm abuses, even on a public road (Solotaroff, 2013).
Constitutional Issues
Activists have made claims that Ag-Gag laws violate the First, Sixth, and
Fourteenth Amendments. The First Amendment provides for freedom of speech. Ag-Gag laws restrict free speech because of it’s content. That is arguably unconstitutional. These laws also conflict with the goals of a federal statute, the False Claims Act, which specifically anticipates and rewards undercover investigations. Since Ag-Gag laws prohibit these activities, they violate the Supremacy Clause. Finally, states cannot pass laws that “target classes of citizens based on animus or hostility”. Ag-Gag laws are hostile to animal protection advocates, which means that they violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (Friedrich, 2014).
Foreign Laws
Factory farming is an issue that extends past the U.S. borders. Other countries have begun enacting their own animal welfare laws to prevent the mistreatment of factory farm animals. Those in Europe have been successful
European Union

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 14
The European Union is an economic and political union made up of multiple countries throughout Europe that, among other things, enacts common regulation. In
2012, the union tackled factory farming by prohibiting the use of battery cages – barren wire cages in which egg-laying hens are confined. In 2013, gestation crates – tiny metal crates that sows are forced to lie in while pregnant – were banned by the entire European
Union. They also prohibited veal crates and required that calves be given enough room to turn around, along with a diet containing sufficient iron and fiber (Farmed Animals and the Law, n.d.; Nierenberg, 2013; U.S. Lags, n.d.).
Following a series of enacted animal welfare laws in the 1980’s and 1990’s, the
Council of the European Union adopted Council Directive 98/58/EC in 1998 that set general rules for protection of farmed animals. This Directive guarantees the “Five
Freedoms” of farmed animals:
“Freedom to express normal behavior – by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animals’ own kind. Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. Freedom from discomfort – by providing a suitable environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area.
Freedom from pain, injury and disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. Freedom from fear and distress – by ensuring conditions that avoid mental suffering” (U.S. lags, n.d.).
Individual Countries
Australia and New Zealand have created national committees with balanced membership of all stakeholders to advise the government on animal welfare policies. In

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 15 the Philippines, locals have begun raising their own chickens rather than working at factory farms. They allow the chickens to roam freely in large, fenced pens where they can peck at plants, eat bugs, and fertilize soil. This method of raising chickens has brought money back to the small towns in the Philippines along with reducing the disease rates of the chickens. Norway’s Animal Welfare Act requires that animals be stunned prior to death and prohibits the scalding, skinning, or plucking of animals before they are actually dead. It also states that animals must be killed out of sight of the other animals.
In other countries, chickens are often included in the animal welfare acts adopted
(Farmed Animals and the Law, n.d.; Nierenberg, 2013; U.S. Lags, n.d.).
Humane Methods
The idea of humanely raised meat products has gained attention and popularity in recent years and has affected how many companies run their businesses. In 1999, after a two year trial involving McDonald’s activists distributing pamphlets to consumers that were critical of the corporation, McDonald’s won their trial but were criticized that they were “... culpably responsible for cruel practices in the rearing and slaughter of some of the animals which are used to produce their food” (Kurach, 2011). This case caused serious damage to McDonald’s image so in response they composed an animal welfare reform that stated that all beef, pork, chicken, and egg suppliers must be audited and adhere to set standards of animal welfare. The standards of housing, handling, and humane slaughtering were all evaluated and suppliers who did not meet the standards were given 30 days to change to the companies standards or they would no longer be able to sell their product to McDonald’s fast food restaurants (Kurach, 2011). Following these

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 16 reforms, some of McDonald’s biggest competitors began to follow in their footsteps on their welfare reforms.
Cases
While most cases involving the practices of factory farms are kept secret or tried quickly, some cases are taken to court and argued.
Humane Slaughter Act
On November 7, 2001, Farm Sanctuary, Inc. and Michael Baur filed an action seeking that the Secretary of Agriculture Ann Veneman and the United States
Department of Agriculture classify all downed livestock to prohibit the USDA from allowing non-ambulatory animals to be used for human consumption. “Downed livestock, specifically cows, can contract Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, otherwise known as mad cow disease” (Farm, n.d.). Humans who eat meat containing this illness can be at risk for contracting Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a fatal degenerative brain disease. Farm Sanctuary, Inc. v. Venemen went to court and the verdict was given on July
30, 2002. The case was dismissed because “in order for a plaintiff to have a standing to sue the government they must show that they have suffered an injury caused by the government’s actions and that the remedy sought can redress the injury” (Farm, n.d.).
While Farm Sanctuary based its standing to sue on the fact that its members suffer mental injury when they travel to slaughterhouses to observe the treatment of cattle, which the government did not dispute, Baur sued because he feared his safety as a meat eater.
Based on Baur’s standing, anyone could technically sue in a similar manner. The case was dismissed for these reasons (Farm, n.d.).
Cruelty to Cows

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 17
In People v. Olary , the defendant was charged with animal cruelty for being
“inattentive to existing condition of the animals that required attention” (People, n.d.). It was recorded that an injured cow “required attention” for wounds and emancipation, however, there was no proof of willful deprivation of proper food and drink. When appealing, the defendant argued that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction of cruelty to animals. He claimed that the Court of Appeals upheld the conviction because of his “inattention to the condition of the cows and failure to provide medical treatment, which he claimed was not punishable under the anti-cruelty statute.
The Supreme Court held that the evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction of cruelty to animals because as a farmer, the defendant could have realized that his conduct was cruel” (People, n.d.). The defendant was sentenced to two years’ probation and given a fine and of $79.75. This punishment changed to a 75 day sentence in the county jail and a fine of $75 (People, n.d.).
Conclusion
When did animals stop being considered as living things and start being treated as
“units of production?” The unethical practices in factory farms need to be acknowledged in order for change in the legal system to occur. With an updated Humane Slaughter Act and additional changes regarding living condition standards, factory farms can begin to practice humanely. With stricter regulations by Department of Agriculture and more severe punishments for violations of animal welfare laws, the inhumane practices in factory farms should decrease.

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS
References
18
Ag-gag bills at the state level. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aspca.org/fightcruelty/advocacy-center/ag-gag-whistleblower-suppression-legislation/ag-gagbills-state-level
Ag-gag laws and factory farm investigations mapped: 2014. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.animalvisuals.org/projects/data/investigations
Animal welfare. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sustainabletable.org/274/animalwelfare
Anti-whistleblower bills hide factory-farming abuses from the public. (2014, March 25).
Retrieved from http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/campaigns/factory_farming/factsheets/ag_gag.html#id=album-185&num=content-3312
Bauston, G. (1998). For a mouthful of flesh. The Animals' Agenda, 18 (1), 22-29.
Retrieved December 3, 2014, from ProQuest Research Library.
Beyond factory farming. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://beyondfactoryfarming.org/getinformed/animal-welfare/animal-welfare-legislation-canada
California proposition 2, standards for confining farm animals (2008). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Far m_Animals_(2008)
Cows on factory farms. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.aspca.org/fight-cruelty/farmanimal-cruelty/cows-factory-farms

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS
Detailed discussion of concentrated animal feeding operations: Concerns and current legislation affecting animal welfare. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-concentrated-animalfeeding-operations
Esbenshade egg factory farm cruelty investigation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://cok.net/inv/esbenshade-farms/
Exposing ag-gag. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.farmforward.com/features/ag-gag
Factory farm map. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.factoryfarmmap.org/
Factory farmed meat a danger to human health - New Harvest. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.new-harvest.org/factory-farming-facts-p3/
Factory farming and animal rights. (2008, April). Retrieved from http://www.animalethics.org.uk/factory-farming.html
Factory farming. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mspca.org/programs/animalprotection-legislation/animal-welfare/farm-animal-welfare/factoryfarming/cows/dairy-cows.html
Factory farming. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mspca.org/programs/animalprotection-legislation/animal-welfare/farm-animal-welfare/factoryfarming/pigs/pigs-on-a-factory-farm.html
Farm Sanctuary, Inc. v. Veneman. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/case/farm-sanctuary-inc-v-veneman
Farm sanctuary. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.farmsanctuary.org/learn/factoryfarming/pigs-used-for-pork/
19

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 20
Farmed animals and the law - Animal Legal Defense Fund. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://aldf.org/resources/advocating-for-animals/farmed-animals-and-the-law/
Fisher, J. (2011, July 27). Owner of E6 Cattle Company sentenced in abuse investigation
[audio]. Retrieved from http://kfyo.com/owner-of-e6-cattle-companysentenced-wednesday-audio/
Friedrich, B. (2014, July 21). Ag-gag laws are un-American and unconstitutional.
Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bruce-friedrich/ag-gaglaws_b_4936998.html
Genoways, T. (2013, July/August). Gagged by big ag. Retrieved from http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/06/ag-gag-laws-mowmarfarms
Jasper, M. C. (2002). Chapter 4: Livestock and the meatpacking industry. In Animal rights law (2nd ed., Legal Almanac). Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications.
Kurach, L., & Lynch, J. (2011, August 25). There's a heifer in your tank: Humane hamburgers. Retrieved from http://heiferinyourtank.typepad.com/theres_a_heifer_in_your_t/2011/08/human e-hamburgers.html
Laws affecting cattle. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/intro/lawsaffecting-cattle
Legal protections for chickens. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/intro/legal-protections-chickens
Legal protections for farm animals. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.aspca.org/fightcruelty/farm-animal-cruelty/legal-protections-farm-animals

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 21
Miller, M. (2014, December 05). Joaquin Phoenix rallies celebs to protest Walmart's pig
'cruelty' Retrieved from http://www.people.com/article/joaquin-phoenixprotests-walmart-pig-treatment
Moretti, D. S. (1984). Chapter 5: Humane slaughter laws. In Animal rights and the law .
London: Oceana Publications.
National Meat Association v. Harris. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.oyez.org/cases/2010-2019/2011/2011_10_224
Nierenberg, D. (2003, May/June). Factory farming in the developing world. Retrieved from http://www.worldwatch.org/node/534
Nine charged with animal cruelty at Wyoming pig farm following The Humane Society of the United States' undercover investigation : The Humane Society of the
United States. (2012, December 24). Retrieved from http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2012/12/Wyoming_Premi um_charges_122412.html
Oppel, R. A. (2013, April 06). Taping of farm cruelty is becoming the crime. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/taping-of-farm-cruelty-isbecoming-the-crime.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2&
Park, M. (2002). Campaign humane: Expanding the circle of compassion. 22 (2), 42-43.
Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Pearlman, S. S., & Serfass, M. M. (2012). Animals confined for human benefit: A legal research guide. Legal Research Guides, 59 , 22-31.
People v. Olary. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/case/people-v-olary

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 22
People v. Olary (on appeal). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/case/people-v-olary-appeal
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, plaintiff and appellant, v. Tyson Foods,
Inc., defendant and respondent. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/case/physicians-committee-responsible-medicinev-tyson-foods-inc
Pigs: Intelligent animals suffering in farms and slaughterhouses. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/animals-used-foodfactsheets/pigs-intelligent-animals-suffering-factory-farms-slaughterhouses/
Pigs on factory farms. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.aspca.org/fight-cruelty/farmanimal-cruelty/pigs-factory-farms
Runkle, N. (2011, May 26). Felony animal cruelty warrants issued following MFA's undercover investigation at Texas calf factory farm. Retrieved from http://www.mfablog.org/2011/05/felony-animal-cruelty-warrants-issuedfollowing-mfas-undercover-investigation-at-texas-calf-factory.html
Sinilong, I. (2013). Behind the veil of factory farming: What the media doesn't tell us. In
D. A. Miller (Ed.), Factory Farming (Current Controversies). Detroit:
Greenhaven Press.
Solotaroff, P. (2013, December 10). Animal cruelty is the price we pay for cheap meat |
Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/feature/bellybeast-meat-factory-farms-animal-activists
T. (n.d.). Legal protections for farm animals at slaughter. LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR
FARM ANIMALS AT SLAUGHTER . Retrieved from

THE UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN FACTORY FARMS 23 https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/uploads/legacy-uploads/documents/FA-
LegalProtectionsAtSlaughter-082310-1282586825-document-23638.pdf
Taking ag gag to court - Animal Legal Defense Fund. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://aldf.org/cases-campaigns/features/taking-ag-gag-to-court/
United States code annotated. title 49. transportation. subtitle x. miscellaneous. chapter
805. miscellaneous. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-food-animal-twenty-eight-hour-law-
1877
U.S. lags far behind Europe in protections for farmed animals - animal legal defense fund. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://aldf.org/blog/u-s-lags-far-behind-europe-inprotections-for-farmed-animals/
Vining, J. (n.d.). Animal cruelty laws and factory farming. Retrieved from http://www.michiganlawreview.org/articles/animal-cruelty-laws-and-factoryfarming
W. (n.d.). Factory farm nation: How America turned its livestock farms into factories.
Food & Water Watch . Retrieved from http://www.factoryfarmmap.org/wpcontent/uploads/2010/11/FactoryFarmNation-web.pdf
Wanninger, H. (n.d.). Implications of pig factory farming. Implications of Pig Factory
Farming .
What about Wilbur? Proposing a federal statute to provide minimum humane living conditions for farm animals raised for food production. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.animallaw.info/article/what-about-wilbur-proposing-federalstatute-provide-minimum-humane-living-conditions-farm