Day 1 Topic: Karyotypes
What is a karyotype?
- A ____________ of an individual’s ____________________, arranged by _____________________ pairs
o
Used to detect chromosomal _______________________
o Normal: Should have _____ autosomes and _____ sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
o Abnormal: _______ number of autosomes or sex chromosomes (more or less); wrong sizes
How to read a karyotype?
1. Determine __________ (XX or XY)
2. ____________ the number of chromosomes to see if the numbers
are wrong
- The most common karyotype you’ll see is ___ copies of the 21st
chromosome= __________________________
3. Determine if there are any significant ________ differences between
homologous pairs (a little variation is _____________)
EXAMPLE:
1. What sex is this individual? ___________
2. Are there any chromosomes that have too many or too few copies?
_________If so, which one(s): _____________
3. Are there any homologous pairs that are significantly different in
size? _________If so, which one(s): _____________
PRACTICE TOGETHER
1. What is the sex of this individual? ______________
2. Is this a normal karyotype? ______ Why? _______
______________________________________________
1. What is the sex of this individual? ______________
2. Is this a normal karyotype? ______ Why? _______
______________________________________________
Day 2Topic -- Mitosis and Meiosis
Quick Vocab Review!
-
Chromosome: A ___________ molecule that contains many ______________
Homologous chromosomes: Organisms have ______ of the same chromosome in every cell
(one from each ________________)
In humans…
Pairs of Chromosomes
Total Chromosomes
-
Diploid: ______________ number of chromosomes (in humans: ____)
Haploid: ________ the number of chromosomes (in humans: ____)
Gamete: A _________ sex cell (_____/sperm) that come together to make a __________ zygote and then ________!
MITOSIS
Type of Reproduction
Used for?
Starts with?
Makes?
# of times cell divides?
Creates variation
MEIOSIS
Asexual
1 diploid cell (____)
2 _____________ diploid (2n) cells
NO
(genetic differences)?
Cycle of LIFE:
Zygote
Gametes
Embryo
Adult
Reproduction
1 diploid cell (2n)
4 haploid (n) ___________
Twice
Day 3 Topic -- Sources of Variation
1. Crossing over: when homologous chromosomes ______________ genetic information to create genetic
____________________.
- Happens ONLY in _________________!
- THIS MEANS THAT ____________________________________________________________________!
2. Random assortment of chromosomes: it is completely random which ____________________________________________________________________________ !
3.
-
Mutations: ________________________________________________
Can be good, bad, or ______________.
In a ___________ cell= only affects that ____________.
In a ___________ cell= could be passed on to their _______________!
4. Nondisjunction: _____________________________________________
______________________________________.
- Results in the wrong ________________of chromosomes in each cell
- Famous example: _______________________ is caused by nondisjunction of
the _____st chromosome
5. Fertilization: when an egg and sperm come together, they create a
_____________________________________________________, that can then
go on to make its own unique __________________.
Day 1 Activity: Analyzing Karyotypes
I. Look at the scenarios below, and determine what the outcome will be. Use the descriptions (1-4) below for help.
Answer Choices : Normal male, Normal female, Down Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome
II. For each of the karyotypes below, determine 1) the sex of the individual 2) if there are any disorders
1. Klinefelter’s syndrome: Individuals that have XXY sex chromosomes. Individual appears male, but has smaller
testes, are infertile, and may have some female sex characteristics
2. Turner’s Syndrome: These girls are often described as “XO” instead of “XX” because they are missing the 2nd X
chromosome.
3. Down Syndrome: These individuals have three copies of chromosome #21. Also called trisomy 21.
4. Hermaphroditism: A true hermaphrodite has XXXY chromosomes- two from the mother, two from the father.
Male or Female? _________________________
Name of Syndrome: _______________________
Total Number of Chromosomes: _____________
Male or Female? _________________________
Name of Syndrome: _______________________
Total Number of Chromosomes: _____________
Male or Female? _________________________
Name of Syndrome: _______________________
Total Number of Chromosomes: _____________
Male or Female? _________________________
Name of Syndrome: _______________________
Total Number of Chromosomes: _____________
Day 2 Activity
Part 1: Reproduction (sex or not??) reading questions
Instructions: Use Page 17 in your textbook to answer the following questions.
1.
What process do organisms use to make more of themselves (new organisms)?
2.
What are the two types of reproduction?
3.
Use your book to write the definition of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION in your notes (page 17).
4.
How many parents are required during sexual reproduction?
5.
Use your book to write the definition of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION in your notes (page 17).
6.
How many parents are required during asexual reproduction?
Pre-reading Questions: Brainstorm!!
1.
What do you know about gonorrhea or syphilis?
2.
How does DNA replication occur (you learned this in Unit 4!)?
Reading:
Ever wonder why a bacterial infection can be so dangerous for your body? Like when you get Strep throat or if someone
contracts gonorrhea or syphilis from unprotected sex. Once invaders enter your body they try their best to take over and make
themselves at home, like a rude house guest. Worse yet, bacteria make more of themselves by a process called asexual
reproduction.
Basically, they are very poor house guests trying to crash your party. More specifically, they grow larger, replicate their
DNA and divide into two new identical daughter cells once inside your body. Then all of these new, identical daughter cells grow,
replicate their DNA, and divide into more identical daughter cells.
It is a vicious cycle that allows one single bacteria cell to become several million identical cells over only a few hours. That
one dangerous bacterial cell that entered your body on its own made identical copies of itself called daughter cells. These identically
dangerous bacterial cells attack your body by taking over together.
Post-reading Questions: What did you learn?
1.
What is the process called where a cell splits into two identical daughter cells?
2.
Why does the article describe the bacteria as poor house guests (use asexual reproduction in your answer)?
3.
Describe the two cells produced during asexual reproduction in one sentence.
4.
How many parents participate in asexual reproduction?
Who are we even talking about?!
What organisms even participate in this asexual reproduction that only requires ONE parent? Do humans or other complex or
simple animals make babies this way? No! We all know that it “takes two to tango” for animals like humans and lions and dogs and
birds. So which types of organisms can make babies that are identical to themselves without the help of a mate? There are a few
types of organisms that usually do ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION, make identical copies of themselves: bacteria and fungi. But wait!
Plants can too! So each of these three types of organisms: bacteria, fungi and plants can make identical copies (clones) of
themselves.
1. What three types of organisms can undergo asexual reproduction?
2.
So how many parent cells are involved in asexual reproduction that does NOT require a mate?
3.
Describe the organism (baby) produced during asexual reproduction compares to the parent in one sentence.
Part 2: Reproduction stations
Directions: Visit the reproduction stations and view the pictures and read the text. Write your answers to the questions
posed at each station in the space below.
STATION 1
STATION 2
STATION 3
STATION 4
STATION 5
STATION 6
Part 3: ASEXUAL reproduction micro-viewers
Using the clues below, predict if each example under the micro-viewer is an example of budding, binary fission,
sporulation, vegetative propagation, or regeneration. See examples of each type below!
Budding
Sporulation
Regeneration
Vegetative Propagation
Binary Fission
Slide #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Type of
Asexual
Reproduction
Question: What do all of these reproduction methods have in common that make them asexual?
8
Part 4: Put the steps of mitosis in the correct order WITHOUT GLUING THEM DOWN. Once you are sure the
order is correct, glue them. Finally, explain in your own words what is happening at each stage.
Part 5: Use the following chart to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis:
MITOSIS
Chromosome number stays the same
Chromosome number divides in half
DNA must first replicate
Takes place in somatic (body) cells
Takes place in sex cells
Divides once
Divides twice
Makes 2 cells
Makes 4 cells
Used for sexual reproduction
Used for asexual reproduction
Cells made are different from their parent cells
Cells made are identical to their parent cells
Used for growth
Used only for reproduction
If you start with 40 chromosomes, you end with 20 chromosomes
If you start with 40 chromosomes, you end with 40 chromosomes
Makes gametes
Makes daughter cells
Makes haploid cells
Makes diploid cells
MEIOSIS
Part 6: Fill in the blanks.
Mitosis happens in __________ (sex/body cells). In mitosis, one cell divides to form _____ cells. In mitosis, each new
cell has ____________________ (the same/a different) number and type of chromosomes as the original cell. Meiosis
happens in ___________________ (sex/body cells). In meiosis, one cell divides to form ______ cells. In meiosis, each
new cell has _________________ (twice/half/the same) the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
Part 7: A human has 46 chromosomes in its skin cells.
 If one skin cell makes a copy of itself
What type of reproduction is this? _________________
How many daughter cells are created? ________________
How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell? _____
 If the human needs to create sex cells
What type of reproduction would occur? ______________
How many daughter cells are created? ________________
How many chromosomes are in each gamete? ________
Part 8: Answer the following questions in complete sentences!
1. Healthy cells know when to stop dividing. What happens when cells do not stop dividing and what might have
caused this to happen in the DNA of the cell?
2. A colony of bacteria reproduces for 16 generations. All of the offspring are genetically identical. This bacteria
reproduced by which method? EXPLAIN how you know!
Part 9: EOC STYLE QUESTIONS
3. During normal meiotic (meiosis) division of a diploid
cell, the change in chromosome number that occurs is
represented as:
A. 4n  n
C. 2n  4n
B. 2n  n
D. n  ½ n
4. What process is represented in the diagram below?
A. Asexual reproduction
B. Sexual reproduction
C. Meiosis
D. DNA Replication
5. Which is a true statement about normal diploid cells?
A. They contain only one chromosome of each
homologous pair
B. They contain only half the number of chromosomes
as a gamete
C. They contain homologous pairs of chromosomes
D. They contain chromosomes that are all of equal
length
6. Which process is represented by the series of
diagrams below?
A. Gametogenesis
B. Fertilization
C. Meiotic cell division
D. Mitotic cell division
7. A cell with a diploid chromosome number of 12
divided two times, producing 4 cells with 6
chromosomes in each. The process that produced
these four cells was most likely:
A. Internal fertilization
B. Asexual reproduction
C. Mitotic cell division
D. Meiotic cell division
8.
Which process is
represented by the diagram to
the left?
A.
Fertilization
B.
Meiosis
C.
Binary fission
D.
Vegetative
propagation
9. Warts result when certain viruses cause skin cells to
reproduce at a high rate. This rapid reproduction of
skin cells is due to:
A. Cellular digestion
B. Mitotic cell division
C. Synthesis processes
D. Meiotic cell division
Day 3 Activity: A Closer Look at Mitosis!!!
Use the micro-viewer and the insert to help you complete these notes.
1) Early Prophase: “pre-division stage”
a. What is the plant cell doing right now?
b. What are the chromosomes doing?
2) Prophase – “the division begins”
a. Draw the nucleus shown in the center cell in the box 
b. Where have all the condensed chromosomes moved to?
3) Metaphase: “Let’s meet in the middle”
a. Draw the nucleus and chromosomes in the box 
b. The chromosomes have all moved to the ____________________ of the cell.
4) Early Anaphase:
a. Observe the chromosomes starting to separate. As they move apart they begin to form to Vs facing
each other.
5) Anaphase and Late Anaphase: Apart
a. Draw the chromosomes at anaphase in cell F in frame 6 in the box 
b. All chromosomes have completely _____________________________________ and are moving to
___________________________ sides/poles of the cell.
6) Telophase: Two Cells!
a. Draw the chromosomes in cell G in their 2 newly forming nuclei 
b. Can you see individual chromosomes anymore? ________
c. Can you see a faint line beginning to form between the cells? _____ On either side of this line the plant
cells will begin to form new cell _______________ made of cellulose.
d. Observe frame 8. What do you see at G?
e. How do the cells at letter A compare to those cells?
REPRODUCTION (UNIT 5) STUDY GUIDE
Basic Vocabulary: In 5 words or less, define the essential vocabulary below
DO NOT JUST COPY YOUR NOTES, CREATE A NEW DEFINITION!
VOCAB
Mitosis
5 WORDS OR LESS DEFINITION
Meiosis
Fertilization
Diploid
Haploid
Zygote
Somatic
Gamete
Asexual
Sexual
Draw & label the phases of MITOSIS in the correct order.
Below are two sources of variation that leads to different gametes during Meiosis.
1) Identify what type of variation it is and then describe what is happening.
Type: ________________________________
Type: _____________________ _________________
What is happening:
What is happening?
_______________________________________
________________________________________________
COMPARE & CONTRAST CHART
CHARACTERISTICS
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION (a/sexual)
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Chromosome Number of human parent cell
(# and hap/diploid)
Number of cell division cycles
Number of DAUGHTER CELLS formed
CHROMOSOME # of each daughter cell
Genetically identical or variation
Purpose?
Plant Parent Cell:
(hint: a pair of hearts represents a pair of chromosomes)
DRAW a possible daughter cell after
MITOSIS
DRAW a possible daughter cell after
MEIOSIS
EXPLAIN THE FINAL PRODUCTS OF MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS (in other words, how are the daughter cells of each process different?):
Complete the sentences:
1. Meiosis is considered (asexual/sexual) _______________ because the daughter cells are
(genetically identical/genetically different) _____________________________________.
2. The chromosomal number of all somatic cells is (Diploid/haploid) ___________________, which in humans is (23 or 46) _________
3. The chromosomal number of all gametes is (diploid/haploid) ______________________, which in humans is (23 or 46) ________
4. During Meiosis, a single (somatic or gamete) _______________ cell undergoes cell division to form 4 daughter (somatic or gamete)
_________________ cells that are each (haploid or diploid) __________________.
5. During fertilization, a (haploid or diploid) sperm & egg fuse together to restore the (haploid or diploid) ______________ chromosomal
number.
6. The zygote will then undergo (meiosis or mitosis) ____________________________ to grow and develop.
Answer the following practice test questions.
A zebra has 48 chromosomes in it somatic cells. What most likely will be the chromosomal number in each daughter somatic cell?
a) 48
b) 96
c) 12
d) 24
12. What most likely will be true about the daughter cells formed during meiosis in the zebras ovaries or testicles?
a) All daughter cells will be identical
c) Meiosis will restore the diploid number
b) All daughter cells will have genetic variation
d) More sperm will be formed once the sperm undergo meiosis
10. The daughter cells formed during meiosis will always be haploid. How is it possible that all our somatic cells are diploid(have TWO
copies of each chromosome) if the cells that formed us are haploid (only one copy)? (Hint: it takes a male and a female to make a child)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________