Revised 2/9/2016
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2, Final Exam Review

Causes longer than normal heart contractions: calcium

Inflammation: Blood vessels dilate, bringing more blood to the area, which in turn brings phagocytic white blood
cells to the area to attack the pathogen, proteins to replace injured tissues, and clotting factors to stop any bleeding

Spleen: removes RBC’s from circulation

Secondary immune response: rapid, memory cells, re-exposed to the anigen: does not take several weeks!

Valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle: mitral = bicuspid valve

Activated T cells increase phagocytosis and antibody formation: Helper

Function of the four valves of the heart includes: ensure 1 way blood flow

Occurs in response to an injury: Inflammation

Mucous membranes and skin are examples of which type of nonspecific body defense: mechanical barriers

Mainly target cancer cells’ NK cells (natural killers, kill cancer)

When a part of a thrombus breaks off, it is referred to as: ombolus

Thymus: located in the thoraz above the heart, decreases in size as we age, produces T-lymphocyte, does NOT
remove RBC’s

Used to rescue a person experiencing anaphylaxis: Epinephrine

Decreases the heart rate: parasympathetic nerves

Secrete chemicals that produce holes in the membranes of harmful cells but do not have to recognize a specific
antigen to start destroying pathogens: natural killer cells

Higher cardiac output: Increased blood pressure

Pericardium: Covers the heart and the large blood vessels attached to it

Causes of chest pain are heart-related: angina

Ccontrolling blood loss when a blood vessel is injured; vessel spasms, platelet plug, blood coagulates….does not
dilate- you would lose More blood
Revised 2/9/2016

The strongest blood vessels: arteries

If chest pain follows a meal and increases when the patient bends over, it is generally due to heartburn

Major vein in the legs: saphenous

Myocardial infarctions result from: obstruction of blood to the heart muscle

Type of immunity results from having an infectious disease: Naturally acquired active

Increase T cell production and directly kill cells that have antigens: Cytokines

Type of immunoglobulin or antibody recognizes bacteria, viruses, and toxins: IgG

Bacteria and viruses are destroyed by white blood cells called: neutrophils

Allows for the examination of tissues: biopsy

Spleen: removes RBC’s, largest lymphatic organ, filled with blood and macrophages, DOES NOT DECREASE
IN SIZE AS WE AGE

Also known as the mitral valve: Bicuspid

Outermost layer of the heart and contains fat to cushion the heart. Epicardium

Capillaries: Walls one cell thick.

Staging: Identifies how far cancer cells have spread.

B Cells: Become plasma in response to an antigen and make antibodies against the specific antigen

Pulmonary Edema: Most often results when heart function declines and fluid fills spaces of the lungs

Pluera: Allow the lungs to move freely in the thorax due to the secretion of a serous fluid

Esophagus: Uses peristalsis to push food to the stomach

Bronchitis: Smokers are much more likely to develop, and repeated episodes increase a person's chance of
eventually developing lung cancer.

Muscular layer: Layer of the wall of the alimentary canal contracts to move materials through the canal

Pulmonary Embolism: Caused by a blocked artery in the lungs and is frequently the result of immobility
Revised 2/9/2016

Food Handling Procedures: A patient reports several episodes of diarrhea. What would you review with her to try
to prevent diarrhea in the future

Amylase: The pancreatic enzyme that digests carbohydrates is

Nasal Conchae: Extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Intestinal Lipase: Enzymes digest(s) fats in the small intestine

Total Lung Capacity: Total amount of air that the lungs can hold.

Gastritis: Stomach lining inflamed

Small intestine: Main site of nutrient absorption.

Trypsin: Pancreatic enzyme that digests protein

Folic Acid: Vitamin is needed for production of DNA and red blood cells

Pneumoconiosis: anthracosis, asbestosis, silicosis…not bronchitis

Influenza: Caused by a virus and lasts 7–10 days

Sucrase, ;Maltase, Lactase: nzymes digest(s) sugars in the small intestine

Expiratory reserve volume: Amount of air forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation

Residual Volume: Amount of air in the lungs after a forceful exhalation

Rectum: Regulates fecal elimination

Nasal Septum: Nasal cavity is divided by

Lipase: Pancreatic enzyme that digests fats.

Stomach ulcer: Breakdown of the lining of the stomach

Cilia: Line the nasal cavity and help remove pathogens

Serosa: Also known as the visceral peritoneum, the ____ of the alimentary canal wall secretes serous fluid to keep
other organs from sticking to the structures of the alimentary canal.

Emphysema: Chronic condition that damages the alveoli of the lungs due to stretching of the spaces between the
alveoli and paralyzes the cilia
Revised 2/9/2016

Mucosa: Innermost layer of the alimentary canal wall and absorbs nutrients.

Pneumothorax: A collection of air in the chest around the lungs, which may cause atelectasis

Hiatal hernia: Causes the stomach to rise up through the diaphragm

Cilia: hair-like structures that sweep mucous up and out of the lungs

B6: Vitamins is needed for protein synthesis

Respiratory rate: Pons, carbon dioxide, pH of blood…not medulla oblongata

Outermost layer of the kidneys: cortex

Portion of the renal cortex that extends between the pyramids: renal column

Located between the proximal and distal tubules: loop of Henle

Substances found in urine; urea, water, aminoacids…RBCs not normal

Hilum: Contains the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter

Tubular reabsorbtion:

Retroperitoneal: Kidneys are ____ to the peritoneal cavity

Impotence: Inability to maintain an erection long enough to complete sexual intercourse

Cleavage: Rapid cell division of the zygote

Urethra: Takes urine away from the bladder

Dysmeorrhea: Cramps that are severe enough to limit normal activities

Oral contraceptives: Which method of contraception contains low doses of estrogen or progesterone

Fetal period: Includes week 9 until delivery

Glomerulus: The group of capillaries that forms the renal corpuscle

Distal Convoluted Tubules: Join with other, similar structures from other nephrons to form collecting ducts.

Vas Deferens: Carry sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra
In which process of urine formation are nutrients, ions, and water returned to the body
Revised 2/9/2016

Proximal Convolutede Tubule: Section of the tubule connected to the glomerulus

Trich: Parasitic protozoan causes

Tubular secretions: Process of urine formation do drugs and hydrogen ions enter the filtrate

Renal Sinus: Medial depression of a kidney

Renal pelvis: Expansion of the ureter inside the kidneys

Endometreosis: Tissues of the uterine lining grow outside the uterus

Tubular reabsorbtion: ADH controls the amount of water the body keeps

Ductus arteriosis: Located between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta during fetal development

Ureters: Uses a peristaltic action to take urine to the bladder

renal tubule: Carries the filtrate away from the glomerulus

Clitoris: Contains the female erectile tissue and is rich in sensory nerves

Peritubular Capillaries: Tiny vessels that surround the tubules

Glomerularnephritis: Possibly caused by an immune disorder

Testes: Primary organs of the male reproductive system because they produce sperm and testosterone.

Blastocytes: Implants in the wall of the uterus

Semen: A mixture of sperm cells and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
forms

Spermagonia: At the beginning of spermatogenesis, contain 46 chromosomes.
Revised 2/9/2016