Cell Division
Cell Division
 Mother  Daughter Cells
 Purpose
o Growth & Replacement
o Reproduction
 Cell Size Limitations
o Surface Area to Volume Ratio
 DNA & Replication
o DNA Replication & Mutations
o DNA Structure
 Chromatin vs. Chromosome (Form & Function)
 Prokaryote (Circular) vs. Eukaryotic DNA (Karyotype / Homologs)
 Human Chromosome
 Short Art
 Long Arm
 Chromatids
 Centromere
 Telomers
Binary Fission
o Simple Division
o Bacteria vs. Other Unicellular Organisms
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell Division
 Binary Fission vs. Mitosis/Meiosis
 Speed & Complexity
 Cell Cycle Control
Cell Cycle
o Interphase (G1; S; G2)
o Mitosis + Cytokinesis
o G0 Cells
Mitosis (Karyokinesis / Exact Copy)
 Important Terms:
o Spindle
o Chromatin & Chromosomes
o Kinetochore
o Metaphase Plate
o Fibers
o Cell Plate / Cleavage Furrow
o Nuclear Envelope & Nucleolus
o Chromatids
 Stages:
o Prophase (Early / Late)
o Metaphase
o Anaphase
o Telophase
 Cytokinesis
 Cancer & Uncontrolled Mitosis
 Plant vs. Animal Cell Mitosis
o Dedicated Organelles (Both: Centrosomes ; Animals Only: Centrioles)
o Spindle Fibers (Similar: Microtubules)
o Cytokinesis (Cleavage Furrow vs. Cell Plate)
o
o
Asters
Centromeres
Meiosis (Gamete formation)
 Types of Cells (Chromosome Count & Function)
o Somatic vs. Germ Cells vs. Gamete Cells
o Diploid (Homolog chromosomes) vs. Haploid Cells
o Polyploid & Aneuploid Cells
o Cell Types & Division Types
 Stages of Meiosis I & II
 Separation of Chromatids & Haploid Cell Formation
 Reduction Division
 Anaphase I vs. II
 Meiosis & Variation
 The Point of Chromosomes
 Packaging
 Shorter Molecules
 Gene Relationship Integrity
 Sources of Genetic Variation
 Crossing Over
 Independent Assortment & Separation of Homologs
 Random Fertilization
 Non-Disjunction
o Aneuploidy
 Trisomy or Monosomy as a Result of Non-Disjunction
 Embryo death or disorders (Down Syndrome; Edwards Syndrome, XXX, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Tuner’s Syndrome)
 Age as a Factor
o Polyploidy
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
 Purpose
 DNA Replication
 Location
 Number of Divisions
 Number of Daughter Cells
 Type of Reproduction
 Number of Chromosomes in Daughter Cells
 Size Changes
 Copy vs. Recombination/Reduction
 Energy Investment
 Mother / Daughter Cell Comparison
 Unique Processes (Differences in Prophase & Anaphases)
Cell Cycle Control
 Checkpoints
 Cyclins
 CDK
 MPF
 Cancer and Lack of Cell Cycle Control
Reproduction
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
o Comparison
 Number of Progenitors / Offspring
 Copy vs. Recombination (e.g.: Bacterial vs. Eukaryotic Variation)
 Complexity & Energy Investment
 Sources of Variation
 Evolutionary Advantages (See Evolution Lecture)
o Asexual Examples (Binary Fission, Budding, Spore Formation. Schizogony, Regeneration, Fragmentation, Vegetative,
Parthenogenesis, Apomixis & Nucellar Embryony; Polyembryony)
o Non-Reproduction DNA Changes
 Mutations
 Plasmid Transformations
 Phage / Viral Transformations
 Viral Cycles
o Sexual Reproduction
 Plasmid Conjugation
 Protozoan Conjugation
 Autogamy
 Syngamy
 Meiosis, Fertilization, & Sexual Reproduction
o General Descriptions of Sexual Reproduction Cycles & Alternation of Generations
 Animalia
 Plantae
 Fungi
o Evolution of Sex (See Evolution Lecture for more detail)
o Speed
o Energy
o Accuracy
o Evolution Speed
o Haploid vs. Diploid Advantages vs. Meiosis & DNA replication cycles
o Sex & Genetic Variation
o Mechanisms that facilitated early sexual reproduction (Meiosis, DNA replication, cytoskeleton vs. cell wall, & glycoproteins)
Mosaic Evolution
o Variation Advantages of Recombination, Fusion, & Horizontal Gene Transfers
o Variation & Rapid Environmental Changes
o Sexual Variation & Dependence on population size
o Sex & Homozygous Advantage
o Variation & Combination Effects (Deleterious and Advantageous)
o DNA Repair & Complementation (Hybrid Vigor  Syngamy Favored)
o Parasite / Invasive DNA Protection
o Deleterious Mutation Masking
o DNA Complementation and Gene Flow + In vs. Outbreeding & Fitness of Male/Female Paradigm
o Variation, Niche, & Reduced Competition Within & Between Generations
o Hitchhiker Genes & Variation: Gene linkage vs Recombination Favoring of Breakage to prevent pairing (Hitchhiking effect)
o Intrasexual & intrasexual selection  dimorphism & evolutionary pressure
o Sex: Pressure + Variation = Evolution Explosion
Human Sexual Reproduction
 Gametogenesis (Speed / Location / Name / Process)
o Spermatogenesis
o Oogenesis
 Polar Bodies
 Female vs. Male Compassion (See Anatomy Project for Key Term List)
 Puberty
 Menstrual Cycle


o Hormones
o Cycle / Calendar
o Uterine Changes
o Follicular Phase
o Ovulation
o Menses
Fertilization
o Role
o Importance of Haploid Cells
o Why unlikely for same sex gametes
Human Embryonic Development
o Zygote
o Embryo
o Morula
o Blastula
o Gastrula
o Neurula
o Differentiation
o Implantation
o Carnigie Stages
o Fetal Stages
o Gestation Support System
 Chorion
 Amnion
 Amniotic Fluid
 Umbilical Chord
 Yolk Sac
 Placenta
o Pregnancy Success Factors
 Hormonal Control
 Fetus Malformations / Misplacement
 Preexisting Maternal Conditions
 Genetic Conditions
 Environmental Impact / Exposure
 Failed Implantation, Miscarriages, Spontaneous Abortions, & Stillbirths
 Birth
Evolution of Sex / Eukaryotic Life
 Eukaryogenesis (Archae + ……)
 Viral
o Pox-Like virus + Archae: DNA Transfer  Nucleus (Pox-like virus: Membrane; RNA Processing; Linear Chromosome;
Telomeres; Centromeres)
 Neomuran Revolution
o Archae + Eu Fusion
 Other
o Infolding Theory of Endomembrane System
o Endosymbiotic Theory of Mitochondium & Chloroplast Evolution
 Multicellularity & Specialization (Strength by numbers and focus)
 Sex
 Origins:
o Lysogenic Cycle Arrest & Cell Fusion
o Recombination  Eu/Archae Fusion
o Meiosis vs. DNA Replication & Ploidy Stages
 Advantages & Disavantages
o Speed
o Energy
o Accuracy
o Evolution Speed
o Haploid vs. Diploid Advantages vs. Meiosis & DNA replication cycles
o Mechanisms that facilitated early sexual reproduction (Meioisis, DNA replication, cytoskeleton vs. cell wall, & glycoproteins)
Mosaic Evolution
o Variation Advantages of Recombination, Fusion, & Horizontal Gene Transfers
o Variation & Rapid Environmental Changes
o Sexual Variation & Dependence on population size
o Sex & Homozygous Advantage
o Variation & Combination Effects (Deleterious and Advantageous)
o DNA Repair & Complementation (Hybrid Vigor  Syngamy Favored)
o Parasite / Invasive DNA Protection
o Deleterious Mutation Masking
o DNA Complementation and Gene Flow + In vs. Outbreeding & Fitness of Male/Female Paradigm
o Variation, Niche, & Reduced Competition Within & Between Generations
o Hitchhiker Genes & Variation: Gene linkage vs Recombination Favoring of Breakage to prevent pairing (Hitchhiking effect)
o Intrasexual & intrasexual selection  dimorphism & evolutionary pressure
o Sex: Pressure + Variation = Evolution Explosion
 Steps
 Recombination & Fusion (Variation) & Meiosis (Preservation of Chromosome Numbers & Pairing)
 Male vs. Female (Variation & Preservation of Hybrid Vigor)
 Colony life  organism differentiation  sexual types
 Multicellular life  cell differentiation  gametes
 Sperm & motility + numbers vs. Egg & sustenance (Variations permitted)
 Gonads
 Coordinated mating behavior
 Land & Internal fertilization
 Matched anatomical structures
 Incubation Protection & Internal Fertilization
 Evolution Data
 Diversity: Analogous, Homologous, Vestigial, Mosaic Structures
 Molecular Biology
 Biogeography
 Microevolution
 Fossil record
 Embryology