Journal of Biogeography
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Importance of biotic interactions in species distribution models: a test of the Eltonian
noise hypothesis using parrots
Carlos B. de Araújo, Luiz Octavio Marcondes-Machado and Gabriel C. Costa
Appendix S2 Numerical results of the analysis shown in Fig. 1, results of the analysis using
the transformation of continuous scores into binary (presence/absence) maps as biotic variables, and results of analyses of omission and commission errors of the models. The transformation of the continuous scores into binary predictions requires the selection of a threshold.
Selection of a proper threshold in species distribution modelling is a controversial topic and
there is no clear recommendation on what criteria to use. Because the choice of threshold
could influence the result, we perform the analysis using three different criteria to select a
threshold (minimum training presence, 10% training presence, and equal sensitivity and
specificity). For the analysis using different thresholds, we used 100 replicates for each
species and set of predictors in cross-validation runs, holding 25% of occurrence points to
validate and calculate AUCtest statistics and omission errors in test data.
Table S2.1 Statistical results of SDM for 11 species of parrots in the Brazilian cerrado. Parrot species; total number of localities used in the
modelling; diet richness, and average of AUC for test data for models at different resolutions (standard deviation within parentheses), (†) Species
with no available diet richness data. Bold values show best performing models at each resolution, for each species. Results of ANOVA among
different set of predictors are in subscript. Aae, Amazona aestiva; Aar, Ara ararauna; Aau, Aratinga aurea; Ach, Ara chloropterus; Ahy,
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus; Axa, Alipiopsitta xanthops; Bch, Brotogeris chiriri; Dno, Diopsittaca nobilis; Fxa, Forpus xanthopterygius; Oma,
Orthopsittaca manilata; Pma, Pionus maximiliani. Data from this table are summarized in Fig. 1.
Abiotic only
Species
n
30″
Diet
Aae
97
15
Aar
83
7
Aau
121
17
Ach
88
5
Ahy
72
3.15
Axa
105
10
Bch
132
15
Dno
83
†
Fxa
77
†
Oma
68
1
Pma
88
16
ns
0.917
(0.02)
0.82ns
(0.04)
0.889
(0.02)
0.807
(0.05)
0.927
(0.03)
0.93
(0.02)
0.915
(0.02)
0.872ns
(0.04)
0.868
(0.04)
0.839ns
(0.04)
0.9
(0.03)
2.5′
0.909
(0.03)
0.825ns
(0.04)
0.888
(0.03)
0.802
(0.05)
0.926
(0.03)
0.924
(0.02)
0.913
(0.02)
0.867
(0.04)
0.874
(0.04)
0.834ns
(0.04)
0.903
(0.03)
Biotic only
Abiotic + biotic
5′
10′
30″
2.5′
5′
10′
30″
2.5′
5′
10′
0.913
(0.02)
0.824
(0.05)
0.887
(0.03)
0.793
(0.05)
0.931ns
(0.03)
0.926
(0.02)
0.914
(0.02)
0.862ns
(0.04)
0.86
(0.05)
0.834
(0.04)
0.903
(0.03)
0.903
(0.03)
0.822
(0.05)
0.868
(0.03)
0.793
(0.04)
0.927
(0.03)
0.927
(0.02)
0.91
(0.02)
0.856
(0.04)
0.868
(0.04)
0.823
(0.04)
0.899ns
(0.03)
0.905
(0.02)
0.695
(0.06)
0.83
(0.03)
0.745
(0.06)
0.769
(0.05)
0.869
(0.03)
0.893
(0.02)
0.726
(0.05)
0.841
(0.04)
0.669
(0.05)
0.874
(0.03)
0.899
(0.03)
0.711
(0.06)
0.835
(0.03)
0.735
(0.06)
0.762
(0.05)
0.869
(0.04)
0.89
(0.02)
0.73
(0.05)
0.847
(0.04)
0.71
(0.05)
0.871
(0.03)
0.893
(0.03)
0.689
(0.06)
0.843
(0.03)
0.737
(0.05)
0.799
(0.05)
0.871
(0.03)
0.89
(0.02)
0.739
(0.05)
0.84
(0.04)
0.695
(0.05)
0.867
(0.03)
0.885
(0.03)
0.683
(0.06)
0.814
(0.03)
0.74
(0.06)
0.798
(0.05)
0.873
(0.04)
0.89
(0.02)
0.739
(0.06)
0.842
(0.04)
0.704
(0.05)
0.874
(0.03)
0.936***
(0.02)
0.813
(0.05)
0.892ns
(0.03)
0.813ns
(0.05)
0.928ns
(0.03)
0.939ns
(0.02)
0.926***
(0.02)
0.865
(0.04)
0.882*
(0.04)
0.827
(0.04)
0.905ns
(0.03)
0.929***
(0.02)
0.816
(0.04)
0.896ns
(0.02)
0.821**
(0.05)
0.928ns
(0.03)
0.943***
(0.02)
0.924***
(0.02)
0.871ns
(0.04)
0.887*
(0.03)
0.831
(0.04)
0.912ns
(0.02)
0.928***
(0.02)
0.829ns
(0.04)
0.897*
(0.02)
0.808ns
(0.05)
0.928
(0.03)
0.943***
(0.02)
0.921*
(0.02)
0.86
(0.04)
0.885***
(0.04)
0.835ns
(0.04)
0.906ns
(0.03)
0.922***
(0.02)
0.836ns
(0.05)
0.869ns
(0.03)
0.809*
(0.05)
0.927ns
(0.03)
0.935ns
(0.02)
0.92***
(0.02)
0.867ns
(0.04)
0.879ns
(0.04)
0.83ns
(0.04)
0.896
(0.03)
non-significant, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.
Table S2.2 AUC values for test data using thresholded models as biotic variables. 10P, 10% training presence; EQ, equal sensitivity and
specificity; MP, minimum training presence. Results are presented for models in different resolutions. Values in bold indicate results that
conflict qualitatively with the results presented in Table S2.1 (e.g. better performing model in Table S2.1 is abiotic only model and here is
abiotic + biotic models and vice versa). Aae, Amazona aestiva; Aar, Ara ararauna; Aau, Aratinga aurea; Ach, Ara chloropterus; Ahy,
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus; Axa, Alipiopsitta xanthops; Bch, Brotogeris chiriri; Dno, Diopsittaca nobilis; Fxa, Forpus xanthopterygius; Oma,
Orthopsittaca manilata; Pma, Pionus maximiliani.
Abiotic and biotic models
Species
Aae
Aar
Aau
Ach
Ahy
Axa
Bch
Dno
Fxa
Oma
Pma
10P30″
10P2.5′
10P5′
10P10′
EQ30″
EQ2.5′
EQ5′
EQ10′
MP30″
MP2.5′
MP5′
MP10′
0.917
0.819
0.893
0.824
0.902
0.938
0.926
0.868
0.880
0.846
0.903
0.915
0.822
0.870
0.818
0.922
0.934
0.912
0.862
0.878
0.818
0.893
0.914
0.815
0.900
0.818
0.914
0.924
0.918
0.876
0.881
0.817
0.903
0.907
0.822
0.858
0.805
0.947
0.923
0.910
0.871
0.853
0.822
0.903
0.907
0.837
0.892
0.79
0.914
0.917
0.912
0.881
0.877
0.859
0.904
0.907
0.829
0.893
0.825
0.930
0.923
0.919
0.867
0.871
0.832
0.906
0.893
0.832
0.881
0.810
0.943
0.894
0.916
0.856
0.857
0.829
0.903
0.875
0.823
0.851
0.821
0.920
0.933
0.914
0.856
0.856
0.895
0.902
0.906
0.812
0.881
0.798
0.942
0.940
0.915
0.865
0.875
0.818
0.907
0.907
0.845
0.887
0.798
0.923
0.933
0.925
0.863
0.873
0.841
0.901
0.914
0.785
0.877
0.804
0.932
0.926
0.918
0.865
0.886
0.827
0.899
0.915
0.842
0.852
0.820
0.925
0.913
0.906
0.870
0.889
0.825
0.911
0.725
0.576
0.693
0.637
0.774
0.546
0.769
0.575
0.740
0.496
0.730
0.821
0.591
0.748
0.590
0.686
0.799
0.789
0.625
0.770
0.630
0.813
0.815
0.565
0.769
0.597
0.722
0.797
0.775
0.533
0.774
0.657
0.805
0.809
0.568
0.736
0.603
0.684
0.797
0.742
0.498
0.789
0.613
0.805
0.812
0.595
0.762
0.611
0.736
0.785
0.786
0.626
0.730
0.633
0.818
Biotic-only models
Aae
Aar
Aau
Ach
Ahy
Axa
Bch
Dno
Fxa
Oma
Pma
0.730
0.614
0.748
0.662
0.625
0.581
0.781
0.604
0.775
0.533
0.744
0.783
0.658
0.776
0.698
0.700
0.564
0.813
0.594
0.752
0.536
0.699
0.728
0.599
0.781
0.660
0.760
0.587
0.775
0.613
0.783
0.519
0.737
0.749
0.643
0.784
0.640
0.718
0.515
0.808
0.622
0.752
0.549
0.721
0.714
0.676
0.695
0.635
0.662
0.605
0.791
0.514
0.745
0.473
0.748
0.732
0.582
0.691
0.609
0.770
0.611
0.78
0.557
0.770
0.486
0.757
0.667
0.595
0.658
0.596
0.742
0.599
0.791
0.526
0.759
0.497
0.748
Table S2.3 Average values of commission (estimated as fraction of predicted area) and
omission errors for test data on models using abiotic only and abiotic + biotic variables. MP,
minimum training presence; 10P, 10% training presence; EQ, equal sensitivity and specificity.
Results are presented for models in different resolutions. Values in bold indicate significant
higher values in the comparison between abiotic only vs. abiotic + biotic models. Var., set of
predictor variables used to fit the models (a, abiotic only; ab, abiotic + biotic); Aae, Amazona
aestiva; Aar, Ara ararauna; Aau, Aratinga aurea; Ach, Ara chloropterus; Ahy,
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus; Axa, Alipiopsitta xanthops; Bch, Brotogeris chiriri; Dno,
Diopsittaca nobilis; Fxa, Forpus xanthopterygius; Oma, Orthopsittaca manilata; Pma,
Pionus maximiliani.
MP commission
MP omission
Species Var.
10′
5′
2.5′
30″
10′
5′
2.5′
30″
Aae
0.42
0.27
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.48
0.60
0.61
0.34
0.32
0.29
0.28
0.38
0.28
0.58
0.61
0.59
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.52
0.42
0.47
0.26
0.58
0.55
0.47
0.41
0.64
0.64
0.39
0.37
0.31
0.26
0.36
0.29
0.54
0.57
0.58
0.52
0.46
0.48
0.52
0.41
0.47
0.29
0.58
0.57
0.48
0.40
0.62
0.65
0.37
0.36
0.33
0.26
0.37
0.26
0.62
0.60
0.55
0.54
0.48
0.46
0.54
0.36
0.49
0.28
0.56
0.57
0.45
0.40
0.64
0.66
0.36
0.35
0.31
0.27
0.39
0.27
0.58
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.46
0.45
0.52
0.39
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.03
0.04
Aar
Aau
Ach
Ahy
Axa
Bch
Dno
Fxa
Oma
Pma
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
10P commission
10P omission
Species Var.
10′
5′
2.5′
30″
10′
5′
2.5′
30″
Aae
0.18
0.13
0.31
0.30
0.27
0.25
0.41
0.37
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.10
0.25
0.25
0.27
0.25
0.29
0.28
0.18
0.16
0.17
0.12
0.34
0.31
0.19
0.16
0.40
0.33
0.16
0.16
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.10
0.27
0.26
0.28
0.22
0.27
0.28
0.17
0.15
0.18
0.13
0.33
0.33
0.19
0.16
0.38
0.36
0.18
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.10
0.28
0.26
0.28
0.22
0.27
0.27
0.18
0.15
0.17
0.12
0.33
0.32
0.19
0.15
0.38
0.35
0.17
0.16
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.09
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.25
0.28
0.28
0.19
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.20
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.27
0.20
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.22
0.21
0.17
0.21
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.19
0.20
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.23
0.26
0.17
0.18
0.16
0.16
0.22
0.22
0.16
0.19
0.15
0.17
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.18
0.14
0.23
0.26
0.15
0.16
0.13
0.17
0.23
0.22
0.16
0.18
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.23
0.18
0.20
0.14
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.25
0.27
0.15
0.17
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.23
0.15
0.18
Aar
Aau
Ach
Ahy
Axa
Bch
Dno
Fxa
Oma
Pma
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
EQ commission
EQ omission
Species Var.
10′
5′
2.5′
30″
10′
5′
2.5′
30″
Aae
0.17
0.16
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.29
0.27
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.26
0.25
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.26
0.25
0.19
0.19
0.29
0.26
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.19
0.25
0.26
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.15
0.26
0.26
0.20
0.19
0.28
0.26
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.16
0.15
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.25
0.25
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.26
0.27
0.19
0.19
0.27
0.26
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.15
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.25
0.26
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.25
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.29
0.27
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.26
0.25
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.26
0.25
0.19
0.19
0.29
0.26
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.17
0.16
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.19
0.25
0.25
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.15
0.26
0.26
0.20
0.19
0.28
0.26
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.17
0.15
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.25
0.25
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.27
0.27
0.19
0.19
0.28
0.26
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.15
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.25
0.26
0.17
0.16
Aar
Aau
Ach
Ahy
Axa
Bch
Dno
Fxa
Oma
Pma
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab
a
ab