Seminal Documents
Anderson, D.L.T., and McCreary, J.P (1985): Slow propagating disturbances in a coupled ocean atmosphere-model. J. Atmos.Sci. 42, pp. 615-629.
Barnston, A.G., Tippett, M.K., L’Heureux, M.L., Li, S., and Dewitt, D.G. (2012): Skill of real-time seasonal ENSO model predictions during 2002-2011 – is our capability increasing?
Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc., 93, pp. 631-651.
Battisti, D., and Hirst, A. (1989): Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere ocean model - influence of the basic state, ocean geometry and nonlinearityI. Journal of the Atmospheric
Sciences, 46(12), pp. 1687-1712.
Bjerknes, J. (1966): A possible response of the Hadley circulation to variations in the heat supply from the equatorial Pacific. Tellus 18, pp. 820-829. Bryden, H.L., and Brady, E.C. (1989): Eddy momentum and heat fluxes and their effects on the circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J.
Marine Research, 47, pp. 55-79.
Davey, M.K., and co-authors (2002): STOIC – a study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions. Clim.Dynam., 18, pp. 403-420.
Delworth, T. L., Rosati, A., Anderson, W., Adcroft, A.J., Balaji, V., Benson, R., Dixon, K., Griffies,
S.M., Lee, H.C., Pacanowski, R.C., Vecchi, G.A., Wittenberg, A.T., Zeng, F., and Zhang, R.
(2012): Simulated climate and climate change in the GFDL CM2.5 high-resolution coupled climate model. J. Climate, 25, pp. 2755-2781, (doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00316.1).
Hayes, S. P., and co-authors (1991): TOGA-TAO - a moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, pp. 339-347.
Johnson, G.C., Sloyan, B., McTaggart, K., and Kessler, W.S. (2002): Direct measurements of upper ocean currents and water properties across the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1990's.
Prog.Oceanogr., 52(1), pp. 31-61.
Kessler, W.S. (1990): Observations of long Rossby waves in the northern tropical Pacific. J.
Geophys. Res., 96(C7), pp. 12599-12618.
McPhaden, M.J. (2012): A 21st century shift in the relationship between ENSO SST and warm water volume anomalies. Geophys.Res.Lett., 39, L09706.
McPhaden, M.J., Busalacchi, A.J., Cheney, J.R., Donguy, K.S., Gage, D., Halpern, M., Ji, M.,
Julian, P., Meyers, G., Mitchum, G.T., Niiler, P.P., Picaut, J., Reynolds, R.W., Smith, N., and
Takeuchi, K. (1998): The tropical ocean-global atmosphere (TOGA) observing system – a decade of progress. J.Geophys.Res., 103, pp. 14169-14240.
McPhaden, M.J., Busalacchi, A.J., and Anderson, D.L.T. (2010): A TOGA retrospective.
Oceanography, 23, pp. 86-103.
Neelin, J.D., Battisti, D.S., Hirst, A.C., Jin, F.F., Wakata, Y., Yamagata, T., and Zebiak, S.E.
(1998): ENSO theory. J.Geophys.Res., 103, pp. 14261-14290.
Newman, M., M. A. Alexander, and J. D. Scott, 2011a: An empirical model of tropical ocean dynamics. Climate Dyn., 37, 1823 –1841, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1034-0.
Newman, M., Shin, S.I., and Alexander, M.A. (2011b): Natural variation in ENSO flavors.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14 705, (doi:10.1029/2011GL047658).
Schopf, P. S., and Burgman, R.J. (2006): A simple mechanism for ENSO residuals and

asymmetry. J. Climate, 19, pp. 3167 –3179.
Stevenson, S., Fox-Kemper, B., Jochum, M., Neale, R., Deser, C., and Meehl, G. (2012): Will there be a significant change to El Niño in the 21st century? J. Climate, 25, pp. 2129–2145,
(doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00252.1).
Suarez, M., and Schopf, P. (1988): A delayed action oscillator for ENSO. Journal of the
Atmospheric Sciences, 45(21), pp. 3283-3287.
Turner, A.G., Inness, P.M., and Slingo, J.M. (2005): The role of the basic sst in the ENSO monsoon relationship and implications for predictability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, pp.
781-804.
Wittenberg, A. T., Rosati, A., Lau, N.C., and Ploshay, J.J. (2006): GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models, Part III: Tropical Pacific climate and ENSO. J. Climate, 19, pp. 698-722, (doi:
10.1175/JCLI3631.1).
Wittenberg, A. T. (2009): Are historical records sufficient to constrain ENSO simulations?
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12702, (doi: 10.1029/2009GL038710).
Wittenberg, A. T., Rosati, A., Delworth, T.L., Vecchi, G.A., and Zeng, F. (2014): ENSO modulation: Is it decadally predictable? J. Climate, in press.
Wyrtki, K. (1975): El Niño – the dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing. J.Phys.Oceanogr. 5 (4), pp. 572-584.
Wyrtki, K. (1981): An estimate of equatorial upwelling in the Pacific. J.Phys.Oceanogr. 11, pp.
1205-1214.
Zebiak, S.E., and Cane, M.A., (1987).: A mode l El Niño-Southern oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev.,
115, pp. 2262-2278.