Name:
Period:
Anatomy & physiology
Basic chemistry
Concepts of matter and energy

_________________________________: anything that takes up space & has mass

Energy: ability to do __________________________________ (effects matter)
Energy:

Kinetic energy: energy of ___________________________________

Potential energy: ______________________________ (inactive) energy

_____________________________________ energy: movement of charged particles

Chemical energy: energy of ____________________________________ (stored within
molecules)

Mechanical energy: energy used to ___________________________________

________________________________________ energy: electromagnetic energy (x-rays, heat,
light)
Composition of matter

All matter is composed of ________________________________________.

Each element is composed of the same _______________________________________.
Atoms have:
+
 Protons (p ): _______________________________________ charge
 Neutrons (n): ________________________________________________
-
 _____________________________________________ (e ): negative charge
The most abundant elements in the human body are (in order): ____________________________ (O),
Carbon (C), _____________________________________________ (H), and Nitrogen (N)
Molecules and compounds

____________________________________: 2 or more identical atoms chemically combined

Compound: 2 or more different ____________________________ chemically combined
Types of chemical bonds
Name:
Period:
Covalent bonds

Electrons are _______________________________________________ (either equally or not
equally)

Ex: H2, O2 or C6H12O6 (glucose)
Ionic bonds

-
________________________________ are transferred between atoms (one atom gives e , the
-
other receives e )

Ex: salts like NaCl (sodium chloride)
Hydrogen bonds: a bond between a _________________________________ of one compound to a
nitrogen or ________________________________ of another compound.

TWO different compounds are involved!

Ex: 2 water molecules
Chemical reactions
Synthesis:

_________________________________________; to make or create; to build up; these
reactions make chemical bonds

Require ____________________________________________

A + B  AB
Decomposition:

Catabolic; to break down or ____________________________________; these reactions break
chemical bonds.

Release ____________________________________________

AB  A + B
Exchange:

Both synthesis & decomposition; parts of 2 compounds _______________________________
(exchange) places.

AB + CD  AC + BD
Reversible:

Reactions that can go in _________________________________ directions.

A + B ↔ AB
Biochemistry of living matter
Name:
Period:
Inorganic:
 Molecules that ________________________________ ________________________ (except
CO and CO2)
 Include: ___________________________, _________________________________, CO2, and
many acids & bases
Organic:
 Molecules that _____________________________________ ___________________________
(& usually H & O)
 Include: ______________________________________, lipids,
____________________________________________, & nucleic acids
Inorganic compounds
Water: most abundant _____________________________________
_______________________________________________ in the body. Important b/c
•
Maintains body temperature (has high ______________________________ capacity )
•
________________________________________ many substances (solvent of life)
•
Most chemical reactions occur in water (chemical
________________________________________)
•
Water ________________________________________ and cushions (CSF, fetus)
Salts: __________________________________ compounds ; are
____________________________________________. Important b/c
•
____________________________________________________ substances in and out of cell
•
Conduct nerve & muscle _______________________________________________
Acids and bases

When electrolytes release more H+ (ions) than OH- (ions), the resulting solution is an
______________________________________while more OH- than H+, it is a
______________________________________.

Acidity is measured based on the concentration ([ ]) of __________________________ and
OH-. These are inversely proportionate: increased [H+]=decreased [OH-].

The measurement is a scale called the pH scale. It ranges from
____________________________________, with 7 being neutral (water). The scale:
Acids= high [H+], low [OH-], _______________________________= acidic Ex: HCl
Name:
Period:
Bases= low [H+], high [OH-], _______________________________=basic or alkaline Ex: NaOH
Neutral= [H+]=[OH-], _______________________, water

________________________________________: maintain the stability of acids-bases within
the body. by taking up excess H+ or OH-.
Organic compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, oh my…
Carbohydrates
•
Contain ____________________________________________ in a fixed ratio (2 H for every 1 C
and 1 O).
•
Known as _______________________________________
•
Three categories:
_________________________________________________ are simple sugars (1 sugar: glucose
(C H O ) a.k.a. _________________________________________________, fructose & galactose
6 12
6
Disaccharides are ____________________________________sugars: sucrose
(___________________________ sugar), lactose (milk sugar) & maltose (malt sugar)
Polysaccharides are many sugars: starch and ___________________________________________
Lipids
•
Contain C, H, & O but _______________________ in a fixed ratio.
•
Do _______________________ dissolve in H O; but dissolve (soluble) in ether and chloroform
2
_________________________________ (most common lipids) store
________________________________________ (supply more than carbs gram for gram); ex:
triglyceride (3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol)

can be saturated or unsaturated
Phospholipids are major __________________________________ of cell membranes; contain 2 parts:
__________________________________________________ (meaning water loving or H O
2
soluble) and hydrophobic (meaning water _________________________________ or insoluble
in H O).
2
___________________________________________: simplest & most important is cholesterol (found
in all body cells and used to synthesize hormones & other steroids).
Proteins
Name:
•
Period:
Composed of ___________________________________________; contain C, H, O, N &
sometimes S
•
Provide ___________________________________ materials, energy sources, hormones, &
___________________________________ in which their structure determines their fcn.
•
Most have a 3D shape that can be __________________________________________, or
destroyed, easily by _______________________________ temperatures, pH, radiation, or
electricity.
Glycoproteins are proteins w/ carbs, on cells, act as ______________________________________ for
chemical messages & recognition.
_____________________________________________ protect against foreign bodies (invaders).
Enzymes are ___________________________________________ in chemical rxns but are not part of
the rxns (not consumed).
Nucleic acids
•
large and complex molecules that contain
________________________________________________________________
•
Composed of _______________________________________________ (building blocks).
•
Nucleotides contain: a 5-C sugar (called a __________________________________), a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (__________________________________, cytosine,
______________________________________________, thymine, or
__________________________________________)
2 groups:
1. ______________________________ (ribonucleic acid): sugar is a ribose; single stranded
molecule
2. _____________________________ (deoxyribonucleic acid): sugar is a ribose without an O;
double stranded molecule; molecular ______________________________ of life